Civil Officials Research Articles

‘In a State of War’: Governor James Stirling, Extrajudicial Violence and the Conquest of Western Australia’s Avon Valley, 1830–1840

Between 1830 and 1840 British settlers and soldiers forcibly took possession of the fertile valley of the Avon river (Gogulgar Bilya) 60 miles to the east of Perth. The Ballardong Noongar resistance to this incursion was so fierce that in mid 1837 prominent colonists warned that ‘the district of York may be considered, at present, in a state of war’. This article focuses on both the wide extent of settler violence and the tenacious resistance mounted by Ballardong Noongar communities in defence of their country. It argues that the conquest of the Avon valley was actively facilitated by governor James Stirling, who ordered and encouraged British army officers, civil officials and the settler population at large to employ extreme measures to ‘tranquilize’ the York district. In carrying out these instructions, soldiers and colonists frequently employed illegal extrajudicial violence, including murder; however, they were never held to account for their actions.

Civil-Military Relations: Guidelines in Politically Charged Societies

Current events warrant a review of US civil-military relations doctrine. This article examines eight principles of military subordination to elected civilian officials and addresses the fundamental question at the heart of civil-military relations theory and practice—what options, if any, does the military have when civilian leadership disregards military advice? Examples drawn from US history provide an important framework to understand the complex interrelational dynamics at play.

“Twice the Citizen”: How Military Attitudes of Superiority Undermine Civilian Control in the United States

Civilian control of the military is central to the making of security policy, ensuring that civilian officials and the elected leaders that appoint them oversee and decide military affairs. This paper exposes a challenge to civilian control in the United States that originates in the disparaging attitudes military personnel hold toward civilian society. We argue that when military personnel view military culture as superior, they are more likely to view civilian political leaders as illegitimate and in turn to favor actions that undermine civilian control. We develop a typology of civilian control in which military officers can constrain, contest and limit civilian authority. Our empirical analysis provides strong and consistent evidence of the corrosive effects of military superiority on civilian control across three surveys of U.S. military personnel: the 1998-99 TISS survey of 2901 military officers, a 2014 YouGov of 275 veterans, and an original 2020 survey of 770 West Point cadets.

고려전기 무신의 지위―대거란전쟁 전후를 중심으로―

Generally, a military official refers to the official in an opposite relationship with a civil official. According to the administrative system, the scope of military officials covers from the Sangjanggun (Grade 3) to Daejung which is not included in Grade 9. However, there was a clear distinction in the Daejung, Gyowi (Grade 9), and military officials over Grade 8 along with discrimination in the ceremony. In early Goryeo Dynasty, civil and military officials generally referred to all officials. In the colors of official uniforms designated in the 11th year of King Gwangjong, there was no distinction between the civil and military officials. In the stipend land system enforced in the first year of King Gyeongjong, there were officials who did not belong to both civil and military officials. The introduction of civil hierarchical system was the important momentum of division between civil and military officials. However, the civil hierarchical system was applied to both civil and military hierarchical system which was supposed to be provided to the military officials was applied to other groups. Furthermore, most of the military officials were excluded in discussing the matters related to appointment of local officials and discussion of political issues. This shows that the civil officials mainly operated the politics and that the civil and military officials were not treated equally in the discussion over state affairs. Meanwhile, the civil officials mainly took the military positions that commanded the troops during the Goryeo- Khitan War. Dobyeongmasa (National Security Bureau) which was established during the years of King Hyeonjong was designed to discuss the military and national security matters. However, it was mainly composed with the high-ranking civil officials. As the civil officials secured the military command authority and discussed the important military matters, the superior status of the civil officials was further strengthened. Before and after Goryeo- Khitan War, the military officials served the civil official positions together and the officials were sometimes switched to either civil or military officials. Although it was limited to special cases, the mutual exchange between the civil and military officials was still available. Nevertheless, the civil officials talented in literary and martial arts were praised while the military officials who got appointed as civil officials and rose to higher ranking still got discriminated as the former military official. Such double standard clearly shows the perception that regarded the civil officials superior over the military officials.

