Civil Partnership Research Articles

Surprised by Co-Creation; Building Equality, Diversity and Inclusion (EDI) in the Physiology curriculum with Undergraduate Students.

As public-facing global institutions, modern universities are subject to equality legislation (locally the United Kingdom Equality Act) 1 and the need to represent an increasingly diverse student body. For effective education, this broad cohort needs to see itself represented, both in the curriculum, and in the very structures of the university2. It is with this in mind that staff in the Centre for Biomedical Sciences Education in Queen's University Belfast recruited three students from diverse backgrounds to co-design aspects of the Undergraduate Physiology Curriculum for Medicine and Health and Life Sciences (MHLS) degrees. As part of a 6-week summer internship, our students set out to identify gaps in the physiology curriculum regarding those with protected characteristics as described by the UK Equality Act 2010 (race, sex, gender reassignment, marriage or civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, religion and belief, disability and sexual orientation; Figure 1 1). Our aim was to incorporate Equality, Diversity and Inclusion (EDI) principles to create a learning environment that celebrates people's differences and represents individual students. Themes that developed over the six week period of the internship were recognizing oneself in the curriculum, cultural humility and intersectionality.

Detection of Sarcopenia in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults Using the SARC‐F Questionnaire: Findings From the Southampton Longitudinal Study of Ageing (SaLSA)

ABSTRACTAimsSarcopenia is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. The SARC‐F self‐rated questionnaire is a simple tool that can be rapidly implemented by clinicians to identify individuals with probable sarcopenia who may require further in‐depth assessment. A score ≥ 4 is predictive of sarcopenia and poorer outcomes. We sought to identify the prevalence and demographic correlates of probable sarcopenia in a newly formed cohort of community‐dwelling older adults.MethodsA cross‐sectional analysis of 480 participants (219 men and 261 women) identified from primary care in whom a questionnaire ascertaining demographic, lifestyle factors, comorbidities, nutrition risk and SARC‐F score was completed between 2021 and 2022. Participant characteristics in relation to probable sarcopenia were examined using sex‐stratified logistic regression. Age was included as a covariate.ResultsThe median (lower quartile, upper quartile) age was 79.8 (76.9, 83.5) years. 12.8% (28) of men and 23% (60) of women had probable sarcopenia. Older age was associated with probable sarcopenia in both sexes (odds ratio [95% CI]: men 1.10 [1.02, 1.19], p = 0.01; women 1.08 [1.02, 1.14], p = 0.01) as was higher malnutrition risk score (men: 1.30 [1.12, 1.51], p = 0.001; women: 1.32 [1.17, 1.50], p < 0.001 per unit increase). Among men, being married or in a civil partnership or cohabiting was protective against probable sarcopenia (0.39 [0.17, 0.89], p = 0.03) as was reporting drinking any alcohol (0.34 [0.13, 0.92], p = 0.03), whereas in women generally similar relationships were seen though these were weaker. Higher BMI (1.14 (1.07, 1.22), p < 0.001 per unit increase) and more comorbidities (1.61 [1.34, 1.94], p < 0.001 per extra medical condition) were also associated with probable sarcopenia in women.ConclusionsProbable sarcopenia (SARC‐F score ≥ 4) was common in older adults living in their own homes. In addition to advancing age and malnutrition, socio‐demographic factors were also important. Patients with a higher SARC‐F and who are living with associated risk factors should be prioritised for further in‐depth assessment for sarcopenia to allow the planning and implementation of interventions to mitigate potential adverse consequences.

Požehnání v biblické a prakticko-teologické perspektivě: Příspěvek k diskuzi o žehnání párů stejného pohlaví

The study examines the concept and practice of blessing in contemporary Christian churches and reflects on the possibilities of blessing same-sex couples. It emphasises the need to distinguish the blessing of a same-sex couple from the legal act of entering into a civil partnership. The purpose of the blessing is not to affirm or sanctify a particular life form but to bring a couple committed to an enduring relationship of love, respect and fidelity before God, promising his favour, grace and gifts. The study consists of three parts. First, it introduces the concept of blessing in the Old and New Testament. The second part discusses blessing from a contemporary practical theological perspective. It presents blessing as a gift and a task of the church community and as a key motif of casual services. It points to the specific linguistic form of blessing as opposed to prayer, wish and proclamation, presents blessing as an act of communication and reflects on the question of its content and effects. The third part deals with the question of who or what can be blessed and whether it is theologically legitimate to bless same-sex couples. It reflects on the possibility of blessing in the pastoral practice of the Roman Catholic Church, anchored in the declaration Fiducia supplicans, and in the liturgical practice of the Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren. It concludes with a summary of the findings.

