Civil Revolution Research Articles

혁명과 저항권에 관한 소고 - 헌법전문의 개정과 관련하여

This article identifies the legal characteristics of historical events after the March 1st Movement, such as the Jeju 4·3 incident, the Daegu 10·1 incident, the Yeosu·Suncheon 10·19 incident, and the Buma Democratic Uprising, the May 18 Gwangju Democratization Movement, and the June 10th Uprising, and suggests the direction of the revision of the full text of the constitution. I think the March 1st Movement should be called a revolution, not a movement, because it has several characteristics that are different from many existing domestic uprisings. During the independence revolution of the United States, the US Declaration of Independence signed by 33 representatives did not separately specify the right to revolution and resistance, but only the right to resistance. During the war of independence against Japanese imperialism, Korea followed the example of the United States, the world's first civil revolution, and signed the Declaration of Independence. Second, the Jeju April 3rd Incident, the Daegu October 1st Incident, and the Yeosu/Suncheon October 19 incident correspond to insurrection or uprising, not rebellion or riot. The focus should be on the slaughter of civilians by public power. Constitutional theory would correspond to the exercise of the right to resist illegal power. Third, April 19 overturned the regime and instilled the spirit of democracy in Korean citizens. April 19 was the first victory of Korean democracy and was a revolution of great political significance in that it was the first direct power in modern history. So political scientists point out that if August 15 liberation was the 'first liberation', the April Revolution was the 'second liberation'. However, legally, it is more appropriate to understand the legal nature of April 19 as the exercise of the people's right to resist Syngman Rhee's illegal power rather than a revolution for active purposes such as socio-economic system transformation. It is true that language is familiar with the expression April 19 Revolution, but apart from appreciating its meaning politically, it is considered unreasonable to view it as a revolution legally. The full text of the constitution has never been described as the April 19 Revolution in our constitutional history. Fourth, I think it is correct to view the legal nature of the Buma Democratic Uprising, the May 18 Gwangju Democratization Movement, and the June 10 Uprising as the exercise of the people's right to resist illegal power. There is a need to revise the full text of the constitution to clarify the national identity and the values the state should aim for. Whether to add new constitutional facts and present new constitutional values in a future-oriented manner should be decided after much discussion. The fact that the repetition of the May 18 distortion can be fundamentally solved is the full text of the May 18 Constitution, and I think one way is to push for amendments even if the ruling and opposition parties have formed a consensus. However, it is a problem that including the democratization movements after April 19 in the full text of the constitution, such as the Buma Democratic Uprising, the June 10 Uprising, and the candlelight protests, may harm the simplicity of the specialist. Gwangju, where the May 18th Movement took place, is the parent of all democratization movements that have taken place since 1980.

Effect of sustainable/durable composite materials on dynamic performance of aircraft shelters.

Aircraft shelter technology has been evolving over years along with the global technological revolution. They first appeared in the 20th century with the main purpose of protecting parked aircraft. Recently, they are considered a globally important topic in the aerospace field, especially for shielding military aircraft. On the other hand, the civil revolution nowadays is extremely unsustainable. The world is facing vital problems due to the massive consumption of non-renewable resources and pollution of the environment and atmosphere. Sustainability development is not an option anymore; it is the only choice to survive. Therefore, there is a demanding need to push the boundaries of sustainability and go through a green revolution by using Eco-friendly materials and searching for alternatives for non-renewable resources. In this study, sustainable composite materials that are probably used as impact shields in aircraft shelters that are cheaper than typical ones were studied. The applicability of utilizing silica fume and steel slag as partial and full replacements for non-renewable resources in the composite mixture was established. Fiberglass and steel meshes were also implemented as reinforcing elements. The performance enhancement of using such materials in composite mixtures was investigated. Results showed that utilizing silica fume and steel slag enhanced the compressive strength of sustainable composite mixtures by about 9.38%. Similarly, superior dynamic performance was achieved by approximately 800% using different reinforcement techniques.

