Civil Service Officers Research Articles

The French Civil Service Office

A LTHOUGH the reforms in the public service carried out in France since 1945 have been fairly broad, it is exaggerated to consider them, as has sometimes been done, as an attempt to reconstitute a disintegrating system which was partially responsible for the military defeat of 1940. In reality, although the French service before 1939 was in need of revitalization, the principles that guided it were on the whole sound. France had never known a

VIENNA

<h3>A Crisis in the Vienna Medical Organization</h3> The profession in this city has within the last few years succeeded in holding its own economically by means of a well established organization called the "Wirtschaftliche Organisation," which comprised nearly 95 per cent, of all physicians and was ably managed. Its chief aim was to obtain all possible advantage for practitioners by negotiating with others on the lines of the trade unions. In fact, it could be regarded as a "medical trade union." The similarity went so far that once a "strike" was proclaimed for a period of four hours. The organization achieved really useful results by enforcing the system of free choice of physician for three large health insurance clubs—the "Krankenkasse" of civil service officers, of state railways, and of municipal officers—that is to say, for the bulk of the former lower middle classes, who would be unable now to pay