Persekutuan Perdata Notaris Ditinjau dari Prinsip Kemandirian dan Prinsip Kerahasiaan pada Jabatan Notaris

The establishment of a civil partnership among notaries, governed by Article 20 of Law No. 2 of 2014 amending Law No. 30 of 2004 on Notary Position, introduces new dynamics to notarial principles, particularly the principles of independence and confidentiality outlined in Article 16 of the same law. This development raises concerns about potential disharmony, as forming a Notary Association could compromise notarial independence. When multiple notaries operate within one association, they may find it challenging to maintain the requisite impartiality and confidentiality specified by law. Upon analyzing these issues, several conclusions emerge. Firstly, the regulations governing notary civil partnerships appear sufficient and compatible with the core principles of notarial practice. Notaries are obligated to conduct themselves professionally, adhering strictly to legal statutes and the ethical code of notaries, which stress independence and confidentiality. Hence, while engaging in civil partnerships as permitted by Article 20, notaries must uphold these moral and legal standards, ensuring their activities remain in alignment with the law and ethical guidelines. Secondly, the formation of notary civil partnerships has implications for maintaining the principles of independence and confidentiality. The essence of a notary's independence as a public officer is critical, encompassing structural, functional, and financial independence. Any association among notaries could potentially undermine these fundamental principles, as notaries may face challenges in preserving their autonomy and impartiality when operating within a partnership structure. The legal framework stipulating notarial responsibilities emphasizes the necessity for notaries to operate independently, free from external influences. In summary, while Article 20 allows for notarial civil partnerships aimed at enhancing service delivery to the public, it necessitates careful adherence to the principles of independence and confidentiality integral to notarial duties. The challenge lies in balancing the benefits of collaboration with the imperative of maintaining the integrity and autonomy of the notarial function as prescribed by law.

Redefining family structures: Births out of wedlock in 21st century Greece

AbstractThis study explores Greece's unique position as the country with the lowest nonmarital childbearing rate in Europe. The socio‐demographic profile of mothers is being analysed in three categories of marital status: married, unmarried, and in civil partnership. Unpublished data, custom‐made exclusively for this study from the Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT), have been used, spanning from 2019 to 2021. Key focus areas include maternal age at childbirth, educational attainment, and nationality (Greek, EU27 except for Greek, and non‐EU). Geographical analysis is conducted at the Regional Unit level (Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics [NUTS] 3 classification). Findings reveal that Greek teenage and early twenties mothers, as well as those with low educational level, are more likely to be unwed, implying that maternity might have come because of an unplanned pregnancy. On the other hand, those in civil partnerships resemble married mothers in age and educational attainment. Non‐Greek nationals show a higher prevalence of nonmarital births, and a sociodemographic profile that implies that unwed maternity constitutes a conscious choice for them. This study not only illuminates the characteristics of unwed mothers in Greece but also provides empirical insights for evaluating prevailing theoretical frameworks regarding family dynamics in countries facing low fertility rates.

Abusing the unprotected ‘poor’: The prevalence of povertyist stigma and hate speech on unmoderated newspaper comment threads

The UK-wide Equality Act 2010 forbids discrimination based on age, sex, race, religion/belief, disability, gender reassignment, sexual orientation, marriage and civil partnership, and pregnancy and maternity – yet no such protections apply to people experiencing poverty and/or class-based inequalities. This legislative ‘blind-spot’ extends to UK media regulation, with most industry ethical codes prioritizing the same ‘protected characteristics’ as the law. As a result, legacy print news outlets and their audiences can freely publish statements about people in poverty that would be defined as hate speech; ruled in breach of ethical codes; and liable for potential prosecution if directed at protected groups. This article explores the prevalence of povertyist hatred on comments published on two conservative-leaning news-sites (www.telegraph.co.uk and www.dailymail.co.uk) in response to articles about rising labour shortages and ‘economic inactivity’ rates during the post-COVID-19 ‘cost-of-living crisis’. It exposes serious gaps in the legal and regulatory framework(s) around protected characteristics, while also posing difficult questions for editors and moderators about the (in)adequacy of their existing policies for safeguarding groups already protected by law.

