Civil Society Research Articles

The Influence Of Accounting On Fundraising In Civil Society Organizations: A Theoretical And Practical Approach

This article explores the influence of accounting on the fundraising process for civil society organizations (CSOs), emphasizing its strategic importance for financial sustainability. Through an in-depth analysis of literature and theoretical approaches, the study identifies the main challenges faced by CSOs in obtaining funding, including compliance with accounting standards, transparency in financial statements and communication of their social impacts. It highlights that robust accounting practices are essential for building funders' trust, boosting donations and maximizing efficiency in the use of resources. The article also examines emerging accounting strategies aimed at donors, who seek clear and reliable information on how their social investments are managed. We conclude that the application of improved accounting practices can significantly improve the credibility of CSOs, facilitating fundraising and building long-term partnerships. This research contributes to filling theoretical and practical gaps, providing guidelines for CSO managers and accountants seeking to strengthen their financial strategies and improve their relationships with donors and social investors

Institutionalization Of Children And Their Overall Development

The ideal environment for children's physical, psychological, and emotional development is within a family. All children should live in supportive, protective, and caring settings that enables them to achieve their full potential. Those with inadequate or no parental care are especially at risk of missing out on such nurturing environments. Many children in India lack a stable home and family. These include abandoned, surrendered, and orphaned children, as well as destitute children with families. These children are particularly vulnerable in terms of their right to survival, development, and protection. The State is accountable for protecting the rights pertaining to these children and ensuring appropriate alternative care through its competent authorities, such as nongovernmental organizations and civil society organizations. The Government also enacted the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2015, which serves as the major legislative framework for child protection in India, ensuring the security, protection, education, welfare, and development of children in need. The paper attempts to explore the institutionalization of children, the shortcomings of such a process, and the felt needs of the children. It focuses on the concerns of institutionalization and the overall development of children, access to their rights, welfare provisions, and relevant legislations. It also looks at adoption as an alternative to institutionalization. The paper thus examines child care institutions from the perspective of the child and argues that institutional care should be the last resort. It also discusses contemporary social work and advocates for alternative care, along with comprehensive welfare measures to guarantee the protection and overall development of children in need

The use of community-engagement approaches to identify strategies for increasing workplace well-being among LGBTQ+ adults

BackgroundLGBTQ+ individuals often face social stigma and workplace discrimination, negatively impacting their well-being. However, limited research exists on the factors and strategies that enhance their positive workplace experiences. This study was a sequential qualitative mixed-method design conducted in three phases. The study had the following objectives: identifying factors associated with workplace well-being, generating strategies for improving workplace well-being, and obtaining feedback on the identified strategies' acceptability. MethodsIn Phase 1, in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 LGBTQ+ who described factors that improved their satisfaction at work. In Phase 2, two focus group discussions were held with 13 participants, including LGBTQ+ adults, scholars in positive psychology, human resource development, and civil rights advocates, to develop strategies for improving workplace well-being based on Phase 1 data. In Phase 3, a survey was sent to a subset of the focus group participants (N = 7) to ascertain the acceptability of the developed strategies. Data analysis was performed using deductive and inductive approaches. ResultsThe study's first phase identified the factors contributing to workplace well-being. These factors were categorized into intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social-ecological. In the second phase and third phase, 11 strategies were developed to improve workplace well-being. These strategies were divided into two sections. The first section includes strategies organizations and agencies can implement to promote employee well-being (such as emphasizing diversity and equity as core values). The second section outlines strategies for government and civil society sectors (such as establishing laws addressing LGBTQ+ equal rights). The Index of Congruence (IOC) assessed the relationship between strategies and workplace well-being improvement. Results showed IOC values from 0.8 to 1 for 11 strategies, indicating high content validity. ConclusionsStrategies to enhance LGBTQ+ workplace well-being were identified through community engagement, but further research is needed for implementation and evaluation.