독일 시민 가정에 대한 미메시스적 접근

The new concept of ‘citizen families’ in European society, including Germany, is sometimes idealized in literary works. The concept of covoc family was established in connection with the enlightenment and the civil revolution and industrialization process developed in the 18th-19th century. The theme of family is a subject covered in academic fields such as psychology, pedagogy, cultural history, and social history. Literary works from the Enlightenment period not only on the ideals and values of the civic family of the time, but also on the inherent conflict issues. It's easy to form a consensus when the main characters of a play watched by the citizen audience are in the same class. Lessing feels the misfortune that the citizen audience experienced in the citizen's family and the feelings of the characters in the play through civic tragedy. Thus, in “Emilia Gallotti”, Lessing said, “At a time when a new form of small family emerged, the problems of patriarchy and individual.

벨 에포크 시대의 문화와 드뷔시의 인상주의 음악

The period from about 1871 to the outbreak of the First World War in France in 1914 was a golden age called ‘Belle Époque’, which means beautiful era in French. Economically, through the Industrial Revolution, culture and art flourished centered on Paris, and democracy was developed through the establishment of democratic procedures through the civil revolution. The musical characteristics that emerged in the Belle Epoque era stemmed from cultural backgrounds. These extra-cultural influences and the spread of cultural capabilities led to the birth of new cultural trends such as impressionism, and the activities of impressionist musicians and artists contributed to making the Belle Epoque era more splendid. This study sheds light on the new trends and characteristics of the music field where the Belle Epoque can be most conscious of. And this study examines the music of Debussy, who represented Belle Epoque with impressionism, and analyzes the influence of contemporary cultural background on his music. This study is meaningful in suggesting a new hope for a beautiful period and cultural development by examining the splendid period brought about by the times and social changes in the development of international culture and emphasizing the influence that the era of peace and stability had on cultural formation. Debussy, who is indispensable in the French musical art of the Belle Epoque era, is regarded as a representative composer of impressionism, which influenced Satie and Lex Six by expressing a dreamlike feeling with impressionist characteristics, and using scales and instruments that express exotic emotions. Debussy created beautiful and musically expressive melodies without breaking with the musical conventions of his past. Furthermore, in order to express the beauty of all things in the Belle Epoque period, the feeling of light and water was expressed through sound, occupying a unique position in the generation in which the paradigm of modern music and art was changing.

Civil Revolution: User Experiences with British Columbia’s Online Court

British Columbia’s new Civil Resolution Tribunal [CRT] is a primarily online dispute resolution system that has attracted international attention for its innovative approach. But so far there has been little independent research on the effectiveness of the CRT and similar online dispute resolution initiatives in providing access to justice. In a qualitative and exploratory study, we surveyed 49 British Columbians who had used the CRT about their experience with the process. Overall, the results suggest that the CRT has improved access to justice, but the survey answers also identified problems and concerns, for which we suggest potential solutions.

1932 Olympic Games: The Participation of a Unique Brazilian Athlete

This study aims to understand how the participation of a Brazilian athlete in the 1932 summer Olympic games in Los Angeles was represented as a model of behaviour by newspapers in Brazil. This research is characterized as a historical documentary study, with newspapers as the empirical material. For the documental corpus of the research, reports on Adalberto Cardoso were collected from Brazilian newspapers. The 1932 Olympic games were approached with great expectation by the Brazilian press that, while showing the great financial crisis that was devastating the country, was following the unfolding of one of the biggest civil revolutions in Brazilian history. In this scenario, there are reports that addressed the participation of Brazilian athletes in the 1932 Olympic games, whose behaviours were categorized into good and bad athlete models. Among the athletes mentioned in the reports, Adalberto Cardoso, who ran the 10,000 m race, was called ‘iron man’ by the public and the newspapers.