Actual questions of civil partnership in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine

Actual questions of civil partnership in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine

Abstract PO2-10-05: The Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on Breast Cancer Diagnosis in Latin America: The LATINA study (LACOG 0615/MO39485)

Abstract Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy and one of the leading causes of cancer death in women in Latin America (LATAM). Studies have highlighted the importance of understanding contextual characteristics of each patient population to inform health policy-making. However, few data are available on women from LATAM, a region with marked inequalities. Methods: LATINA (LACOG 0615/MO39485) is a multicenter prospective cohort study designed to describe sociodemographic characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of patients with BC in LATAM. Female and male patients aged ≥18 years newly diagnosed (i.e., < 12 months from research site activation) histologically confirmed clinical stage I-IV BC were enrolled. Eligible patients provided informed consent and had data collected from medical records at diagnosis and every 6 months up to 5 years. Results: Between February 2020 and August 2022, 3276 patients with BC from 31 research sites in 10 LATAM countries were included. Median age was 54 years (range 23–95), 91.8% (N=3008) were Hispanic or Latinos, the majority (68%, N=2224) were diagnosed with stage II or III BC, and 73% (N=2362) were treated in the public health system. Age, stage and detection method stratified by education level, marital status and employment status are shown in Table 1. Overall, 38.8% (N=1149) of patients had not completed high school. These patients were more frequently diagnosed by symptoms and diagnosed at later stages than those who had completed high school or college. Half of the patients were married/in a civil partnership at BC diagnosis (50.5%, N=1497). Unmarried patients were more commonly diagnosed by symptoms (71.7%, N=835 vs. 64%, N=916, p< 0.001) and with stage II/III BC (71.4%, N=868 vs. 67.6%, N=1038, p< 0.001) than married patients. Most patients (54.1%, N=1603) were not employed at BC diagnosis. Patients not employed were more frequently diagnosed by symptoms (68.8%, N=1044) than employees/self-employed (61.6%, N=675). After adjusting for age, country, health care provision (public or private), stage, and BC subtype, being diagnosed by symptoms was associated with not being married (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.41, 95% CI 1.11–1.82, p=0.004), being not employed (aOR 1.41, 95% CI 1.08–1.84, p=0.011), and not having completed high school (aOR 1.46, 95% CI 1.00–2.13, p=0.031). Conclusions: Patients with a lower level of education, unmarried and not employed, are more likely not to perform BC screening and to be diagnosed by symptoms. Socioeconomic characteristics impact the method of detection of BC in LATAM and are associated with diagnosis at later stages. Further analyses of the LATINA study will provide invaluable data for informing regional health policy-making in LATAM. Citation Format: Gustavo Werutsky, Cynthia Villarreal-Garza, Henry Gómez, Juan Manuel Donaire, José Bines, Luis Henrique Fein, Maria Clara Horsburgh, Paula Cabrera-Galeana, Heloísa Resende, Rosa Vasallo Veras, Miriam Raimondo, Ricardo Elías Brugés Maya, Vidal Maria Del Rosario, Yeni Nerón, Ana Maria Donoso, Fernanda B. Damian, José D'Oliveira, Couto Filho, Maria Isabel Alonso, Victoria Costanzo, Tomás Reinert, Adriana Elizabeth Borello, Eduardo Cronenberger, Luis Fein, Marcela Urrego, Enrique Alanya, Jorge Luis Soriano García, Saúl Campos-Gomez, Eduardo A. Richardet, Hugo Castro-Salguero, Felipe Cruz, Diego Gómez, Angel Hernández, Carlos Alberto Farfan Tello, Ronald Rodríguez, Rafaela Jesus, Gustavo Gössling, Carlos Barrios. The Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on Breast Cancer Diagnosis in Latin America: The LATINA study (LACOG 0615/MO39485) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO2-10-05.