Culture of Communication as a Characteristic of Self-Determination of Russian Journalism in the Post-Global World

The relevance of the topic is due to the processes of defi ning the post-global world order with the formation of sovereign macro-regions, the institutional participation of journalism in changes in the system of international relations, and the strengthening of the importance of culture of communications in professional activities. The novelty consists in identifying the institutional characteristics of journalism that infl uence sovereignty in the context of multipolarity and polycentricity, highlighting the culture of communications as a professional quality that determines the possibility of journalism’s participation in social change. The purpose of the work is to substantiate the culture of communications as a professional value, with its own structure and forms of manifestation. The tasks are to determine the importance of culture of communications, to identify the specifi cs of approaches to its analysis within the framework of the general theory of journalism and subject-oriented disciplines, to substantiate the place and importance of culture of communications in the structure of professional ideology. Based on the structural analysis of the culture of communications, the coincidences of interpretations at the pragmatic level and differences within the framework of the normative approach. Using the examples of subject-oriented theories, the specifi c features of the analysis of culture of communications and the prospects for its research are considered. The directions of studying journalism as a cultural industry, the institution of civil society and political control, forms of social work and regulation of social relations, an active participant and initiator of social change, are proposed. Keywords: culture of communication, theory of journalism, post-globalization, multipolarity, polycentricity, professional ideology

Navigating research ethics during COVID-19 in authoritarian Southeast Asia: a feminist approach to combining online and in-person qualitative methods

ABSTRACT In-person data collection remains the cornerstone of much critical feminist and human geography research, while online and in-person methods are rarely positioned as complementary. Conducting fieldwork during the COVID-19 pandemic prompted me to combine multiple online and in-person qualitative methods in ways that extend methodological debates in human geography. Guided by feminist research ethics, I developed a methodological approach that was necessarily flexible, reflexive, and collaborative to navigate the dilemmas of conducting qualitative fieldwork during COVID-19 and in authoritarian Southeast Asia. Inspired by Guasco’s ‘ethic of not (always) going there,’ I show how online methods can generate meaningful long-term collaborations with civil society actors and build the foundations for engaged in-person fieldwork, if the researcher chooses to ‘go there.’ In-person fieldwork can enrich online methods by providing different embodied experiences and opportunities to build rapport ‘outside’ the formal interview. These research findings are relevant as geographers increasingly turn to online and hybrid methods in a range of contexts where in-person fieldwork is restricted. The ethical considerations outlined here are important for different modes of fieldwork and across contexts, authoritarian or otherwise.

Brave Global Spaces: Researching Digital Health and Human Rights through Transnational Participatory Action Research

In this paper we reflect on our experience with applying Transnational Participatory Action Research (TPAR) to a multi-country study of digital health and human rights of young adults living with and affected by HIV in five low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and identify some lessons learned for future projects. First, we propose a definition of TPAR based on our experience and our analysis of power in the project. We present an overview of the research design and implementation, which melded diverse working cultures and research methods. Next, we describe how we adapted outputs, working methods and terminology to meet the diverse and specific needs of civil society organizations, community-led networks and academics working in diverse national and transnational spaces. This required us to understand and adapt to the different temporalities at play. The creation of brave spaces and the development of an intersectional lens were key to addressing tensions that naturally emerged in our collaboration. Finally, we summarize lessons learns and challenges for the next stage of the project.

Transformational Leadership As A Catalyst For Enhancing Gender Equality And Women's Representation In Public Administration: Opportunities For Increased Access And Involvement In South Sudan

The Gender Equality in Public Administration Study was carried at the National Transformational Leadership Institute (NTLI) of the University of Juba in partnership with the Ministry of Gender Child and Social Welfare and UNDP South Sudan. The Study employed UNDP’s global GEPA initiative framework and UNDP-OECD Toolkit for Mainstreaming and Implementing Gender Equality in Public Life. which consists of four pillars, namely,1) Institutional and governance frameworks for gender equality and mainstreaming; 2) Gender-sensitive practices in parliaments; 3) Gender-sensitive public employment systems; 4) Gender-sensitive practices in the judiciary. Based on South Sudan context and the systems alreadyestablished,some key aspects of the UNDP-OECD tool with particular emphasis on Pillars (1) and (3) were adopted. Both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection that include surveys, face-to-face interviews, consultation workshops and focus group discussions were used to reach out to gender focal persons from all government institutions (ministries, commissions and parastatal organizations), organized forces, Academia and Civic groups that include Faith Based Organizations, Civil Society Organizations and Disability Persons Organisations.The collated information was analysed using SPSS and interpretation provided. The studyfound the existence of considerable gender differentials in terms of genderrights, accessto humanrights and access to justice. Gender inequality and Sexual Gender-Based Violence are widespread and mostly intensified by cultural norms and insecurity caused by interstate and intracommunal conflicts. Gender equality and women’s access, involvement and representation in Public Administration are linked to multiple structural and functional constraints which differ across sectors in South Sudan. Analysis from this study, clearly underlines that participation and access to formal political power structures is impeded by inherent gender imbalance in institutionalstructures, unequal power sharing, socio-economic context, culture, ideological and psychologicalfactors, which remain sticky, normalized and increasingly accepted as part of life. From the foregoing, it is imperative that directed policy initiatives and legal framework be established to address the issues. The Government of the Republic of South Sudan should conduct a review of the legislative and policy framework to integrate the minimum of 35% quotas for womenin all public administration (National Gender Policy; National Strategic Plan Framework; LabourAct, Civil Service Act and Public Service Regulations);