서울 송현동 일대의 문화 헤게모니와 장소성 변화 분석

The History and Culture Park and the Lee Kun-hee Donation Hall will be built in Songhyeon-dong, Seoul. Political games from the Joseon Dynasty to the present greatly influenced the historicity of Songhyeon-dong. However, place analysis was limited to changes in landowners and land uses rather than a historical context. Therefore, this study analyzed the context in which the placeness of Songhyeon-dong changed according to the emergence of cultural hegemony using the perspective of modern cultural geography and comparative history. As a result of the analysis, cultural hegemony in historical transitions, such as Sinocentrism, maritime expansion, civil revolutions, imperialism, nationalism, popular art, and neoliberalism, was found to have created new intellectuals in Bukchon, including Songhyeon-dong, and influenced social systems and spatial policies. In this social relations, the placeness of Songhyeon-dong changed as follows. First, the founding forces of Joseon created pine forests as Bibo Forests to invocate the permanence of the dynasty. In the late Joseon dynasty, it was an era of maritime expansion, and as Joseon’s yeonhaeng increased, a garden for the Gyeonghwasejok, who enjoyed the culture of the Qing dynasty, was built. Although pine forests and gardens disappeared due to the development of housing complexes as the population soared during the Japanese colonial era, Cha Gyeong’s landscape aesthetics, which harmonized artificial gardens and external nature, are worth reinterpreting in modern times. Second, the wave of modernization created a new school in Bukchon and a boarding house in Songhyeon-dong owned by a pro-Japanese faction. Angukdongcheon-gil, next to Songhyeon-dong, was where thinkers who promoted civil revolution and national self-determination exchanged ideas. Songhyeon-dong, the largest boarding house, served as a residence for students to participate in the March 1st Movement and was the cradle of the resulting culture of student movements. The appearance of the old road is preserved, so it is a significant part of the regeneration of walking in the historic city center, connecting Gwanghwamun-Bukchon-Insadong-Donhwamunro. Third, from the cultural rule of the Government General of Joseon to the Military Government, Songhyeon-dong acted as a passage to western culture with the Joseon Siksan Bank’s cultural housing and staff accommodations at the U.S. Embassy. Ancient and contemporary art coexisted in the surrounding area, so the modern and contemporary art market was formed. The Lee Kun-hee Donation Hall is expected to form a cultural belt for citizens with the gallery, Bukchon Hanok Village, the Craft Museum, and the Modern Museum of Art. Discourses and challenges are needed to recreate the place in harmony with the forests, gardens, the street of citizens’ birth, history and culture park, the art museum, and the surrounding walking network.

Correction and resocialization of convicted persons on the territory of Ukraine in the XIX–XX centuries: theoretical and practical aspects

The article is devoted to a step-by-step study aimed at reproducing the chain of historical events, peculiarities of the origin and primary legislative consolidation of the processes of correction and resocialization in the system of execution of criminal punishments on the territory of Ukraine. The authors set the goal to analyze not only the gradation of scientific and philosophical thought on the correction and resocialization of convicts in the XIX–XX centuries, but also to investigate the level of practical implementation of doctrinal provisions. The main historical events that influenced the development of correction and resocialization in the demarcation, repressive and reorganization periods of the history of Ukraine were outlined. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of regulations. The aim was to investigate not only the terminological component, but also the actual presence, because the resocialization of convicts existed long before its legislative consolidation in its modern form. To write the article, the authors used quotes from leading scholars of the period under study, statistics on the number of convicts in Ukraine in different periods of history, materials of public speeches of leading lawyers and a number of primary sources of historical significance. It was found that in the XIX–XX centuries. correction and resocialization have gone through a difficult path of formation and further transformation. The formation of a modern approach to understanding these concepts was influenced by several complex reforms of the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods, two world wars, a series of civil revolutions, the influence of about five separate state formations during political instability and destruction, periods of state formation, political usurpation with totalitarian regime. and a network of correctional labor camps, "thaw", complete Sovietization and a radical paradigm shift, which was associated with the improvement of domestic and foreign experience in the late twentieth century.