On the Civil Transformation of the Southern Tang (937–976)

This article aims to elaborate on the efforts made by Xu Zhigao and his descendants to implement a new practice that recruited local literati to positions of power as well as the extent to which the practice helped facilitate civil transformation and civil administration for their regime. One important way to achieve civil transformation was to bureaucratize the local administration, which involved staffing the mechanism with civil officials. After succeeding in the civil service examinations, local literati of humble origin could take advantage of this possibility for prosperity and honor their families by means of becoming part of the bureaucracy. However, the life span of the Southern Tang was limited to only thirty-nine years. Except for the relatively low number of those who successfully passed the civil service examinations, most of the meritorious officials and official families still considered relying on the protection privilege to be the ideal way to launch the bureaucratic careers of their descendants. Therefore, although the civil service examinations may have exerted some positive impact on civil transformation and civil administration, the advantages did not last long enough to thoroughly change the administrative feature of the Southern Tang.

ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ НАВЧАЛЬНИХ ПОТРЕБ ЯК НЕОБХІДНИЙ ЕЛЕМЕНТ НАВЧАЛЬНОГО ПРОЦЕСУ

The article identifies the features of professional training of civil servantsin the formation of a new paradigm of public management of laborresources, which provides for its dependence on external socio-economic environment, the direction of civil servants to develop public-private partnership, the relationship of learning with active self-education, self-improvement civil servants, introduction of new forms of management of the educational process, effective involvement of employees of personnelservices of public authoritiesto participate in the development and implementation of professional training programs for civil servants and officials of local governments; connection of training with further career growth of civil servants, ensuring the dependence of the content of training on public, regional, organizational and individual educational needs of civil servants. The definition of training needs of civilservants, the main among which are the needs for knowledge, skills and abilities in the competent use of regulations, business communication and new information technologies.

Документы по истории отправления калмыцкого владельца Дондук-Даши в Санкт-Петербург в 1737 г. (по материалам Национального архива Республики Калмыкия)

Introduction. The article describes the dispatch of Kalmyk Prince Donduk-Dashi to St. Petersburg in the fall of 1737. It also publishes documents on this event housed by the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia. Materials. The examined archival materials are mostly clerical papers contained in Collection И-36 ‘Executive Attached to Kalmyk Affairs Commission under Astrakhan Governor. Results. The work introduces complete texts of 10 documents subdivided into decrees, reports, orders, road documents and instructions issued by various authorities and officials. Conclusions. The mentioned collection contains information regarding the backgrounds of Donduk-Dashi’s dispatch, and covers only a part of the journey to St. Petersburg. The described stage lasted from October 6 to November 2, 1737. During this period, Donduk-Dashi and his retinue sailed and drove from Astrakhan to the Novokhoperskaya fortress through such settlements as Cherny Yar, Popovitskaya station, Tsaritsyn, and Lovlinskaya stanitsa. This stage of the delivery of Donduk-Dashi from Astrakhan to St. Petersburg involved over a hundred Russian military and civil officers.

Ксилиниты на службе императоров Византии: печать протоспафария и επι του κοιτωνοσ Никиты Ксилинита

Introduction. Among the most ancient and noble Byzantine families there were the Xylinitai, who belonged to the first rank of “pure” civil nobility. Nevertheless, only restricted information of this family members survived. Therefore, any new account is of importance not only for the Byzantine prosopography but also for the Byzantine history in general. In this connection, interesting is one sigillographic find which uncovers a new page in the life of one of this family members. According to the seal legend, its owner Niketas Xylinites held the second-class rank of protospatharios and was engaged in the court service at the emperor’s bedchamber, the koiton. There is no doubt that the stylistic features date the molybdoboullon in question to the eleventh century. Analysis and Results. The sources in possession supply information on a few persons bearing this name and belonging to the family in question, who left their footprint in the annals of history in this or that way. All of them were high-ranked courtiers and persons of importance, whose career stages were reflected in different periods of Byzantine history. The comparison of the seal data with other sources allows us to suppose that the owner of the seal was Niketas Xylinites, a member of the milieu of Empress Theodora, related to her ascension to the Byzantine throne following the death of Constantine IX. The sources only inform of his career that he got from the Empress of one of the highest civil offices (logothetes tou dromou) and a high court title of proedros. According to the seal under study, it reflects the earliest stage in Niketas’ career at the court, when he was selected to serve at the emperor’s bedchamber and got the rank of protospatharios. The Seal of Niketas Xylinites probably dates to the late 1030s – very early 1040s, the period before he got the title of patrikios, his works in the Iveron monastery, and Theodora’s ascension to the throne.

