Civil-military Cooperation Research Articles

Civil-military cooperation: an algorithm for effective interaction of public organizations and higher military education institutions

Civil-military cooperation: an algorithm for effective interaction of public organizations and higher military education institutions

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ МЕТОДИКИ ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ВПЛИВУ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ПІДРОЗДІЛІВ ЦИВІЛЬНО-ВІЙСЬКОВОГО СПІВРОБІТНИЦТВА НА ВИКОНАННЯ ЗАВДАНЬ ЗА ПРИЗНАЧЕННЯМ ФОРМУВАНЬ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ГВАРДІЇ УКРАЇНИ ПІД ЧАС ВРЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ЗБРОЙНОГО КОНФЛІКТУ

Three basic components , which directly affect the achievement of goals and the effective performance of the tasks of the civil-military cooperation are considered. A brief analysis of the existing practices of evaluating the activities of civil-military cooperation structural units and the evaluation methodology used by civil-military cooperation specialists of the Armed Forces of Ukraine was carried out. The existing indicators of the effectiveness of the results of civil-military cooperation activities were analyzed. Presented an improved list of criteria for the effectiveness of civil-military cooperation activities, taking into account the specifics of the tasks assigned to the National Guard of Ukraine and a list of possible indicators of positive dynamics (positive changes in the situation) as a result of the operation of the system of civil-military cooperation of the military formation of the National Guard of Ukraine while the performance of assigned tasks, during the settlement of the armed conflict. An improved methodology for assessing the impact of the activities of civil-military cooperation units on the performance of assigned tasks by the formations of the National Guard of Ukraine during the settlement of the armed conflict is proposed.

Back to Air in Disarray?: Disparity in Practices and Interpretations on ADIZs Disrupting the Safety of Civil Aviation

The interconnectivity of civil aviation has been long praised with the success of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in harmonizing navigation standards and procedures, along with the utilization of Flight Information Regions (FIRs). However, continuing geopolitical tensions with different implementations of Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZs) have belittled the technical achievement. Among different State practices, some ADIZs have expanded beyond territorial airspace and even overlapped with other FIRs, requiring overflying air- craft to submit flight plans and abide by procedures separate or in addition to air traffic control obligations. The purpose of this Article is to review the ongoing political tensions that are common in issues with ADIZs beyond territorial airspace and to explore different legal schemes put forth by States. While there is no prevailing rule of law that defines the scope and procedure of ADIZs, this Article further revisits the due regard principle under international law and State practices beyond territorial airspace. Due to its reciprocal characteristic, this principle does not solely advocate for the coastal State to arbitrarily put limitations on the freedom of flight beyond its territorial airspace. Rather, the established FIRs have already given considerable certainty and accountability to the overflown State, where the principle also directs both the overflying and overflown States to actively engage in communication and practices involving liaisons. This principle envisions regional confidence-building measures on aerial communication and the technical leadership of ICAO to support these States in reducing the relational gap and facilitating civil–military cooperation.

An Evolutionary Game Simulation of a Composite Subsidy Policy to Promote Military-Civilian Integration: A National System of Innovation With Chinese Characteristics

Collaborative innovation involving military and civilian actors is a key component of National Systems of Innovation. It is an approach that is explicitly promoted in China under the name of Military-Civilian Integration. To more effectively promote Military-Civilian Integration, it is necessary to study the impact of government subsidies on enterprise-level behavior. The research reported in this paper analyzes a composite subsidy policy’s influence on the cooperative innovation behavior of military and civilian enterprises with game theory. First, during the early stage of development, an R&D subsidy can stimulate firms to invest in technological innovation, but it harms the long-term and stable development of civil-military cooperation by encouraging free-riding behaviors. Second, as military-civilian integration continues and deepens, the input-output rate of the R&D will increase, and this makes the role of tax subsidies increasingly relevant. Third, the composite application of scale and tax subsidies will be most effective in reinforcing innovation during the Industrialization Stage. Fourth, further simulations show an apparent heterogeneity in the responses of the military enterprise and the civilian enterprise to the three kinds of subsidy that we have considered. Civilian enterprises are more sensitive to subsidies, while military enterprises are more sensitive to technology spillovers. Therefore, the government should build a military-civilian integration platform to share resources in ways that maintain security confidence and improve the R&D input-output rate. The government should strengthen confidentiality management, training, and risk prevention and control measures for military-civilian integration projects, to reduce the risk of technology spillover.

MEDICAL, SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ASSISTING THE FAMILIES OF THE MILITARY PERSONNEL OF UKRAINE WHO PERFORMED COMBAT TASKS IN EXTREME CONDITIONS

The aim: The aim of the research is to study the medical, social and psychological aspects of providing assistance to families of military personnel who performed combat missions in extreme conditions and to develop the main directions for improving the organization of providing psychological assistance to such families in Ukraine. Materials and methods: The research material is the legislation of Ukraine, foreign and domestic experience in providing psychological assistance to families of military personnel, statistical information. In the course of the study, the method of systematization, the comparative method, content analysis, the research of products of activity, concretization, abstraction and generalization of statistical data were applied. Conclusions: The study of foreign and current domestic experience in providing psychological assistance to families of military personnel shows that today the need for its integration with such an important area as medical and social work is not fully taken into account. The break in unity between these areas significantly impairs the effectiveness and completeness of the rehabilitation of servicemen, violates the integrity and staged provision of all-round assistance to the families of Ukrainian combatants. Along with this, it should be noted the increasingly significant role that the work of specialists in the field of Civil-Military Cooperation takes, who, among other tasks, in special cases are obliged to organize work with members of the families of military personnel. To design the main directions for improving work with families, we analyzed the ramified structure of state and non-state organizations and institutions, volunteer and research centers, support groups for military personnel, veterans and their family members, which today operate in the United States. Proceeding from this and the realities of solving the problem in Ukraine, the main directions and proposals for the organization of medical, social and psychological assistance to the families of Ukrainian military personnel who performed combat missions in extreme conditions were formulated.