"한국에서 촛불 시민혁명 이후의 민주주의 -포퓰리즘인가, 다중 민주주의인가-"

"한국에서 촛불 시민혁명 이후의 민주주의 -포퓰리즘인가, 다중 민주주의인가-"

UNDERSTANDING JAPANESE SOFT POWER POLICY AND ITS FEATURE IN CENTRAL ASIA

The states of the Central Asian region obtained their independence in 1991 and have been undergoing a turbulent transition process, such as civil war, cross-border conflicts, revolution and socio-political reforms. Japan has been furthering its cooperation with the Central Asian countries since the day diplomatic relations were established. Despite only a 25-year history of cooperation, Japan has developed numerous and diverse patterns of involvement in the Central Asian region. There is a positive attitude towards Japan and Japanese people among the population of Central Asian countries. This work explores the features of Japanese soft power policy and its development in Central Asia. The core of the multilateral collaboration format in Japanese Central Asian Policy is “Central Asia + Japan,” which aims to promote inter-regional and intra-regional cooperation among the Central Asian states.

Gary S. De Krey. Following the Levellers, vol. 1: Political and Religious Radicals in the English Civil War and Revolution, 1645–1649; Gary S. De Krey. Following the Levellers, vol. 2: English Political and Religious Radicals from the Commonwealth to the Glorious Revolution, 1649–1688.

G<scp>ary</scp> S. D<scp>e</scp> K<scp>rey</scp>. <i>Following the Levellers</i>, vol. 1: <i>Political and Religious Radicals in the English Civil War and Revolution, 1645–1649</i>; G<scp>ary</scp> S. D<scp>e</scp> K<scp>rey</scp>. <i>Following the Levellers</i>, vol. 2: <i>English Political and Religious Radicals from the Commonwealth to the Glorious Revolution, 1649–1688</i>.

A Critical Essay on the Historiography of East Asian Medicines: New Horizons beyond Dichotomy and "Tradition".

One of the main topics discussed by historians, including those of science, in the late twentieth century is the historical introspection into "modernism," a term based on a teleological view of the world. According to the conventional understanding of world history, the historical process to modernity that has led to the Civil Revolution, Scientific Revolution, and Capitalism is linear and universally inevitable, and this-in other words, Eurocentrism-implies that only the historical experiences of Europeans are relevant. This mainstream view of world history has spread the dichotomous analytic framework of historiography and reinforced cultural essentialism, which has eventually given a Euro- or Sino-centric hierarchical presentation of history. This type of world view rests on the assumption that there are intrinsic and incommensurable differences between cultures or localities, which a lot of commentators and scholars have constantly countered by arguing that that presumption does not comply with what historical sources say. Drawing on some trail-blazing scholarship of cultural studies and others, this essay turns away from this "conventional" framework of historiography and presents a world view that is framed in the context of trans-locality, interconnectedness, plurality, heterogeneity, polycentricity, and diversity. In recent years, in an attempt to search for new analytic frames, some endeavors have emerged in the field of cultural or science studies to go beyond just providing critical commentaries or case studies. Furthermore, researchers and scholars in the history of science, technology and medicine in East Asia have put an effort into conceptualizing and establishing such new analytic frames. Among those approaches are attempts to shed light upon the trans-local yet global interconnectedness (emphatically in pre-modern periods), diverse historical trajectories to modernities, and polycentric as well as plural landscape of scientific enterprises over time and across the world. On top of these new visions of world history, this essay further elaborates on and proposes some conceptive ideas: (1) "Tradition" as a set of recipes, which could replace the idea of the living yet dead tradition; (2) "Medicine" as a problem-solving activity, which calls more attention to historical actors of East Asian medicine; (3) "East Asian medicines" as a family of trans-locally related practices in East Asia, which would lead to going beyond the nationalist historiography such as Sino-centrism; (4) "Problematique" as the system of questions and concepts which make up East Asian medicine, which should reveal what East Asian medicines have been about; (5) "Styles of Practice" for the historiography of East Asian medicines, as opposed to the cultural account, epistemological historiography or praxiography; and, as an illustrative example, (6) "Topological Bodies" for the history of anatomy in East Asia. Going beyond tradition and dichotomous historiography, these new methodologies or conceptual ideas will contribute to the understanding of the history of East Asian medicines.