The EU as a Political Determinant of Global Health: The Case of Research and Development Incentives for Orphan Medicines and Biotechnology

Context: The European Union (EU) governs global health through its constituent laws, institutions, actors, and policies. However, it is unclear whether or how these political factors interact to position the EU as a political determinant of global health. Methods: The authors conduct a case study of the political factors influencing the adoption of the EU's Biotechnology Directive 98/44/EC and Orphan Medicines Regulation 141/2000. Findings: The European Commission (EC) generally framed both of its proposals around economical and biomedical paradigms aligned with the needs of the EU's industry and patients, whereas the European Parliament (EP) contested some of these frames and proposed amendments supporting global access to medical products. The political factors influencing the adoption (in the Biotechnology Directive) or rejection (in the Orphan Regulation) of the EP's amendments include the complementarity between the EP and EC proposals, the EP's power in the intra- and interinstitutional negotiating process, the existence and support of civil society, and the alignment with member state priorities in the Council. Conclusions: In the late 1990s, the EU was an internally fragmented and politicized player concerning global health matters. These political factors should be considered for a coherent post-2022 EU strategy on global health.

Purchasing Power as a Major Determinant of Food Security in Rural and Semi-Urban Areas: A South African Household Experience

This study examined the complex role religion plays in both promoting and ending sexual and gender-based violence against women in the Tamale Metropolis of Ghana. While major religious traditions emphasize equality and non-violence, certain interpretations of religious texts and cultural traditions have enabled patriarchal norms that subjugate women. Qualitative data from interviews with 18 respondents across Christian, Muslim, and traditional African religious communities revealed ongoing oppressive practices like forced marriage and early marriage of young girls, divorce, physical abuse such as wife battering, sexual abuse, and victim-blaming. However, religious institutions are increasingly initiating efforts to combat this violence through advocacy, education, counselling services, and partnerships with civil society groups. While these initiatives exist, significant challenges remain in transforming deeply entrenched sociocultural norms that enable violence against women. These initiatives demonstrate how religious institutions can leverage their moral authority to transform sociocultural norms enabling violence against women. The study highlights the need for sustained engagement with religious communities, reinterpretation of doctrine promoting gender equality, and collaborative efforts across sectors to eliminate this pervasive human rights issue. Harnessing the influential role of religion through a progressive, rights-based approach is crucial for addressing sexual and gender-based violence in the Tamale Metropolis and similar contexts. By delving into this intricate dynamic within the context of the Tamale Metropolis in Ghana, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of how religious beliefs, interpretations, and institutions can either perpetuate or combat this form of violence. Keywords: Sexual Violence, Gender, Religion, Tamale Metropolis, Ghana

A Study on Financial Inclusion and Women Empowerment in Jammu District

This research paper presents a study depicting the relationship between financial inclusion and women's empowerment in the Jammu district of India. This paper examines the barriers faced by women in accessing formal financial services and analyses the effectiveness of existing financial inclusion programmes in Jammu district. The findings reveal that various socio-economic and cultural factors contribute to the limited financial inclusion of the women. This paper ends by offering recommendations for policymakers, financial institutions and civil society organizations to enhance financial inclusion so as to promote women's empowerment in the Jammu district.

