Civil Rights Research Articles

Demystifying oral history with natural language processing and data analytics: a case study of the Densho digital collection

PurposeThis study aims to explore the applications of natural language processing (NLP) and data analytics in understanding large-scale digital collections in oral history archives.Design/methodology/approachNLP and data analytics were used to analyse the oral interview transcripts of 904 survivors of the Japanese American incarceration camps collected from Densho Digital Repository, relying specifically on descriptive analysis, keyword extraction, topic modelling and sentiment analysis (SA).FindingsThe researchers found multiple geographic areas of large residential communities of ethnic Japanese people and the place names of the concentration camps. The keywords and topics extracted reflect the deplorable conditions and militaristic nature of the camps and the forced labour of the internees. When remembering history, the main focus for the narrators remains the redress and reparation movement to obtain the restitution of their civil rights. SA further found that the forcible removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans during Second World War negatively impacted and brought deep trauma to the narrators.Originality/valueThis case study demonstrated how NLP and data analytics could be applied to analyse oral history archives and open avenues for discovery. Archival researchers and the general public may benefit from this type of analysis in making connections between temporal, spatial and emotional elements, which will contribute to a holistic understanding of individuals and communities in terms of their collective memory.

Peran Gerakan Hak Sipil dalam Membentuk Masyarakat Amerika: Analisis Sejarah dan Dampaknya, 1950-1960

This study analyzes the important role of the Civil Rights Movement in shaping United States society through a historical approach and its impact. It explores the movement's long history, from its 19th-century roots to the monumental struggles of the 20th century, revealing how it emerged in response to rampant social, racial, and political injustice. By examining key figures, strategies, and important events, this study traces the evolution of the movement from the anti-slavery era to the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Additionally, it examines the movement's impact on American society, highlighting significant transformations in law, policy, and societal perceptions of civil rights and equality. The study also documents the movement's legacy in driving systemic change and shaping views on inclusion, justice, and diversity. In conclusion, the Civil Rights Movement has played a crucial role in shaping modern American society by laying the foundation for progress toward equality, justice, and human rights, with its legacy continuing to influence ongoing struggles for a more just and inclusive society.

Brak rzetelnej sądowej kontroli aresztu tymczasowego po wydaniu ściganego jako bezwzględna przeszkoda do ekstradycji

The article is a research and scientific study prepared using the dogmatic method. It addresses the most sensitive issues that the Polish Supreme Court has dealt with in recent years in the area of interpretation of obstacles to extradition, i.e. the problem of the lack of prompt and ex officio judicial review of non-judicial pre-trial detention at the stage of preparatory proceedings in the State requesting the extradition of a prosecuted person. In one of its rulings, which is crucial in this matter, the Supreme Court took the position that this deficiency was not a sufficient basis for finding a legal obstacle to extradite the prosecuted. The argumentation of the Court does not deserve full approval. It is a manifestation of failure to notice the requirement, under Article 5 (3) of the European Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 (3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, to bring each detained person promptly ex officio before a judge in the context of their personal security. It should be assumed that the lack of prompt and ex officio review of pre-trial detention at the stage of the preparatory proceedings, including bringing the detained person before a judge, after the defendant has been transferred to the authorities of the requesting state, may constitute grounds for assuming that there is a well-founded concern about violation of the defendant’s personal security for this reason. Such an assessment should be made a casu ad casum as necessary, after supplementing the information from the requesting party.

The Effectiveness of International Human Rights Law, National Legislation, and Judicial Systems in Protecting Minority Rights

The protection of minority rights is a critical aspect of human rights governance, necessitating effective mechanisms at both international and national levels. This study investigates the effectiveness of international human rights law, national legislation, and judicial systems in safeguarding minority rights. Employing a qualitative approach, this research analyzes the implementation and enforcement of legal frameworks aimed at protecting minority groups across various jurisdictions. Through a comparative analysis of case studies and legal documents, the study explores the strengths and limitations of international human rights instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, as well as national legislative measures and judicial decisions. Key factors influencing the effectiveness of minority rights protection include the extent of legal recognition, enforcement mechanisms, political will, and societal attitudes towards minority groups. The findings underscore the importance of robust legal frameworks and judicial systems that uphold minority rights and provide effective remedies for violations.