멜로드라마와 4.19 혁명의 서사적 절합 - 박경리의 1960년대 대중연애소설 『푸른 운하』, 『노을 진 들녘』 다시 읽기

멜로드라마와 4.19 혁명의 서사적 절합 - 박경리의 1960년대 대중연애소설 『푸른 운하』, 『노을 진 들녘』 다시 읽기

A Brief Report on the Beirut Port Explosion

Over the past year, Beirut has witnessed a civil revolution, the COVID-19 pandemic, its worst economic crisis in decades, and most recently one of the largest non-nuclear explosions in history. This explosion had devastating effects on the city’s social, economic, and health infrastructure.

The disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian army in 1918

The internal disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian army in 1918 was one of the chief causes of not only the defeat of the Habsburg monarchy in the First World War but also of the breakup of the dual state. That long-term process began in the winter of 1917/18 with the shortages in supplies for the soldiers. Its dynamic was strongly boosted by the return of prisoners of war from Russian captivity on the power of the peace treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March–October 1918), and the defeat by the Piave (July 1918). There were increasing instances of marauding and local rebellions in the rear ranks from the spring of 1918 resulting in the breakdown of discipline and a huge wave of desertions in the summer of that year. The response of the authorities was poor for fear of a civil revolution or a rebellion stimulated by the national context in the event of a brutal use of force. The weakened army limited its activity on the front, passively awaiting the signing of a peace. The last phase of the demise came in October 1918 and resulted from the lack of faith in a quick conclusion to the conflict combined with the hopes of rank-and-file soldiers for the establishment of national states on the wreckage of Austria-Hungary, which was to result in immediate termination of hostilities. In such circumstances, the beginning of the Italian offensive at Vittorio Veneto led to a series of rebellions of line troops. This caused the collapse of the front, the unauthorised return of entire corps to their homes, and the signing of the Armistice of Villa Giusti by the declining monarchy and capitulation to the conditions of the on Italians.

Key aspects and consequences of Rafael Correa´s left-wing rule in Ecuador

The article analyzes the main directions of political radicalism inEcuador, in particular the “left turn” of the Ecuadorian government led by R. Correa. It is proved that the new geopolitical situation in the modern world has led to changes in the political and economic strategy of Latin America, when one of the leading political and ideological trends in recent times in the region has become the “left turn” of a number of Latin American governments, which emerged as an alternative direction in search of achieving social equality and improving the economic situation. The article explores the goal of radical socio-economic transformations inEcuadorin 2007, their main tasks and consequences. An analysis of the key achievements of the government of the “civil revolution” R. Correa is made, their negative consequences are revealed, the analysis of the main effects of radical reforms affecting the political, economic and social situation in Ecuador is carried out. It was revealed that in foreign policy the main tasks forEcuadorwere to reduce dependence on theUnited States, eliminate geopolitical isolation from Europe andAsia, and diversify international relations.

Candlelight for Our Country’s Right Name: &#x0D; A Confucian Interpretation of South Korea’s Candlelight Revolution

The candlelight protest that took place in South Korea from October 2016 to March 2017 was a landmark political event, not least because it ultimately led to the impeachment of President Park Geun-hye. Arguably, its more historically important meaning lies in the fact that it marks the first nation-wide political struggle since the June Uprising of 1987, where civil society won an unequivocal victory over a regime that was found to be corrupt, unjust, and undemocratic, making it the most orderly, civil, and peaceful political revolution in modern Korean history. Despite a plethora of literature investigating the cause of what is now called “the Candlelight Revolution” and its implications for Korean democracy, less attention has been paid to the cultural motivation and moral discourse that galvanized Korean civil society. This paper captures the Korean civil society which resulted in the Candlelight Revolution in terms of Confucian democratic civil society, distinct from both liberal pluralist civil society and Confucian meritocratic civil society, and argues that Confucian democratic civil society can provide a useful conceptual tool by which to not only philosophically construct a vision of civil society that is culturally relevant and politically practicable but also to critically evaluate the politics of civil society in the East Asian context.