Requisite Management Knowledge and Skills for State Civil Officer Competence

This article examines the universal management knowledge and skills required for head state civil officer competence. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to determine what universal management knowledge and skills include and what civil officers should know about management. The author conducts a comprehensive study of the concept of management and identifies an approximate list of civil officer management skills. It concludes that management skills are formed mainly through the constant application of universal management principles.

Theology, Martyrdom and Female Agency in Reformation Prague

The Hussite tradition historically has been excluded by the mainstream of Reformation historiography. Czech-language scholarship treating Hussite history have made few significant advances in the study of women and there has been limited attention given to the role women played in the Hussite tradition. The gap in Anglophone historiography is even more apparent. This essay considers Klára, a sixteenth-century Prague housekeeper, Marta, a learned figure contemporary with Klára who withstood civil and ecclesiastical officials, and Anna Marie Trejtlarová, an early seventeen-century educated laywoman. Their names are almost completely unknown outside Czech historiography. An examination of their lives and faith by means of the surviving primary sources and relevant historiography provides a window through which to observe the nature of religious reform in the Prague context in the world of Reformations. What is striking is the role of theology and the nature of female agency in the examination of these women. The essay endeavours to use these case studies to present a preliminary answer to the question: What do women tell us about Reformation? This study reveals the world of religious reform more fully by situating women and female agency in an active capacity.

National Anti-Corruption Plan for 2021-2024: anti-corruption elements of the legal status of civil officers

The subject of this research is the normative sources that establish the rights, responsibilities and prohibitions in civil service, as well as the mechanisms for their implementation. The author dwells on the practical issues arising in the context of implementation of anti-corruption legislation associated with the right of the officers to exercise other paid activity, acquire and own securities, responsibility to notify about the possible colliding interests, limitation on the deed of gift due to their professional activities, providing data on income, expenses, property, and real obligations. Special attention is given to certain legal provisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, and courts of general jurisdiction related to the peculiarities of the legal status of civil officers. The scientific novelty consists in comprehensive examination of the legal issues in regulation of anti-corruption elements of the legal status of civil officers. The main conclusions lies in determination of the gaps and conflicts of legal regulation of such relations. Critical assessment is given to the case law on the appeal of the prosecutors to transfer the property with no evidence that it has been acquired with legitimate income to the income of the Russian Federation. The author formulates recommendations for the improvement of the existing federal legislation on countering corruption in civil service.

Implementasi Undang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 2009 tentang Pelayanan Publik pada Kantor Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Kabupaten Jember

The Department of Population and Civil Registration of Jember Regency is an agency tasked with recording the condition of the population quantity in Jember Regency, as well as serving the community in obtaining official Population and Civil Registration Documents. In this study using a descriptive analysis approach and the type of research used is qualitative. Then the data collection used is by observation, interviews, and documentation. The data validity technique used triangulation technique. The conclusions of this study are: (1) the Department of Population and Civil Registration of Jember Regency has not made every effort to provide public services in accordance with the principles of public services contained in Law Number 25 of 2009 including the Principles of Professionalism, the Principle of Punctuality, and Principles (2) supporting factors that influence the success of public services at the Department of Population and Civil Registration of Jember Regency, namely: Human Resources (HR), Financing Resources, Adequate Facilities and Infrastructure, Information Technology, and Legislation Policy (3 ) inhibiting factors that affect public services at the Department of Population and Civil Registration of Jember Regency, namely: Cultural factors (use of brokers and illegal fees), Community Awareness Factors, and Lack of responsiveness of officers to the community.

