Civil Security Research Articles

The ISP, officer and caregiver: two visions for optimal care

When participating in activities related to emergency medical assistance, especially without medical presence, the firefighter nurse develops many skills. As a firefighter officer, he has a global and strategic vision of the response, which goes beyond the field of nursing skills to take on a civil security dimension. When he takes care of the victim, the clinical reasoning of the nurse, who intervenes alone, is crucial.

EXISTING THREATS IN THE CIVIL SECURITY CONTEXT AND MEASURES TO REDUCE THEIR IMPACTS

The article deals with civil security ensuring problem in Ukraine. The problem urgency of the population and territories protecting from emergency situations is due to a significant number of natural and man-made accidents and disasters, social upheavals that lead to numerous victims and substantial economic losses, as well as the presence of threats and military conflicts on our country's territory. A general description of various types of emergency situations is provided. It was determined that the leading causes of emergency situations are accidents and disasters at industrial facilities and transport, natural disasters, diseases and injuries among people, agricultural animals and plants, armed conflicts and other social and political nature factors. The authors analyzed the civil security current state in the Ukraine territory. Statistical data on dead and injured numbers as a result of emergency situations by nature of origin (man-made, natural, social, military) and level of spread (state, regional, local, facility) are presented. It is noted that 66 emergency situations were registered during the past year, as a result of which 7 thousand 4 people died and 11 thousand 72 people were injured. Special attention is paid to emergency situations of a military nature of the state level. It was established that the primary efforts of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine units for the past year were focused on eliminating the consequences of Russia's armed aggression against Ukraine and providing assistance to the population. The need to improve measures to ensure civil safety and prompt response to emergency situations and events was emphasized. It was concluded that the effective prevention and emergency situations consequences liquidation requires the concentration of efforts of the entire state, the organization of various management bodies, forces and means interaction, and in general, the formation and implementation of state policy in this field. Keywords: civil security, emergency, danger, protection, military operations.

Formation of the culture of information security of Russian citizens: evolutionary periodization

The subject of the theoretical analysis presented in the article is the periodization of the formation of the culture of information security in Russia, carried out using the method of cultural evolutionary analysis. The fulfillment of this task precedes the subsequent development of a cultural paradigm, a structural and functional model and practical methods for improving the information security of Russian citizens. The adoption by the Russian Government on December 22, 2022 of the Concept of Formation and Development of the Culture of Information Security of the Citizens of the Russian Federation confirms the relevance of this topic. The culturological analysis of the existing concepts of developing a culture of information security (based on the materials of theoretical, research and scientific-practical works of re-cent years) has shown the limitations of a narrow specialization (technical, regulatory, organizational, psychological, pedagogical, etc.). It is concluded that a profile systematic approach of culturology is in demand, which is the specifics of the list and combinations of various elements, disciplines and stages of the formation of a professional culture of information security in different sectors and in the general civil sphere. The evolutionary analysis allows us to identify five stages of the historical development of digital computer and telecommunication network technologies, starting from the creation in the late 1940s to the modern universal distribution — «digital transformation». It is revealed that the use of these technologies initially requires the formation of an appropriate user culture, including ensuring safety. The development and complication of technologies, areas and methods of their application is accompanied by the evolution of threats and risks that require the development of directions and content of information security culture, both professional and civil. The result of the theoretical analysis is the conclusion that cultural studies is a specialized scientific discipline for the selection and determination of the ratios of technical and socio-cultural components, the sequence of stages and tools for the formation and development of various types of information security culture. The development of a paradigm, a dynamic system culturological model of information security allows us to scientifically comprehend the features and correlation of professional, specialized and mass civil security culture of the use of computer and telecommunication network technologies. It is also concluded that the conceptual and cate-gorical apparatus and methodology of cultural studies provide a more adequate development of effective practical techniques and other tools for the development of the culture of information security of Russian citizens.