Constitutional Possibilities of Limiting Human and Civil Rights and Freedoms – Selected Issues

Constitutional Possibilities of Limiting Human and Civil Rights and Freedoms – Selected Issues

A Case Study of Integrating Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and Building Information Modeling (BIM) in Heritage Bridge Documentation: The Edmund Pettus Bridge

The Edmund Pettus Bridge, Selma, Alabama, a symbol of the American Civil Rights Movement and an exemplar of early 20th-century engineering, stands as a testament to the progress and challenges of its era. The bridge, recognized for its pivotal role in the 1965 “Bloody Sunday” conflict and the following Selma to Montgomery marches for voting rights, also represents significant engineering achievements with its distinctive design and construction methodology. In this study, the research team presents a comprehensive framework for documenting heritage bridges by utilizing Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) technology, supplemented by other Reality Capture (RC) techniques, including Structure from Motion (SfM), 360-degree photography, and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), and integrating the data within a Building Information Modeling (BIM) environment. The focus on the Edmund Pettus Bridge case study demonstrates how this novel approach can capture the intricate details of its structural and architectural features while preserving its historical narratives. The documentation outcomes, including a detailed BIM model and a set of Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) drawings, highlight the effectiveness of combining TLS and BIM in conserving unconventional heritage structures like bridges. This paper also discusses the technological challenges encountered, such as dealing with heavy traffic and environmental constraints during data acquisition and developing the BIM model and drawings. It outlines the strategies implemented to address these issues. This research contributes to preserving a severely under-represented American National Historic Landmark (NHL). It sets a precedent for documenting other non-building heritage structures, balancing technological advancements with historical integrity.

Свойства гражданско-правовых услуг и вопросы исполнения договора возмездного оказания услуг в судебной практике (на примере риелторской деятельности)

Services in the field of civil law relations are becoming widespread. These processes increase the relevance of their study by scientists of different specialties: lawyers, economists, specialists in the field of information and communication technologies and others, including at the junction of various social sciences. A number of issues related to the functioning of the service market remain controversial, including the essence of the service and its properties. In civil law, services were studied by legal scholars both in the pre-revolutionary and subsequent periods as objects of civil rights and legal relations, the subject of civil law contracts, etc. The author attempts to identify all the properties of the service contained in the economic and legal scientific literature studied by him, establishes their hierarchy, and proposes a mega-property of the service. Insufficient development of legal issues of services contributes to a multitude of litigation on the execution of contracts for the provision of paid services. The article considers in detail the issues of registration of the fact of rendering services, and gives an assessment of the business habit (business custom) that has developed in the provision of services. The requirements for the act of acceptance and transfer of services to resolve disputes between counterparties are formulated.

Modern Russia in collective consciousness of the country’s inhabitants

The article explores collective consciousness as a theoretical construct, a type of social consciousness and as real attitude of the population towards Russia at the emotional and rational levels. It shows that modern collective consciousness in Russia is a product of mass culture, which actualized during modernization of the Russian society in the economic, political, cultural and everyday spheres of life. Today, it is influenced by mass and high-tech communications, while also reflecting the life experience of different generations. The research methodology is based on the interpretation of collective consciousness as the averaged consciousness of the whole mass of individuals in social groups; it erases individual differences, human characteristics, which in any single case may not be the same as collective consciousness, but impart collective consciousness a qualitative diversity. Empirically, the research is based on representative mass surveys – the Seventh Wave of the Russian Values and Interests Monitoring (Summer 2023), Russian Survey of Young Russian Adults (June 2020), European Social Study (ESS 2018–2019). The research attempts to determine whether the Russian mentality is more emotional than rational towards their “lesser motherland” or birthplace, their oblast/republic/krai, Russia as a country and the author suggests that these properties of mentality constitute characteristics of such a complex psychological phenomenon as Russian patriotism. The article reveals a growing rational perception of the problems of society with outspoken criticism amid high levels of emo tional attitude of the respondents to the country and “lesser motherland”. Such is the evaluation of Russia’s attractive and unattractive characteristics and the importance of civil rights and liberties, among which the rights that ensure people’s basic modern life-supporting needs, such as employment, education, property, security and protection by law, were ranked first with more than 90% of respondents stating their support. There is also a cohort of young people aged 18–24, for whom political rights and democratic freedoms, enshrined in the Russian Constitution, become more important compared to other cohorts.