Media And Cultural Hegemony In Mozambique: A Look Focused On The Influence Of Television Content On Local Axiology

The article studies the television programming schedules in Mozambique to understand the educational value of their contents based on the recognition of the educational force that television has in the lives of individuals. The research extends to the field of educational mediation, in order to understand the historical-political panorama, especially before and after national independence. The debate is based on Gramscian thought according to which television is one of the most important institutions of civil society that has the function of educating towards the consensus of fundamental social groups. For the analysis, the Epistemological Dialectic Method and the Content Analysis Method were adopted. The results reveal that the national television schedule contains mostly programs that are not useful for maintaining a cultural memory that is based on ancestry, much less for local cultural values

The diverse impacts of democracy on greenhouse gas emissions

A model to assess the relationship between attributes of democracy and greenhouse gas emissions is developed. Applying this framework to a comprehensive panel dataset covering more than 150 countries over the recent three decades, the following key findings emerge: (i) Direct Popular Voting is highly effective in reducing greenhouse gas emissions across all sources. (ii) Civil Society Participation also proves effective, though its impact is reduced for emissions from well-identified sources. (iii) Greater emphasis on individual and political liberties reduces the effectiveness of Liberal Democracy in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions compared to the previous two indicators. (iv) The impacts of Judicial Constraint on the Executive and Freedom of Expression, while not negligible, are weaker compared to those of the first three indicators. These findings are interpreted and explained, and their implications for the design and implementation of climate policies are examined.

Ending Sexual and Gender-Based Violence Against Women in the Tamale Metropolis: The Role of Religion

This study examined the complex role religion plays in both promoting and ending sexual and gender-based violence against women in the Tamale Metropolis of Ghana. While major religious traditions emphasize equality and non-violence, certain interpretations of religious texts and cultural traditions have enabled patriarchal norms that subjugate women. Qualitative data from interviews with 18 respondents across Christian, Muslim, and traditional African religious communities revealed ongoing oppressive practices like forced marriage and early marriage of young girls, divorce, physical abuse such as wife battering, sexual abuse, and victim-blaming. However, religious institutions are increasingly initiating efforts to combat this violence through advocacy, education, counselling services, and partnerships with civil society groups. While these initiatives exist, significant challenges remain in transforming deeply entrenched sociocultural norms that enable violence against women. These initiatives demonstrate how religious institutions can leverage their moral authority to transform sociocultural norms enabling violence against women. The study highlights the need for sustained engagement with religious communities, reinterpretation of doctrine promoting gender equality, and collaborative efforts across sectors to eliminate this pervasive human rights issue. Harnessing the influential role of religion through a progressive, rights-based approach is crucial for addressing sexual and gender-based violence in the Tamale Metropolis and similar contexts. By delving into this intricate dynamic within the context of the Tamale Metropolis in Ghana, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of how religious beliefs, interpretations, and institutions can either perpetuate or combat this form of violence. Keywords: Sexual Violence, Gender, Religion, Tamale Metropolis, Ghana

Pakistan-US relations: examining sustainable bilateral cooperation via civil society collaboration

Pakistan and the United States (US) have struggled to form mutually beneficial foreign policies that withstand volatile political phases. In the current global context, there is an urgent need for innovative and practical approaches to enrich the field of international relations, allowing policymakers to overcome diplomatic deadlocks. This research examines the potential role of a sustainable development approach with civil society organisations (CSOs) as the implementing instrument of foreign policies. Through case studies of successful CSO initiatives across economic, social, and environmental pillars, specifically covering SDGs 3, 8, 13 and 17, the study observes and empirically examines the multisectoral operations of US-based civil society in Pakistan, highlighting its comprehensive impact on the people as well as uncovering the resilient nature of civil society-led cooperation between states. The research finds that integrating civil society into foreign policy can create resilient and sustainable development-oriented bilateral relations, offering a practical strategy for enhancing collaboration and achieving sustainability. This model presents a pathway for countries to transcend transactional ties and establish lasting, mutually beneficial partnerships. The study also opens doors for further research in IR to welcome the sustainable development paradigm in bilateral studies.