Theoretical and conceptual features of the implementation of state policy in the sphere of ensuring the rights and freedoms of persons with disabilities by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine under martial law

The article is devoted to the administrative and legal analysis of the implementation of state policy by the key subject of public administration in the field of social protection of persons with disabilities under martial law.
 It should be stressed (emphasized) that state policy is based on a complex approach of functional direction aimed at solving interrelated political and socio-economic problems with timely response to changes and innovations to overcome these problems in the state and society.
 The task of the Government, assigned to the sphere of social protection of persons with disabilities, is revealed, and the main normative legal acts of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on ensuring compliance with human rights and freedoms, creating favorable conditions for the free and comprehensive development of the individual without barriers are analyzed. The peculiarities of the complex of measures guaranteed by the state and aimed at providing life support for persons with disabilities and groups with limited mobility have been clarified. Attention was drawn to the peculiarities of the implementation of this complex in the conditions of the state of war in which Ukraine is.
 It is specially noted, in the conditions of martial law and for the implementation of civil security measures, guaranteeing the provision of life-saving measures to all citizens of the country, persons with reduced mobility and persons with disabilities need additional assistance.
 The procedure for organizing notifications about the threat of occurrence or occurrence of emergency situations and organizing communication in the field of civil protection of persons with disabilities and mobile groups was analyzed; carrying out the evacuation of persons with disabilities and mobile groups in the event of the threat of occurrence or the occurrence of emergency situations.
 It has been established that in the conditions of martial law and the constant threat to life and health due to constant massive rocket attacks, and in some areas, the rapid fire attacks of residential communities, where civilians among them and those who are physically unable to take care of themselves die every day, are persons with various physical disabilities, low-mobility population groups, persons with disabilities.
 In this regard, there is an urgent need for the adoption of a special normative legal act defining the detection, notification and evacuation of persons with disabilities and other less mobile population groups during the period of emergency and military operations, with the definition of the subject of the implementation of these measures.

Review of Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors for the Detectionand Identification of Toxic Environmental Gases/Vapours

Detection and identification of toxic environmental gases have assumed paramount importance precisely in the defense, industrial and civilian security sector. Numerous methods have been developed for the sensing of toxic gases in the environment ever since surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology came into existence. Such SAW sensors called electronic nose (E-Nose) sensor use the frequency response of a delay line/resonator. SAW device is focused and given importance. The selective coating between input and output interdigital transducers (IDTs) in the SAW device is responsible for corresponding changes in operating frequency of the device for a specific gas/vapour absorbed from the environment. A suitable combination of well-designed SAW delay lines with selective coatings not only help to improve sensor sensitivity and selectivity but also leads to the minimization of false frequency alarms in the E-Nose sensor. This article presents a comprehensive review of design, development, simulation and modelling of a SAW sensor for potential sensing of toxic environmental gases.

Understanding indirect users' privacy concerns in mobile forensics — A mixed method conjoint approach

IntroductionThe advent of mobile forensics toolkits introduces a technological leverage that allows legal authorities to access information stored on mobile devices, thus shining a new light on law enforcement procedures. These pocket-sized devices, mobile phones, accumulate a plethora of user data, effectively becoming a beacon for individual identification. However, the prospect of exploring this data within a criminal inquiry raises palpable concerns about potential privacy encroachments. Consequently, there exists an urgent need to balance the instrumental value of these technologies with their potential to intrude upon privacy, ensuring a framework that remains legally and ethically sound.MethodsIn our study, we offer a contemplative view on the public reception of such measures, informed by interviews and a conjoint study conducted across two representative cohorts from Germany and Austria (n = 2040).ResultsOur analysis indicates a marked preference for the release of geo-spatial data over more personal content, such as photographs. Additionally, respondents showed a higher acceptance for automated analysis in comparison to human manual evaluation. The divergence between the two countries was negligible.DiscussionIn summary, despite the inherent concerns, the use of these mobile forensics tools demonstrated a high degree of public acceptance. The results highlight the significance of aligning legislation based on data types rather than analysis purposes, which can enhance the general public's comprehension of laws and potentially contribute to societal advancement. Furthermore, the research emphasizes the importance of ethical evaluations and transparent communication in the implementation of automated mobile forensics systems for civil security purposes, effectively addressing concerns regarding privacy infringement and data analysis.