Protected characteristics reported in pulmonary rehabilitation: a scoping review.

An individual's characteristics are reported to influence access, completion and outcomes of pulmonary rehabilitation and may contribute to health inequalities. Many countries have policies to promote equity among individuals' characteristics, including the UK Equality Act 2010 which lists nine protected characteristics (age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion or belief, sex and sexual orientation). To describe the extent to which UK Equality Act 2010 protected characteristics have been collected and reported in UK studies and audits of pulmonary rehabilitation. A scoping review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Reviews guidelines was conducted using five databases. UK studies and audits collecting data on pulmonary rehabilitation from 1 October 2010 (date of Equality Act 2010 inception) were eligible. The protected characteristics collected and how they were reported were extracted. Out of 45 included studies and audits (41 studies and four audits), 98% (k=44) reported age. Sex was reported in 40% (k=18), and 20% (k=9) reported gender with only male and female categories. Half (50%, k=2) of audits reported gender with male, female and transgender categories. Race was reported through ethnicity in 2% (k=1) of studies and 75% (k=3) of audits. No studies or audits explicitly reported disability, but all reported measures indicating disease severity (e.g. forced expiratory volume in 1 s % predicted: 67%, k=30). No studies or audits reported marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, religion or belief or sexual orientation. Protected characteristics are not commonly reported or are inconsistently reported in UK pulmonary rehabilitation studies and audits. Without reporting these characteristics, health inequalities in pulmonary rehabilitation will remain unclear.

Analysis of the Legal Status of Joint Office in Notary Civil Partnership: Perspective of Article 20 of UUJN-P

This article focuses on the Analysis of the Legal Status of Joint Offices in Notary Civil Partnerships: Perspective of Article 20 of the Law Concerning Notary Positions (from now on UUJN-P), which focuses on the legal status of joint offices by notary civil partnerships. The research in this article uses normative juridical research. Aims to describe and analyze the legal status of establishing a joint office by a civil partnership of notaries. Notaries can enter into civil partnerships to form a joint office as regulated in Article 20 of Law Number 02 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 30 concerning Notary Positions. Establishing a joint office can be convenient for notaries when opening a notary office, which requires expensive costs. However, there is legal ambiguity regarding the regulation of the legal status of the establishment of a joint office by a notary civil association, where there is a synonym for terms in article 20 UUJN, which equates notary civil partnerships with notary joint offices and civil partnerships in the Civil Code.

The legal and medical consequences of child marriage.

The Marriage and Civil Partnership (Minimum Age) Act 2022 came into force in England on 27 February 2023 and made both registered and unregistered marriages involving people under 18 illegal in England and Wales. This means that such marriages which take place outside England and Wales will not be recognised and those who organised them, including parents, will have committed a criminal offence.This review considers issues related to families where such marriages have happened, including their impact on the health of the victim and any resulting children. It touches on religious and societal issues and the need for targeted and appropriate education.

A control algorithm to follow the limitations of an electric vehicle motor using the Tm4 Sumo drive as an example

A control algorithm to follow the limitations of an electric vehicle motor using the Tm4 Sumo drive as an example

Legal Consequences Due to the Vacancy of Notary Maatschap Implementation Regulation

This study aims to analyze: a) the concept of Notary maatschap in Law No. 30 of 2004 concerning the Position of Notary jo Law No. 2 of 2014 concerning the Position of Notary and also according to article 1618 of the Civil Code; b) knowing the legal consequences of the deletion of paragraph (3) of Article 20 of Law No. 2 of 2014 concerning the Position of Notary; c) knowing the basis for the implementation of the Notary maatschap.This research uses normative legal research methods and prescriptive analysis with a statute approach. The legal materials used are primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The data collection techniques used are literature study, data analysis, description, construction, argumentation, and systematization techniques. The results of this study show that the first regulation Implementation in UUJN is no longer valid based on the principle of lex posterior derogat legi priori. So, the Notary Civil Partnership is based on the Civil Code and Article 20 of the UUJN. However, the provisions of the Civil Partnership of the Civil Code are not relevant if used by the Notary Maatschap. In the absence of clear regulations, the independence of Notary in working is limited because they have to collaborate with allied partners. This impacts the structural, functional, and financial independence of Notaries who previously worked independently. This includes maintaining the confidentiality of deeds. These two Notary Maatschap give rise to multiple interpretations and legal uncertainty, which can then lead to a violation of the Notary's oath of office, so the provisions of Article 20 of UUJN-P should be revoked.