At the threshold of criminalisation: repression of ‘oppositional’ civil society organisations in the Israeli settler state

ABSTRACT This article discusses the processes of criminalisation of oppositional political activism of Jewish-Israeli citizens. Israel strives to maintain Jewish supremacy, providing a privileged position to Jewish-Israelis while treating Palestinians by default as a threat. The article focuses on the sustained campaign waged against Breaking the Silence, an organisation established by veterans of the Israeli army that attempts to use a moral critique to campaign to end the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza. Since 2009, the organisation has become a target of a right-wing campaign of delegitimisation intended to silence it. The article discusses the process through which oppositional civil society groups are transformed from a position of privilege to a threat to be neutralised. Such processes of criminalisation involve multiple informal and formal tools, and actors from ‘civil society’ and ‘the state’. I argue that the distinction between the two spheres is artificial as both are part of the same hegemonic system. I contend that understanding the nature of the threat and those that pose it opens a window into the vulnerability of the system. The states’ coercive side, which was previously geared against Palestinians, turns towards its privileged citizens, thus rendering its vulnerability more visible.

Refugee Crisis, News Crisis: The Framing of Episodic and Thematic Articles

A main tenet of 21st Century journalism is to engage the public with highly informative and affective content. Through sociological journalistic processes of creating news content, however, audiences may lose the ability to completely conceptualize the level of human suffering observed in the coverage of refugee crises. This experimental survey tested the use of episodic and thematic frames in formatting American news articles about the Syrian refugee crisis of migrants landing on Grecian shores. It found that episodically framed articles increased moral understanding among Americans, as well as overall engagement in the crisis event. Respondents, however, were not more likely to participate in civic engagement about the refugee crisis with others. The results suggest that the use of episodic frames in the construction of refugee news articles may engage audiences more in the issue, however, alone are not enough to affect behavioral outcomes such as discussion. Further research should investigate the implications of framing choices made in the presentation of news stories about important issues such as mass human migrations. Keywords: framing, news, refugee, diaspora

The Impact of Sense of Community and Civic Engagement on the Well-Being of Student Executive Board Members of Politeknik Negeri Bandung

AbstractHigher education institutions are expected to create environments that support positive growth, foster civic engagement, and enhance competencies. Hence, this study is examining the influence of sense of community and civic engagement as the antecedents of psychological aspect of student’s wellbeing. This research employs a quantitative approach using the SEM-PLS method. The questionnaire is completed by 53 respondents from a population of 222 of the Student Executive Board Members of Polban. The results show a significant difference in the influence of sense of community and civic engagement on students' wellbeing. This study presents a new evidence that a sense of community plays a crucial role in fostering civic engagement and student well-being, a connection that has not been previously explored in similar studies within the context of vocational higher education. However, civic engagement has minimal impact, direct or mediated. This study recommends that campuses prioritize community-building to enhance positive student development.---------------AbstrakPerguruan tinggi diharapkan menjadi lingkungan yang mendukung pertumbuhan positif, bangkitnya keterlibatan warga negara serta peningkatan kompetensi sebagai calon profesional. Maka dari itu, penelitian ini menguji pengaruh rasa kebersamaan dan keterlibatan sipil sebagai anteseden dari aspek psikologis kesejahteraan mahasiswa. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode SEM-PLS. Kuesioner penelitian diisi oleh 53 orang sampel dari populasi berjumlah 222 orang pengurus dan anggota BEM Polban kabinet Pilar Impresif. Hasil analisis menampikan adanya signifikansi yang berbeda antara rasa kebersamaan dan keterlibatan sipil terhadap kesejahteraan mahasiswa. Penelitian ini menunjukan bukti baru bahwa rasa memiliki berperan penting dalam mendorong keterlibatan sipil dan kesejahteraan mahasiswa yang belum pernah diungkap dalam kajian serupa pada konteks pendidikan di perguruan tinggi vokasi. Adapun, pengaruh keterlibatan sipil, baik secara langusng maupun sebagai mediator rasa memiliki terhadap kesejahteraan mahasiswa, hasilnya ternyata tidak signifikan. Hasil kajian ini menunjukan bahwa arah kebijakan perlu memprioritaskan internalisasi aspek rasa kebersamaan secara efektif terhadap perkembangan positif mahasiswa.