ПРОФЕСІЙНО-ПЕДАГОГІЧНА КОМПЕТЕНТНІСТЬ ВИКЛАДАЧІВ НАВЧАЛЬНО-МЕТОДИЧНИХ ЦЕНТРІВ СФЕРИ ЦИВІЛЬНОГО ЗАХИСТУ: СТРУКТУРА І ЗМІСТ

The aim of the article is to identify the structure and the content of professional and pedagogical competence of educational and methodological centers teachers in the sphere of civil defense based on the analysis of the higher educational standards in the specialty 011 «Education, pedagogical science» for the second (master’s) level of higher education and in the specialty 263 «Civil Security» for the second (master’s) level of higher education and expert survey. In order to realize the purpose of the research the author used the following methods of investigation: structural analysis – to identify the structure of professional and pedagogical competence of educational and methodological centers teachers in the sphere of Civil defense; statistical analysis of databases: National repository of academic texts (NRАТ), searching systems and databases of scientific citations which come from all publications using such services as Cited-by by Crossref and support Initiative for Open Citations (Open Ukrainian Citation Index – OUCI), repository of scientific periodicals of National Library named after V.I. Vernadskyi; expert assessment of the content of professional and pedagogical competence components; critical analysis of source base on the research problem; and infographics for visualization of the obtained results. Based on the results of studying scientific sources and expert assessment of the content of professional and pedagogical competence components of the educational and methodological centers teachers in the sphere of Civil defense it is identified that some of them are close in their meaning but some structural components differ only in their name. Besides, it was found out that the most widespread professional and pedagogical competence components of the teachers are as follows: social, cognitive and technological (cognitive) and motivational. The structure of professional and pedagogical competence of the educational and methodological centers teachers in the sphere of Civil defense being a complex of interconnected components such as motivational and valuable, cognitive, active and personal and professional ones was designed based on the expert survey results. Moreover, content of professional and pedagogical competence of the educational and methodological centers teachers in the sphere of Civil defense was justified. It reflects binary character of their activity – both civil defense professionals and teaching professionals, which prompts them to continuous professional development. It should be mentioned that the orientation of the individual in their activities on values which ensures their activity, initiative, deep faith in their own strength and concern for others was defined as the main content of the motivational and valuable component. The content of the cognitive component is a multilevel system of providing the opportunity to carry out a wide range of cognitive processes such as thinking, understanding, remembering, attention and perception. The development of the activity component provides the ability of practical use of practical and theoretical knowledge and technologies for improving trainees’ qualifications in different categories in the sphere of civil defense. The content of the personal and professional component is defined as a complex of personal qualities which ensures their self-organization at a high level of professional development based on reflection, and it is the basis for improving pedagogical skills. The structure and the content of professional and pedagogical competence of the educational and methodological centers teachers in the sphere of Civil defense are advisable to use to design the professional development program in the postgraduate system as well as in the process of methodical work.

Case study on the audibility of siren-driven alert systems

Abstract The civil security sirens are used by the authorities in a wide range of countries to signal an imminent or ongoing threat. Even if their sound level is known, it is nevertheless difficult to evaluate their audibility across a given zone, especially in complex urban environments. An experimental protocol was deployed around a siren installed in a town in France, to assess its audibility perceptually and through modeling. Sound level measurements during source activation were made with the NoiseCapture smartphone application at different distances and on several axes by a group of 25 participants. They were also asked to fill in a questionnaire on perceptual information about the siren such as its audibility, the perceived sound level, or the masking of the siren by passing vehicles. A comparison between acoustic measurement levels using NoiseCapture and simulated sound levels using NoiseModelling was performed. The results of this study validate the use of the Common Noise Assessment Methods in Europe model to evaluate the audibility of a warning system located in an urban environment within a radius of 2.8 km around the siren. Finally, a metric linking audibility to modeled sound level is proposed, enabling the development of siren audibility maps in the study area.

Social Inclusivity in Security Governance: the Case of Community Policing in Bangladesh

Abstract This paper aims to examine the dynamics of social inclusivity of the local people in the civil security governance of Bangladesh with a particular reference to the functions of community policing in the urban areas of the state. The broader framework of the sdg 16 informs the conceptual analysis of this paper – promoting peaceful and inclusive societies in establishing local ownership and an inclusive and improved security situation through community policing in Bangladesh. The empirical discussions in this paper include the findings of in-depth interviews with the civilian members of the community policing forums and members of the local police stations. The discussion aims to highlight – how and in what ways the community policing system, both forums and officers in police stations, has adopted an inclusive framework to ensure the participation of local community citizens. Furthermore, the discussion also highlights the challenges of including locals and civil society organisations in the security governance of the state. Finally, this paper argues that political patronage is a critical factor obstructing social inclusivity in the community policing system.