Body-Worn Cameras and Adjudication of Citizen Complaints of Police Misconduct

Police body-worn cameras (BWCs) have been the subject of much research on how the technology’s enhanced documentation of police/citizen interactions impact police behavior. Less attention has been paid to how BWC recordings affect the adjudication of citizen complaints against the police. We employ citizen complaint data from the Chicago Police Department and Civilian Office of Police Accountability filed between 2012-2020 to determine the extent to which BWC footage enhances the efficacy of evidence used to formulate a conclusion of responsibility, and whether bias against complainants based on race would subsequently be reduced. Accordingly, we exploit the staggered deployment of BWCs across 22 Chicago police districts over time to estimate the effect of BWCs on these outcomes. Our findings indicate that BWCs led to a significant decrease in the dismissal of investigations due to insufficient evidence (not sustained) as well as a significant increase in disciplinary actions against police officers (sustained outcomes”) with sufficient evidence to sanction their misconduct. We further find that disparities in complaints across racial groups for the “unsustained” category fade away with the implementation of BWCs.

Material Support for Civilian Officials in Eastern Siberia during the First World War

Material Support for Civilian Officials in Eastern Siberia during the First World War

Stone Tiles: Unique Souvenirs for the Sanan Malang Educational Tourism Destination

Malang has several thematic tourist destinations, one of which is the village of Sanan. Sanan is known as an educational tourism destination. As the center of the tempe industry, the people of Sanan are able to process tempe into 50 types of preparations, such as tempeh chips with various flavors, tempeh satay, mendol sticks, tempeh brownies, dry tempeh, and nata de soya. Some Sanan people also use the soybean waste to feed their cattle. Many local tourists visit Sanan Village, including school students, university students, employees from government and private agencies, civilian officials, military officers and businessmen. Unfortunately, this tourist destination does not yet have any unique souvenirs which represent the identity of Sanan, and can be used for promotion and as keepsakes for tourists. Because of this, a group of mothers who are members of the Sanan community were given training to make special souvenirs in the form of decorative stones or painting stones with the medium of andesite stone tiles.
 Keywords: souvenirs, Sanan, decorative stones

The Capability of Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team in Carmen Agusan del Norte

Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team individual is remarkably ordinary for law enforcement, Criminology students, and civilian officers. A unique technique, style, protocol, and discipline; however, they have a similar purpose, awareness, and potential to guard. An organization agency is the deliberate coordination of the matters to do of some people to attain some commonplace unique motive or goal, using the skills of the division of labor and purpose. The purpose of this study to determine the capability of Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team in Caramen Agusan del Norte with the selected barangay namely, Barangay Cahayagan, Gosoon, San Agustin, Tagcatong, and Barangay Vinapor in Carmen Agusan del Norte. Based on the result, most of the respondents were 41-50 years old, High School Level, and experience 3 trainings below the Number of Training; Arnis is the Types of Training they undergo. Moreover, many of the respondents was served 2 years and below as Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team. On the other hand, results show no significant relationship between the demographic profile and capability of the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team in Carmen, Agusan del Norte. Also, it was found out that there is no significant difference in the capabilities of the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) as perceived by themselves and the community.

THE MARRIAGE, DOCUMENTS AND DIVORCE IN TURKEY

Turkish law is applied for all marriage procedures of asylum-seekers, refugees and stateless persons to be conducted in Turkey. Under Turkish law, a Turkish national and an asylum-seeker, refugee or stateless person, or two asylum-seekers or refugees of different nationalities, can be married by the Turkish authorities. All marriages carried out by the Turkish authorities are subject to the Turkish Civil Code and related regulations. Marriages are conducted by marriage officers at the Marriage Departments of municipalities. Couples intending to marry therefore need to submit the relevant documents to municipalities. Please see the section below on the required documents. It is important to note that only official (civil) marriages are legally recognized in Turkey, as defined under the Turkish Civil Code. Other forms of marriage, without an official marriage, are not recognized in Turkey. Getting an official marriage is important as it will secure and guarantee the legal rights of children and of spouses, especially women. Only after the official marriage is a religious marriage (carried out by imams) permitted.