The collective-man of res publica. Norwid and the civic society

The intellectually and politically tempestuous crystallization of the civic ideal in the nineteenth and twentieth century manifested not only in Europe (especially Western), but also in North and Middle America, and in time – all over the globe. An intense search for the “civic ideal” is clearly discernible in societies comprising the former Polish Republic, whose demise towards the end of the eighteenth century and the subsequent phases of its increasingdecompositionnot only failed to annihilate the republican tradition but in fact intensified authentic debate on possible roads toward modern society in the future independent state. A key role in this important dialogue was played by representatives of the landed gentry and the intelligentsia, the latter emerging in the nineteenth century as a new social formation that basically had no exact counterpart in other countries. In time, a few representatives of other classes also joined this dialogue on the shape of the future Polish state. What is the meaning of the phrase “civic society”? Today, it is used almost naturallyby columnists and politicians representing various positions, but it was virtually non-existent during Norwid’s lifetime, although the very ideaof organizing collective life on the basis of “civic” virtues has an almost immemorial provenance. This article attempts to describe Norwid’s civic thought, mainly by analysing his discursive statements, chiefly in journalism. Norwid was decidedly opposed to any doctrinaire elevation of “humanity” (which he called a “holy abstraction”) over “nation” and “Church,” through which individuals can actually partake in “the work of ages.” Another area in which Norwid struggled to develop clear civic categories comprises visions of humanity’s universal happiness and/or its apocalyptic fall, many of which were promulgated at the time. In his polemics with utopias of “fulfilled history” it is possible to discern clear echoes of ideological debates held at the time, especially ones between mystical and political visions used by various “prophets” to describe the ultimate perspectives for the development of current events whose subject is “humanity” – a category replacing “nations,” which would be thus seen as ending their historical “mission.”From this angle, Norwidwould criticise Skład zasad[A collection of principles] by Adam Mickiewicz– a manifesto of revolutionary transformations of civic rights, which are part of the legacy of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.In a letter to Józef Bohdan Zaleski, dated 24 April 1848, Norwid expressed his outrage at most theses contained in Skład, which he saw as undermining traditional values such as “homeland,” “property,” “lineage,” “nation,” etc.

Trumbull Talk: White Vernacular and the Politics of Persecution, 1953-1954

Following in the microhistory tradition, this essay draws on an unpublished report by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) to delve deeply into the political worldviews of working-class white mill workers in 1950s South Deering, Chicago, during their massive resistance to the racial integration of a local public housing project in the post-World War II period. A close analysis of casual conversations between members of this insular white community demonstrates that an intense fear of demographic change, exacerbated by a certainty that white city elites had “sold out their race” and were working with civil rights organizations to promote the interests of Black Chicagoans, instilled in South Deering’s whites a sense of powerlessness that failed to ease even as evidence mounted that white city leaders were giving the neighborhood segregationists much of what they wanted.

The effects of Title IX enforcement on sexual assaults on college campuses

AbstractThis study investigates the impact of U.S. Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights (OCR) investigations, prompted by the “Dear Colleague Letter” (DCL) in 2011, on sexual assaults in educational institutions. While previous research has primarily focused on the effects of OCR investigations on enrollments and reputation, using a potential outcome model (POM) and an event study, we analyze treatment effects across different school types, considering factors like endowments. We find the strongest treatment effect in private baccalaureate schools, underscoring the importance of school‐specific factors in understanding the role played by OCR investigations in addressing sexual assaults on campuses.