An Efficient Anchor-Free Localization Algorithm for all Cluster Topologies in a Wireless Sensor Network

A wireless sensor network is a type of network, which has many application domains such as military, civil security, industrial and environmental. Localization of fixed or mobile wireless sensors in wireless sensor networks is a delicate issue that has attracted the attention of many researchers. Indeed, a good estimation of the distances between different wireless sensors allows to derive their precise locations in the network. An ideal solution for locating these wireless sensors is to equip them with localization devices such as GPS. However, this solution is not an energy-efficient. Indeed, GPS is very energy-consuming, and the deployment environment is not easily accessible to humans. So, it is not possible to replace the batteries of these wireless sensors when they are discharged. Therefore, it is necessary to propose an energy-saving anchor-free localization algorithm. Despite the grouping of nodes into clusters (or sub-networks), existing anchor-free localization algorithms suffer from a low rate of node localization, low localization accuracy, and high energy consumption. To improve the proposed solutions in the literature, an Efficient Anchor Free Localization Algorithm (EAFLA) was proposed. Regardless the topology of each cluster, our algorithm allows localization of all wireless sensors with a very low localization error rate and consumes less energy.

The right of carrying and bear arms as a defense mechanism in Ecuador

The following research article focuses on the current situation of violence and insecurity in Ecuador and the possible solutions that could be offered by testing laws that allow the carrying and possession of weapons as a defense mechanism within the country. The general objective is to: To analyze the social and criminological factors from the point of view of criminalization regarding the carrying and use of weapons in order to review possible regularizations that could be used to promote civil security within a constitutional validation of this measure. Both current Ecuadorian laws supported by current bodies, as well as related case studies, have been reviewed through a qualitative research approach and methods such as analytical-synthetic and inductive, in order to carry out a critical study of the incorrect use of weapons and to consider the sociological impact that the approval of a possible bill on this issue would have. It is concluded that the carrying of firearms can provide civil security in the short term, but, if a security control is not carried out in the face of this regulation, other eventualities could develop that could substantially harm the country in terms of public order.

Strengthening Global Systems to Prevent and Respond to High-Consequence Biological Threats

Introduction:The world is facing the devastating impact a biological event can have on human health, economies, and political stability. COVID-19 has revealed that national governments and the international community are woefully unprepared to respond to pandemics—underscoring our shared vulnerability to future catastrophic biological threats that could meet or exceed the severe consequences of the current pandemic. This study examines potential threats related to deliberate Russian military use and misuse of the tools of modern biology or an accident caused by a CBRN event evolving rapidly in the highly volatile political environment in and around Ukraine and other conflicts.Method:A participatory foresight, co-creative, future and transformation-oriented methodology was used to structure a transformative model for a disciplined exploration of scenarios to confront complex challenges and facilitate improved outcomes. Foresight helps to evaluate current policy priorities and potential new policy directions; see how the impact of possible policy decisions may combine with other developments; inform, support and link policy-making in and across a range of sectors; identify future directions, emerging technologies, new societal demands and challenges; and anticipate future developments, disruptive events, risks and opportunities.Results:The study found that the “mitigation scenarios” are based on the “Confront, Regulate, Overcome” metamodel combined with the “Security, Rescue, Care” response modalities. These require the cooperation/coordination of law enforcement forces along with military forces, fire departments and civil security resources, hospital and first-line responder teams, in order to appropriately address populations, assets and territories issues elicited by the identified threat, which drives key decision makers’ tasks at the strategic level.Conclusion:The participatory foresight exercise demonstrated gaps in national and international biosecurity and pandemic preparedness architectures highlighted by the challenges of the Ukraine war—exploring opportunities for better cooperation to improve prevention and response capabilities for high-consequence biological events, and generate actionable recommendations for the international community.

Multi-sensor and multi-temporal approach in monitoring of deformation zone with permanent monitoring solution and management of environmental changes: A case study of Solotvyno salt mine, Ukraine