Institutional Determinants of Stressful Situations in Public Authorities of Ukraine

The meaning of the terms «stress» and «stressful situation» in the context of public authorities' professional activity is revealed. The relationship between the categories «environment» and «situation» in terms of factors influencing civil servants' stress tolerance is studied. The definitions of the terms "public authority", «subjects of public authority», and the forms of exercising public authority in Ukraine are presented. The standard and distinctive features of state and municipal forms of public power in Ukraine are determined. Among the institutional characteristics of public authorities in Ukraine, those that need to be administered as determinants of stressful situations are singled out: the pressure of civil society and dualism at each public authority level. To confirm this, the article presents the results of its survey of civil servants and local government officials in Ukraine to identify internal and external stressors in their work, which affect its effectiveness and efficiency. The obtained results testify to the lack of perfect legislation in public administration in Ukraine and the ignorance of specialists of all institutional norms that regulate public authorities' professional activity. It is proposed to develop unique training programs for civil servants and officials of local governments on the interpretation of changes to regulations and instructions within these documents. It is also necessary to adapt existing vocational training programs for public authorities to the external environment's requirements, directing them to develop appropriate personal qualities. Also, a mechanism should be introduced to monitor the impact of civil servants' professional training on the effectiveness of their professional activities using measurable indicators to adjust such programs and select the most effective ones.

Formation and Development of Investigation of Misdemeanours as a Form of Pre-trial Investigation in Ukraine (the 18th–19th Centuries)

The article deals with the preconditions of differentiation of forms of pre-trial investigation in Ukraine in the 18th–19th centuries. The concept of investigation of misdemeanours as a form of pre-trial investigation at different stages of social development are considered. The base source of the Russian Empire is examined, with the aspects of using of the term “investigation of misdemeanours” in law enforcement practice thoroughly covered. It is established that this term at the legislative level and in the literary sources held for a long time is subject to transformation in terms of its functional direction. The paper offers a description of the study of the early stage of development and a comparison with the modern form of pre-trial investigation. It is established that at all stages of its development there is a common feature: the provision of a simplified order.The article presents the key differences between the knowledge at the early stage of its creation and the modern form of pre-trial investigation. However, the investigation of misdemeanours starts from the moment of the illegal act until the end of the pre-trial investigation. At first, this investigation of misdemeanours had few signs of research verification. The collected materials were examined by the proceedings and could not be determined by full evidence without appropriate “legalization” procedures. The investigation of misdemeanours had not clearly defined a procedural form and was not limited to specific deadlines, and depended almost entirely on the inner convictions of the individual who conducted this knowledge. In the legislation of the pre-revolutionary period, the investigation of misdemeanours should be carried out by a wide range of authorized persons (police ranks, military and civilian authorities, clergy, government officials, village elders, and others). The investigation of misdemeanours was carried out in everything without exception of crime, regardless of its severity at those times.It is proved that the modern model of pre-trial investigation represents the positive historical experience and the right opinion. Today we can observe a consistent procedure of the implementation of the exercise, a special circle of authorized persons, and the introduction of a balance of appropriate differentiation of forms of pre-trial investigation.

Territorial administration of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the management of the natural resources of the grand-ducal domain in the 15th and 16th centuries (formation and function)

The administrative structure and territorial judiciary of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) underwent significant changes at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries. The establishment of a group of administrative and judicial officials allegiant to the ruler of the GDL became a priority during the reign of Grand Duke Vytautas. These processes led to the emergence of a new class of new civil officers whose competencies were incorporated into the existing administrative system of the GDL. The 16th century marked a new period of changes which were further accelerated under the reign of the last Jagiellonian monarchs. During that time, a new model was proposed for exploiting, controlling and protecting natural resources of the GDL. The departure from traditional forms of management required time and the rulers’ willingness to accept the idiosyncrasies of Lithuanian territorial administration. The exploitation of forests and water resources for the benefit of Grand Duke and the colonization of Lithuanian forests were supervised by territorial administration officials. The starost enjoyed considerable authority, and he supervised key masters (klucznik), forest rangers (hajewnik) (who supervised the production and distribution of honey and wax), beaver masters (bobrowniczy) and fishing masters (niewodniczy) who managed fishing operations in grand-ducal waters. Foresters (leśniczy) became independent from the starosts. They were responsible for organizing hunting and forestry services involving battue masters (osocznik) and shooters. Foresters also supervised forest management. In the 16th century, grand ducal auditors were appointed to supervise and control the territorial administration and management of grand ducal estates.