Statute of the Town and Island of Korčula 1214/1265 and issues of (dis) continuity of old and new constitutionalism

In classic natural law the issue of constitution was related to the laws, institutions and practice of organising and directing states and the political system. According to this understanding, every political system of town-state had a constitution. The contemporary meaning of constitution nevertheless gained specific and valuable foundation: today the constitution means the establishment of a special form of political organisation. Contemporary constitutions talk of limited government. With a constitution, political power is constituted and limited at the same time. Some states are constitutional because they have a limited and responsible government and others are not. In the latter case, we are talking about states that have a constitution, but do not have constitutionalism. After civil revolutions, constitutionalism becomes the central mechanism of control of political power and ensuring freedom. This text opens up the question of whether the Statute of Korčule of the year 1214/1265, as a normative projection of municipal organs in the Town and Island of Korčula (assembly of all people, duke, grand council, small council, curia, utility services...), provided the base for researching the (dis)continuity of „ancient constitutionalism“ and classic rational, uniform and contractualistic forms of modern constitutionalism which is based on the constitution as the highest legal act and court control of constitutionality. In conclusion, the Statute of the Town and Island of Korčula, as a unique normative crossword puzzle of medieval institutions, special freedoms and multi-level jurisdictions, represented a real historical platform. From this platform all those bearers of power who implemented power could be controlled and balanced either within legal boundaries or they strived for absolutism and corruption.

Why the pretense of pursuing democracy? The necessity and rationality of democratic slogans for civil revolutions

While democratic revolutions are not uniform in their pursuit of democracy, they do have something in common: those calling for revolution and participating in demonstrations do so under the banner of democracy. However, studies have revealed that these citizens were not at first committed to democracy per se; rather, they took the opportunity to vent their frustration against the current regime because of their struggle against poverty and social inequality. Why, then, do citizens who are not pursuing democracy per se participate in revolutions under the banner of democracy? Previous studies have failed to clarify this point. To fill this gap, we outline three strategic rationalities and necessities behind the use of “democracy” as a common slogan to justify civil revolutions: 1) organizing large scale dissident movements in a country; 2) attracting international support; and 3) imitating successful examples from the past. Evidence from the 2003 Rose Revolution in Georgia and the 2005 Orange Revolution in Ukraine supports this theory.

The problems os music teaching in Croatia in profesional journals of the second half of the 19th century

After the civil revolution of 1848 and the awakening of national consciousness, in the midst of the struggle of small nations for independence as well as for the official use of the national language, music was introduced into schools as an obligatory subject called Singing. During that period, the first songbooks, textbooks and manuals in Croatian language were created. The period was the one of institutional reform of education evidenced in the adoption of important school laws that set the foundation for the development of national education. The First School Law of 1874 and the Second School Law of 1888 particularly influenced the teaching of music in Croatia. In this context, we analyze the publications in the professional journals of the time relating to the problems of music education in elementary school. The pivotal journal of pedagogy, where we note the largest number of professional publications at the time in Croatia, was called Napredak. There were other journals as well, such as Prosvjeta, Smilje, Školski prijatelj and Hrvatski učitelj, but hardly any articles on music teaching can be found in them. We also mention the annual Izvješća Kraljevske preparandije u Zagrebu, where Vjenceslav Novak, the most prominent music pedagogue of the second half of the 19th century used to write. The professional publications that we analyze provide important information on the beginnings of the development of contemporary music teaching in Croatian schools and on the problems encountered by music pedagogues and practitioners of that time.