Salt deposits were a rich source of mineral resources in the past, and some are still mined today. However, salt mines, especially abandoned ones, pose a threat to populated areas, infrastructure and the natural environment. Solotvyno (Ukraine) is one of the most significantly affected areas, with a deformation zone where significant year-on-year subsidences occur. Mining activities have caused a disturbance of the balance in the mountain massif, and as a consequence, the mountains are being reshaped, and the land cover is deformed. Deformation zone of the historical salt mine Solotvyno (Ukraine), Tyachiv district of Zakarpattia region is situated on the right bank of the Tisza river in the border area with Romania in Central Europe. This paper deals with the multi-sensor monitoring of the active deformation zone over the Solotvyno salt mine using satellite radar data (Sentinel-1), optical satellite imagery (Pleiades, SPOT) and in-situ UAV photogrammetry. Since the area represents a significant geohazard from a hydrogeological (Tisza River) and civil security standpoints (infrastructure of the inhabited regions), the design of a high-precision monitoring system to monitor and evaluate current environmental changes is proposed. Multi-temporal InSAR analysis exposed steeper subsidence tendencies of >−2 cm in the central part of the monitored area. Optical satellite and UAV images confirmed the increase in water surface in sinkhole areas up to 28,500 m2 and proved the emergence of new sinkholes in the central part of the Solotvyno mine. The aim of this study is to describe the post-collapse deformation processes by Pleiades and SPOT multi-spectral sensors and Sentinel-1 satellite SAR sensors since the 2010 collapse in order to describe the trends of deformation due to undermining and propose a high-precision permanent monitoring system based on satellite radar interferometry (InSAR).

Considerations for Developing Robot-Assisted Crisis De-Escalation Practices

Robots are increasingly entering the social sphere and taking on more sophisticated roles. One application for which robots are already being deployed is in civilian security tasks, in which robots augment security and police forces. In this domain, robots will encounter individuals in crisis who may pose a threat to themselves, others, or personal property. In such interactions with human police and security officers, a key goal is to de-escalate the situation to resolve the interaction. This paper considers the task of utilizing mobile robots in de-escalation tasks, using the mechanisms developed for de-escalation in human–human interactions. What strategies should a robot follow in order to leverage existing de-escalation approaches? Given these strategies, what sensing and interaction capabilities should a robot be capable of in order to engage in de-escalation tasks with humans? First, we discuss the current understanding of de-escalation with individuals in crisis and present a working model of the de-escalation process and strategies. Next, we review the capabilities that an autonomous agent should demonstrate to be able to apply such strategies in robot-mediated crisis de-escalation. Finally, we explore data-driven approaches to training robots in de-escalation and the next steps in moving the field forward.

Electrical properties and chemiresistive response to 2,4,6 trinitrotoluene vapours of large area arrays of Ge nanowires

We study the electrical and morphological properties of random arrays of Ge nanowires (NW) deposited on sapphire substrates. NW-based devices were fabricated with the aim of developing chemiresistive-type sensors for the detection of explosive vapours. We present the results obtained on pristine and annealed NWs and, focusing on the different phenomenology observed, we discuss the critical role played by NW–NW junctions on the electrical conduction and sensing performances. A mechanism is proposed to explain the high efficiency of the annealed arrays of NWs in detecting 2,4,6 trinitrotoluene vapours. This study shows the promising potential of Ge NW-based sensors in the field of civil security.

The particularity of large-scale simulation: from learning by observation to professionalization

A full-scale exercise designed to test emergency plans, large-scale simulation in the face of nuclear, radiological, biological, chemical and explosive (NRBCe) risks also contributes to the health response and the organization of the health system. For future caregivers working in hospitals, it allows them to take into consideration the impact of an event outside the hospital on their hospital care. It enables them to pool their responses to a possible disaster, in particular by identifying the health response (Health Response Organization) and the security response (Civil Security Response Organization).

Dense Nested Network Based on Position-Aware Dynamic Parameter Convolution Kernel for Infrared Small Target Detection

Infrared small target detection is widely used in military and civil security fields. Most of the existing infrared small target detection algorithms focus on improving detection accuracy. However, the lightweight and generalization capabilities of the network have not improved significantly. To improve the network's generalization ability and lightweight while main- taining accuracy, a dense nested network based on position aware dynamic parameter convolution kernel (Par-DPC DNNet) was proposed. Firstly, a generation module for the dynamic parameter convolution kernel was proposed. The convolution parameters are generated dynamically based on the instance. This can realize the network's local dynamic change for unfixed small targets and effectively improve the network's generalization ability. Moreover, this can achieve good detection performance on the basis of network depth reduction. Secondly, in order to apply the dynamic parameter convolution kernel in the network on a large scale, inspired by the patch fragment mode in the VIT structure, a new downsampling method was proposed. The dynamic multiples of downsampling are realized by the feature map fragment combined with the convolution method without information loss. Finally, the dynamic parameter convolution kernel and new downsampling were integrated into the dense nested network, and a new nonlinear feature extraction method was adopted. It improves network accuracy while maintaining network generalization and structure optimization. The effective- ness of the proposed method was verified using two data sets. The experimental results demonstrate that the detection performance of Par-DPC DNNet is superior to the existing state-of-the-art methods even if the number of internal layers of resblock is reduced to two.