From Civil Society Organisations to Pirate Parties to Digital Democracy

Reshaping our political and social systems for a sustainable future requires a multifaceted approach that addresses several key areas, such as: political reform, social change, economic development, environmental preservation, or technological innovation. In order to achieve a sustainable future, we need to implement its ideals in every societal sector. When dealing with the political system, we cannot ignore the antidemocratic tendencies arising or taking over our everyday life even in the Western World. Under these circumstances, political reform is a must and we have to admit that one of its most important tasks is strengthening democracy. The actual political discourse is full of ideas like proportional representation, direct democracy, sustainability-focused governance, transparency, accountability, and equity. Among the many actors that try to solve these problems there is a group that proposes some new solutions, based on the means of Information Society, Pirate Parties. Emerging from the digital world, they are a fresh wave of political movements with deep roots in online activism. These parties, some born from anti-establishment protests, have rapidly spread across the globe in just two decades. Their journey is one of transformation, from grassroots movements to established political players. Pirate Parties have a clear digital agenda, focusing on issues like copyright reform, open access to information, and online privacy. They champion net neutrality and the free flow of knowledge. However, most of them have recognized the importance of broader democratic values for political success. Beyond their digital focus, Pirate Parties also advocate for traditional democratic ideals, including civil rights, transparency, and combating corruption. They promote free speech, direct democracy, and exploring alternative forms of citizen participation in government, often leveraging technology (e-democracy). The future impact of Pirate Parties remains uncertain, but their influence is undeniable. They’ve challenged traditional political norms and brought issues of the digital age to the forefront. Pirate Parties have reshaped the European political landscape and inspired similar movements around the world. My paper aims to briefly present these political formations, with special regard to their origins in and their relations with civil society. After outlining the broad framework, I present some of the most notorious of these formations.

Ensuring the functioning of society in activities of local governments under the legal regime of martial law

The scientific article is devoted to the study of the activities of local self-government bodies during the period of martial law in ensuring the functioning of society, characterization of the concept, competence and features of local self-government bodies, and types of local selfgovernment bodies. The article examines the scientific and regulatory approaches to defining the most important functions of local authorities, in particular, ensuring the constitutional rights and security of citizens. Local self-government during the period of martial law faces many challenges on a daily basis. That is why this topic is extremely relevant and requires scientific substantiation and research. The decentralization reform has laid the foundation for the activities of competent local governments. However, the unjustified military aggression has changed the usual rhythm of work of regional and district councils, as well as local authorities. The peculiarity of this legal regime is the creation of temporary state bodies, including military authorities. They operate in parallel with autonomous local governments. However, there are cases when the military administration can assume the powers of local self-government bodies if the local council does not meet on time. Local self-government in Ukraine is a right guaranteed and enforced by the state and a territorial community – a voluntary association of residents of a village, villages or several villages, cities – to address local issues within the limits determined by the current legislation, may be formed independently or subordinated to officials and self-government bodies. Local self-government is designed to strengthen the foundations of the constitutional order of Ukraine, ensure the implementation of constitutional principles, human and civil rights, create conditions for meeting the vital needs and legitimate interests of citizens, and develop local democracy. During the legal regime of martial law, military authorities exercise the powers of local state authorities and part of local self-government bodies, as defined by the current legislation. Therefore, the role of local state authorities and local self-government bodies in ensuring the quality functioning of society is very important.

The Status of Children Outside of Marriage and Its Relevance to the Reform of Islamic Family Law in Indonesia

This research discusses the Status of Children Outside of Marriage and its Relevance to the Renewal of Islamic Family Law in Indonesia. This research aims to find out specifically how the status of children outside of marriage and its relevance to the reform of Islamic Family Law in Indonesia. The method used in this research is the method of collecting data through library research. Data is collected by collecting information from various sources of literature, such as books, journals, magazines, and so on. From this research, it can be concluded that the scholars agree that children born out of wedlock have family ties both with the mother and her family. This is also the case in the laws and regulations governing marriage law in Indonesia which stipulate that the only civil relationship of children born out of wedlock is with the mother and her family. Nevertheless, the plaintiff permitted the Constitutional Court to conduct a judicial review, especially to ensure that her child was given permanent legal status and accepted by the defendant's family. After the respondent disputed the existence of the child and ignored the child's civil rights, including payment of monthly living expenses and school fees, the plaintiff was forced to take legal action. Thus, the Constitutional Court decided to partially grant the petitioners' claims based on the reasoning of the Panel of Judges. It was an extraordinary ijtihad when the Constitutional Court issued a new ruling on the status of children born out of wedlock. The Constitutional Court's decision is supported by arguments that are in the public interest (al-mashlahah al-'ammah), including protecting the future of children and providing a deterrent effect on men who have free sex so that adultery does not become commonplace. At least today, we can observe that legal progress in Indonesia also considers vulnerable groups, especially children.