Between loss and restoration: The role of liminality in advancing theories of grief and bereavement

A recent national survey of bereaved partners found high levels of complicated grief and psychological distress, with evidence that loneliness and isolation may contribute to these outcomes. However, the mechanisms of action for this have not been explored. To advance grief theory this paper reports analysis of the survey free-text data to examine the relationship between social support and emotional responses to bereavement. Individuals bereaved of a civil partner or spouse 6–10 months previously were identified through death registration data. 569/1945 (29 %) completed surveys were received. Of those, 311 participants (55 %) provided responses to two free-text questions which asked about their ‘feelings since the death of their partner or spouse’, and ‘about the support around’ them. Data were analysed using corpus-assisted discourse analysis and the discourse dynamics approach for figurative language. Participants described diverse emotional responses to the bereavement (e.g. sadness, anger, denial, acceptance), and the value of formal and informal bereavement support. Although many of the experiences described are accounted for in existing grief theory, some participants described a liminal experience not recognised within these theories. They felt trapped, unable to engage with loss or restoration, and unable to move forward as their planned future no longer existed. They sought out ‘communitas’ (solidarity in experiences), but often found support from their social networks had diminished. Metaphors were used to describe this liminality, with partner grief expressed as a dark agentic force, a monster, an abyss, and as water. The findings of this study offer original insights into experiences and trajectories of bereavement, and our understandings of prolonged or complicated grief. A novel model ‘Between Loss and Restoration’ is presented to include these experiences. Recognition of the place for liminality within the spectrum of grief experiences could enhance grief literacy and improve formal and informal bereavement support provision.

1878 Sarcopenia screening in older community-dwelling adults: findings from Southampton Longitudinal Study of Ageing (SaLSA)

Abstract Introduction The SARC-F questionnaire can be rapidly implemented by clinicians to identify patients with probable sarcopenia. A score ≥4 is predictive of sarcopenia and poor outcome. We sought to identify the prevalence and demographic correlates of probable sarcopenia (SARC-F score ≥4) in community-dwelling older adults. Methods 480 participants (219 men, 261 women) identified from Primary Care completed a questionnaire ascertaining demographic, lifestyle factors, comorbidities, nutrition risk score (DETERMINE) and SARC-F score. Participant characteristics in relation to probable sarcopenia were examined using sex-stratified logistic regression. Age was included as a covariate. Results The median (lower quartile, upper quartile) age was 79.8 (76.9, 83.5) years. 12.8% of men and 23% of women had probable sarcopenia. Self-reported walking speed strongly associated with probable sarcopenia (men: odds ratio (OR) 10.39 (95% CI: 4.55, 23.72), p<0.001; women: 11.42 (5.98, 21.80), p<0.001 per lower band). Older age was associated with probable sarcopenia in both sexes (p=0.01) as was higher DETERMINE score (men: 1.30 (1.12, 1.51), p=0.001; women: 1.32 (1.17, 1.50), p<0.001 per unit increase). Among men, being married or in a civil partnership or cohabiting was protective against probable sarcopenia (0.39 (0.17, 0.89), p=0.03) as was reporting drinking any alcohol (0.34 (0.13, 0.92), p=0.03) while in women generally similar relationships were seen though these were weaker. Higher BMI (1.14 (1.07, 1.22), p<0.001 per unit increase) and presence of comorbidities (1.61 (1.34, 1.94), p<0.001 per extra medical condition) were also associated with probable sarcopenia in women. All associations were robust after adjustment for age. Conclusions Probable sarcopenia (SARC-F score ≥4) was common in older adults living in their own homes. As expected, self-reported walking speed was highly predictive of probable sarcopenia. In addition to advancing age and malnutrition, socio-demographic factors were also important. Identifying these factors in clinical practice should trigger sarcopenia screening in older adults.