ДОСВІД АВСТРАЛІЇ З ПІДГОТОВКИ, ОСВІТИ І ПРОФЕСІЙНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ПРАЦІВНИКІВ ОПЕРАТИВНО-РЯТУВАЛЬНИХ СЛУЖБ

The article describes the experience of professional training and development of workers of operational and rescue services of Australia. The experience accumulated by specialists of operational and rescue services of Australia in the fight against the elements, disasters, liquidation of the consequences of various emergencies, which quite often occur on its territory, is invaluable and deserves study. Each state and territory has its own services that ensure the civil safety of the population and their property: police, fire service, emergency service, emergency agencies. Australia builds its emergency management policy on four main principles: preparedness, prevention, response and recovery. The assignment of responsibility for emergency response to schools is due to the fact that in Australia the school itself is considered a key center for the community. Teachers are perceived as potential leaders in emergency situations, whose task is to perform any action before, during or after an emergency. As part of the reorganization of the operational rescue service system, its training programs were formalized and professionalized. In most institutions of higher education, there is a policy of re-enrollment of credits and recognition of the results of previous informal education. The professionalization of specialist training is achieved through targeted programs from higher education institutions, which are designed specifically to order from the national government, state and territory governments or an employer. The aforementioned training programs are a valuable addition to on-the-job training. Some universities have opened emergency research centers that carry out scientific research in the field of civil security and emergency management, which contributes to obtaining reliable scientific results, a closer connection between theory and practice, the highest level of practices in the area of emergency management, indicates ways of its optimization, determines the content of training courses. In order to focus on one platform the maximum number of areas of educational activity on emergency situations, the Australian Knowledge Center the so-called "Knowledge Hub" was created. It is a national open platform that provides an opportunity for everyone to find everything they need for familiarization, training, self-education, professional development in the field of emergencies. Keywords: operational rescue service, emergency situation, civil safety, higher education institution, management in emergency situations, professional development, training of specialists.

The Issue about the Provision for Damage Inflicted by Preventive Security Measures upon Adjudicating the Dispute over Legality of Enabling Individual Administrative-legal Acts

The Constitutional Court of Georgia considers the constitutional submission of Tbilisi Court of Appeals requesting to establish the constitutionality of inadmissibility of the reversal of provision upon applying the preventive security measures in the administrative process. 
 The idea of admitting the reversal of provisional measures in the administrative proceedings of civil procedure standards aims at the maintenance of balance between the private interests of participants in the administrative process. However, it is impossible to speak about the methods and prospects of its implementation without the joint understanding of the enabling individual administrative-legal act as the essence of examining the result of conflict of interests, the legitimacy of state administration, the principle of legal trust and the major function of administrative justice at the stage of preventive security. 
 The goal of this paper is to present certain viewpoints on the problematic aspects of admissibility of the reversal of civil security in administrative proceedings and their solutions pursuant to the principle of their legal trust.

Three-dimensional muon imaging of cavities inside the Temperino mine (Italy)

Muon radiography (muography) is an imaging technique based on atmospheric muon absorption in matter that allows to obtain two and three-dimensional images of internal details of hidden objects or structures. The technique relies on atmospheric muon flux measurements performed around and underneath the object under examination. It is a non-invasive and passive technique and thus can be thought of as a valid alternative to common prospecting techniques used in archaeological, geological and civil security fields. This paper describes muon radiography measurements, in the context of archaeological and geological studies carried out at the Temperino mine (LI, Tuscany, Italy), for the search and three-dimensional visualisation of cavities. This mine has been exploited since Etruscan times until recently (1973), and is now an active tourist attraction with public access to the tunnels. Apart from the archaeological interest, the importance of mapping the cavities within this mine lies in identifying the areas where the extraction ores were found and also in the safety issues arising from the tourist presence inside the mine. The three-dimensional imaging is achieved with two different algorithms: one involving a triangulation of two or more measurements at different locations; the other, an innovative technique used here for the first time, is based on the back-projections of reconstructed muon tracks. The latter requires only a single muographic data tacking and is to be preferred in applications where more than one site location can be difficult to access. Finally the quality of the three-dimensional muographic imaging was evaluated by comparing the results with the laser scan profiles obtained for some known cavities within the Temperino mine.