THE VIRTUE OF DIVERSITY: PERCEPTIONS FROM THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA OF YOUNG PEOPLE INVOLVED IN CIVIL SOCIETY REGARDING SELF-IDENTIFICATION AND THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ACTORS IN THE CONTEXT OF EU ACCESSION

The military aggression of Russia against Ukraine has provoked collective anxiety within the population of the Republic of Moldova around a potential targeting of the country, while increasing collective efficacy and nationhood. The article explores the construction of identity among young Moldovans in civil society, particularly in the context of EU accession. Moldova, as a multiethnic state, has been grappling with identity disputes since its first multiparty elections in 1994. The authors investigate ethnic identification and positioning towards international actors, aiming to understand how internal and external loyalties overlap and can emerge in building a new civic identity beyond the post-Soviet legacy. The study shows a revaluation of ethnic components and the connection with geopolitics. Before the Ukrainian war, the prolonged economic and political crises in the country, as well as the great power politics, had prompted the younger generations to be disconnected from the political, economic, and social aspects of public life. As such, they maintain a sense of social integration within their familial and friendship networks, which contributes to their sense of belonging within Moldovan society. The article examines the connection between self-identification and the geopolitical structures within the Republic of Moldova. The empirical part of the research involves 18 semi-structured interviews with Moldovan youth involved in civil society organizations, focusing on patterns of self-identification, including Pan-Romanianism, Moldovianism, Transnistrian ideology, and Gagauzian regional identity. The study also highlights the importance of pluralistic identification in which economic development is crucial in building up a consistent identification narrative.

Media Ownership and Its Role in Shaping News: Analysing Republika's 1999 and 2021 Coverage in Light of the 2024 Gaza Genocide

This study aims to examine the reporting of the Israeli aggression towards in the Indonesian newspaper Republika during the years 1999 and 2021, with a contextual reference to the 2024 Gaza genocide. The reports were selected through purposive sampling, focusing on direct coverage from both 1999 and 2021. Additionally, interviews were conducted with members of Republika's editorial team. Using Entman’s framing theory as well as Shoemaker and Reese’s Hierarchy of Influences model, the research identifies notable differences in news framing between the two periods. In 1999, the coverage in Republika largely emphasised political support from prominent figures, both in Indonesia and internationally, advocating for the defence of Palestine. In contrast, the 2021 coverage highlighted support from civil society, including athletes and celebrities. Differences are also evident across several levels of the Hierarchy of Influences model, with the media routine, organisational, and ideological levels being the most prominent. In 1999, Republika’s reporting on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the international section was relatively independent, focusing primarily on political issues. By 2021, however, the reporting followed a compartmentalised model, where one section complemented and connected with others. Despite the differences in time and ownership, Republika's stance on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict remained consistent. The newspaper continues to assert that the Palestinian people must be defended, a position shaped by its Muslim readership, who maintain a strong psychological connection with Palestinian Muslims. Keywords: Framing, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, media ownership, the influence of mass media hierarchy, Republika.

THE MUTLISTAKEHOLDER INITIATIVE APPROACH TO EUROPEAN CRISIS MANAGEMENT. CIVILIAN CSDP AND ENGAGEMENT WITH LOCAL NONSTATE ACTORS

: The Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) missions are deployed in complex operational environments, where a plethora of national, regional and international actors are present. These present circumstances enable the existence of an - either direct or indirect - but inexorable engagement between all stakeholders involved in similar activities. While the vast majority of current debates and research focus solely on the cooperative dimension of the CSDP in the framework of multilateralism and regionalism, the topic of the EU's engagement with local stakeholders is scarcely explored. Therefore, drawing on the multistakeholder initiative approach (MSI) in economic theory, this paper assesses the engagement of CSDP missions with civil societies and private sector entities in theatres of operations. Employing a single case study approach of inquiry, consisting of the EUCAP Somalia mission this paper aims at answering the research questions: how does EUCAP Somalia engage with local non-state actors, what are the opportunities associated with this engagement and to what extent can a MSI approach be implemented by EUCAP Somalia?By deploying a qualitative research design, this paper uses document analysis within a single case study approach of inquiry. The results of this approach show two distinct tendencies. While EUCAP Somalia informally engages with local non-state actors, this engagement is rather insufficient. Results of this research further show that CSDP missions represent an important tool of EU diplomacy and their engagement with local non-state actors positively impacts the implementation of two of their core principles: local ownership and human security.