Status byłych wspólników spółki cywilnej i rozwiązanej spółki cywilnej jako podmiotów gospodarczych a ich legitymacja na gruncie prawa publicznego gospodarczego – wybrane przykłady

A civil partnership company and partners of a civil partnership, as well as former partners of a civil partnership after its dissolution, may have different legal statuse in various areas of law. The law should protect the interests of persons and entities that will be affected by the outcome of the case. Under civil law, the rights of former partners of a civil partnership company can be considered as protected, but the situation is different on a ground of public economic law, using the example of tax law. Some provisions have been introduced in legal act guaranteeing former partners the right to participate in the proceedings as a party in the event that they are entitled to refunds or overpayments of VAT tax from the State Treasury. In other areas, despite the content of Article 133 in conjunction with Article 115 of the Tax Ordinance Act, as well as the content of Article 25 in conjunction with Article 26 in conjunction with Article 33 of the Law on Proceedings before Administrative Courts, the jurisprudence does not grant former partners of a civil partnership company the status of a participant with the rights of a party in the proceedings, nor does it recognize their legal interest. For example, they do not have the right to question the decision on the assessment of VAT tax on the substantive level. This means that they cannot control the tax assessment decision, even though they are liable under Article 115 of the Tax Ordinance for tax liabilities of a civil partnership company. Moreover, the provisions of tax law do not expressly provide for the legal succession of former partners in the event of dissolution of a civil partnership. Such a situation is unacceptable if it prevents and closes the appeal route and the court route to a fair and public consideration of the case for former partners of a civil company, guaranteed by the provisions of the Polish Constitution.

Marital Status, Living Arrangement, and Survival among Individuals with Advanced Prostate Cancer in the International Registry for Men with Advanced Prostate Cancer.

Studies have shown improved survival among individuals with cancer with higher levels of social support. Few studies have investigated social support and overall survival (OS) in individuals with advanced prostate cancer in an international cohort. We investigated the associations of marital status and living arrangements with OS among individuals with advanced prostate cancer in the International Registry for Men with Advanced Prostate Cancer (IRONMAN). IRONMAN is enrolling participants diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer (metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, mHSPC; castration-resistant prostate cancer, CRPC) from 16 countries. Participants in this analysis were recruited between July 2017 and January 2023. Adjusting for demographics and tumor characteristics, the associations were estimated using Cox regression and stratified by disease state (mHSPC, CRPC), age (<70, ≥70 years), and continent of enrollment (North America, Europe, Other). We included 2,119 participants with advanced prostate cancer, of whom 427 died during up to 5 years of follow-up (median 6 months). Two-thirds had mHSPC. Most were married/in a civil partnership (79%) and 6% were widowed. Very few married participants were living alone (1%), while most unmarried participants were living alone (70%). Married participants had better OS than unmarried participants [adjusted HR: 1.44; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-2.02]. Widowed participants had the worst survival compared with married individuals (adjusted HR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.22-2.94). Among those with advanced prostate cancer, unmarried and widowed participants had worse OS compared with married participants. This research highlighted the importance of social support in OS within this vulnerable population.

Partnerships in Heritage Governance and Management: Review Study of Public–Civil, Public–Private and Public–Private–Community Partnerships

Cultural heritage governance and management has been shifting from the sole authority of the state and public bodies towards approaches that list multi-actor partnerships in several combinations involving public actors, civil society, private actors and community. This paper examines the public–civil, public–private and public–private–community partnerships through expounding rationales, conceptual backgrounds and theoretical framings for each partnership, followed by a systemic review and analysis of the academic literature sourced through the PRISMA protocol. The analysis objective was to assess the main advantages and disadvantages of each of the partnerships in governing and managing cultural heritage, noting the levels of representation of each governance and management approach. The results have shown that the public–civil and public–private–community partnerships have similar advantages and disadvantages, with the public–civil partnership being the least represented approach in the literature, while the public–private partnership has the highest level of representation with advantages and disadvantages that are inclined towards more pragmatic aims than those of the other two examined approaches. The so-called ‘new governance models’ of heritage were also detected in the analysis; however, they represent only a variant of the already analysed models.