История нормативного закрепления прав и свобод в законодательстве Российской Федерации

This scientific work is devoted to the consideration of the features of the normative consolidation of human and civil rights and freedoms in the legislation of the Russian Federation. To do this, the author examines the main ideas and their normative expression in various historical periods, from the reign of Peter I to the present. The author dwells in more detail on the analysis of the current stage of development of constitutional liberalism and notes the prospects for further reform of the designated category. In conclusion of the scientific research, the author focuses on the fact that currently, in the context of the normative consolidation of human and civil rights and freedoms in Russian legislation, there are all the necessary prerequisites for continuing the implementation of democratic and liberal reforms.

Абсолютные права и свободы: некоторые проблемы правовой регламентации

The article analyzes scientific opinions on the absolute nature of the fundamental rights and freedoms of human and citizen. The result of the analysis is the conclusion that the basis for distinguishing the constitutional rights and freedoms of human and citizen from absolute and relative rights and freedoms is the legal possibility of restricting them. The norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal constitutional and federal laws governing restrictions on human and civil rights and freedoms in a state of emergency, martial law, and counter-terrorism operation are being investigated. As a result, constitutional personal rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen with signs of an absolute nature are determined. The right to free economic activity (part 1 of article 34) and the right to housing (part 1 of article 40) of the Constitution of the Russian Federation are economic and may be limited in exceptional cases.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM PEMANFAATAN SYSTEM ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 28 TAHUN 2014

Artificial Intelligence (AI) with its increasingly complex development currently seems to increase complications, especially when it comes to violations of the law, especially regarding copyright of works created by AI systems or. So that the clarity of the legal responsibility for problems or conflicts that then arise needs to be clarified in the eyes of the law. This study is a qualitative study with a normative legal approach, and the data analysis method used is qualitative juridical. The results of the study show that based on the laws and regulations in Indonesia, namely Law No. 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright and Law No. 12 of 2016 concerning Patents, it states that creators and copyright holders as well as inventors and patent holders are one or several people, meaning that those who have the right to hold copyright and patent rights are humans as legal subjects (persons or legal entities). Then because AI is a system, AI is not included in the legal subject but AI is a human-made product and functions as a tool to create a work. However, formulating clear and fair policies and regulations regarding civil rights and legal responsibility for the results of AI creations needs to be done by the government. Legal certainty in this case will encourage the development of responsible AI technology and provide adequate protection for all parties involved. Then AI is known as an electronic system and electronic agent that operates based on human commands. Therefore, if an unlawful act or action occurs, then the legal responsibility is borne by the creator and user of AI who gives the commands and parameters.

Football as a Medium for (Transnational) Integration of the Romani People

Southeastern Europe is home to numerous Romani communities, each distinctive in their own way depending on their country of origin and the time of immigration, language, customs, religion etc. Based on multi-sited ethnographic research (in the Republic of Croatia, the Republic of Slovenia and the Republic of Serbia), this paper discusses the role of football (professional, amateur and recreational) in the integration of the Roma people. Considering the size and diversity of Romani communities, research results show that football, as the most popular sport, enables easier social integration into the ethnic community on the local and transnational levels. Various football activities (minority football camps, tournaments) are initiated and organized by the Roma community itself. Although the Roma people legally enjoy full civil rights, football serves as a means to reduce discrimination, inequalities, poverty and social exclusion. In order for young Roma to train in clubs, they have to attend school regularly, which results in economic integration. This research also contributes to the creation of public integration policies which are implemented by the very minority and immigrant communities working transnationally.

Analyzing the urban–rural divide: the role of location, time, and breach characteristics in U.S. hospital security incidents, 2012–2021

This analysis describes how cybersecurity breaches vary between urban and rural hospitals, how they differ over time, and how they differ across different types and locations of breaches within hospitals. Utilizing data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office for Civil Rights on incidents from 2012 to 2021 that affected 500 or more individuals, we studied breaches in 237 community hospitals, distinguishing between 185 urban and 52 rural facilities. Using Poisson and Quasi-Poisson regression models, we found a significant yearly increase in data breaches, especially in urban hospitals. Hacking/IT incidents were the most common breaches, particularly prevalent in urban settings, while unauthorized access/disclosure occurred frequently. Email and network servers were the primary locations of breaches in urban and rural hospitals. These findings indicate differences between urban and rural hospitals in data security incidents, suggesting areas for further research.

On the Protection of Civil Rights in Maritime Law Enforcement

On the Protection of Civil Rights in Maritime Law Enforcement