Sociodemographic and health-related differences in undiagnosed hypertension in the health survey for England 2015–2019: a cross-sectional cohort study

Hypertension is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, yet a substantial proportion of cases are undiagnosed. Understanding the scale of undiagnosed hypertension and identifying groups most at risk is important to inform approaches to detection. In this cross-sectional cohort study, we used data from the 2015 to 2019 Health Survey for England, an annual, cross-sectional, nationally representative survey. The survey follows a multi-stage stratified probability sampling design, involving a random sample of primary sampling units based on postcode sectors, followed by a random sample of postal addresses within these units. Within each selected household, all adults (aged ≥16 years) and up to four children, were eligible for participation. For the current study, individuals aged 16 years and over who were not pregnant and had valid blood pressure data were included in the analysis. The primary outcome was undiagnosed hypertension, defined by a measured blood pressure of 140/90mmHg or above but no history of diagnosis. Age-adjusted prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was estimated across sociodemographic and health-related characteristics, including ethnicity, region, rural-urban classification, relationship status, highest educational qualification, National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification (NS-SEC), Body Mass Index (BMI), self-reported general health, and smoking status. To assess the independent association between undiagnosed hypertension and each characteristic, we fitted a logistic regression model adjusted for sociodemographic factors. The sample included 21,476 individuals, of whom 55.8% were female and 89.3% reported a White ethnic background. An estimated 30.7% (95% confidence interval 29.0-32.4) of men with hypertension and 27.6% (26.1-29.1) of women with hypertension were undiagnosed. Younger age, lower BMI, and better self-reported general health were associated with an increased likelihood of hypertension being undiagnosed for men and women. Living in rural areas and in regions outside of London and the East of England were also associated with an increased likelihood of hypertension being undiagnosed for men, as were being married or in a civil partnership and having higher educational qualifications for women. Hypertension is commonly undiagnosed, and some of the groups that are at the lowest risk of hypertension are the most likely to be undiagnosed. Given the high lifetime risk of hypertension and its strong links with morbidity and mortality, our findings suggest a need for greater awareness of the potential for undiagnosed hypertension, including among those typically considered 'low risk'. Further research is needed to assess the impact of extending hypertension screening to lower-risk groups. None.

When does a book launch become a meeting?

This is an account of a discussion between Sita Balani, Amardeep Singh Dhillon, Gail Lewis and Adam Elliott-Cooper on Sita Balani's book, Deadly and Slick: Sexual Modernity and the Making of Race, offered as a means of sharing its insights and exchanges among a wider community of activists and organisers. The origin of the book was Sita's observation of two dynamics at play at the end of the 1990s and early 2000s. The first was the fracturing of British Asian identity in the early years of the 'War on Terror', as Muslim became a racialised category in and of itself. The second was the rapid rise in 'gay rights': until 2003, Section 28 had criminalised the teaching of homosexuality as a 'pretended family relationship'; in 2004, civil partnerships had been introduced. Sita recognised that the moving around of these categories of sexuality and race was not merely coincidental. To help understand this she has introduced the concept of 'sexual modernity', which also has two parts: the promise of self-realisation through the pursuit of romantic love, the nuclear family and sexual adventure, and then - what 'stalks' this possibility - all of the sexual conduct and sexual practice that is disavowed and excluded from this. The book charts the state's racial taxonomies alongside its mobilisation of categories of sexuality and gender, in both the historical colonial context and the contemporary imperial centre. Panellists discussed some of the contradictions of these developments. These included the inclusion of police officers in the Gay Pride parade; moral panics about - and violence against - asylum seekers and drag queens; the 'problem' of the Black boy being attributed to not-enough-patriarchy, while for South Asian Muslim women it is a question of too-much-patriarchy; in an historical context, sexual violence being the norm in Jamaica but a source of paranoia in the colony of India. Through showing us the field of battle and its character, Sita gives us a tool with which to help build aligned constituencies of opposition and vision