POST CONFLICT DEVELOPMENT THROUGH HUMAN SECURITY APPROACH IN REMOTE AREAS OF BALOCHISTAN

The Balochistan province has witnessed many insurgencies, over the years, followed each time by an uneasy calm. Historically, these insurgencies have started from relatively inaccessible areas where the writ of the state is weak, which allows miscreants to exploit the feelings of deprivation prevalent within population. This study conjectures that a long lasting peace is not possible in the province unless the core issue of deprivation is not addressed in a meaningful way. It is proposed that the adoption of the human security framework (HSF) developed by the United Nations may be one of the viable options to address this issue which has already been successfully implemented in various countries. The task is no doubt challenging for civil administration, owing to its inability to provide and protect public goods in remote areas, nonetheless the implementation of HSF through a civil-military cooperation (CMIC) is expected to prove as an alternative for civil protection and economic and social stability of the population. This study aims to analyze whether HSF may be effectively implemented in the remote areas of Bolochistan through informal civil-military cooperation. A remote village, Sangan, located in the Sibi district of Balochistan is taken as a case study for this purpose. The study endeavored to collect primary data pertaining to basic facets of life and the progress made in the village through on ground surveys, interactions with local population, and seeking input from civil and military administrations. The analysis reveals that CMIC has contributed significantly towards improving the socio-economic wellbeing of the local population through small, yet inclusive gestures.

Study on Legal and Institutional Measures for the Strengthening of DEFENSE SPACE POWER

Purpose: In preparation for the great security threats surrounding the Korean Peninsula, it is urgent to estab-lish defense space capabilities to acquire prior information and secure precise response capabilities. It is also urgently necessary to establish a military utilization plan for the Korean-style independent navigation satellite, which is reflected in the mid-to-long-term national space development plan. Method: This study used the following research method. First, I predicted the importance of space in defense and the aspect of space war. In addition, it analyzed the trend of strengthening the defense space of countries around the world and derived implications for strengthening Korea s defense space. Based on this, the revision of the law and the improvement of the system were proposed to strengthen Korea s defense space. Results: Revision of Laws and Regulations for Strengthening National Defense Space. The amendment of the Space Development Promotion Act should be made as soon as possible. It is to establish a legal basis for the military to pursue space development on its own. The first option is to enact a law to strengthen the defense space force(special law). The second plan is to revise the current Space Development Promotion Act , add and strengthen security-related clauses. Korea s Defense Space Strategy Development Direction is to strengthen co-operation with advanced countries including the United States for space security, effectively responding to space threats and space risks, and strengthening civil-military space cooperation. Conclusion: While first pushing for the enactment of a special law through the legislation of lawmakers, it will be appropriate to insert and revise provisions related to defense space in the current laws(such as the Space Development Promotion Act, the Defense Business Act, the Armed Forces Organization Act, the Aerospace Indus-try Promotion Act, etc.). It is necessary to give the defense minister full authority on issues related to defense space, and on the other hand, it is reasonable to carry out legislative activities in a way that does not go against the cause of peaceful use of the international community. In addition, efforts should be made to expand sys-tems and organizations to strengthen the defense space and train experts.

Legal aspects of civil-military cooperation in comparative context

The goal of the research paper is to study, with active reference to the comparative legal method, Ukrainian and foreign models of civil-military cooperation (CIMIC). The following scientific methods have been used to study chosen military-legal issues, substantiate the theses expressed by the authors, and formulate conclusions: historical-legal, system analysis, formal-logical and method of comparison. It has been determined that CIMIC concept remains novel for both Ukrainian military and civil society in general at the current stage of national, political and defense development; in fact, CIMIC doctrine is also a relatively new phenomenon in the military doctrine and standards of NATO member states. Based on the results of the study, it has been argued that Ukrainian CIMIC doctrine of the Central Command as a program document in a certain direction should further focus on the following areas: 1) development of a culture of mutual respect, trust and support between all involved military and non-military actors; 2) promotion of patriotic education in Ukrainian society, protection of the rights and freedoms of members of the Central Election Commission; 3) use of CIMIC units as a platform for civil-military contact and cooperation in eastern Ukraine, especially in the area of the Joint Forces Operation; 4) promotion of legal guarantees of gender equality and equal opportunities for men and women in the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

Achieving Cyber Power Through Integrated Government Capability: Factors Jeopardizing Civil-Military Cooperation on Cyber Defense

The article examines one narrowly focused aspect of the government interagency cooperation on cyber defense that serves as a basis to achieve a cyber power. It reviews the civil-military interagency cooperation and aims to identify factors that could jeopardize it. First, it provides a theoretical background for the research and then according to interviews and surveys, the factors with the highest negative impact are recognized. Based on this research, the most significant challenges in bridging the gap between civilian and military worlds seems to be power and budget struggles and a lack of political direction on cyber matters from leaders.

Civil-Military Cooperation in Strengthening the National Air Security System

Weak coordination and communication, the existence of sectoral egos between agencies and the tendency to act independently without acting together have resulted incohesiveness and speed of response handling the state against various threats and violations of airspace becomes weak which ultimately affects the condition of national security. The concept of civil-military cooperation to strengthen the national airspace security system is developed through the formulation of the National Airspace Management Bill, the establishment of institutions that facilitate coordination and cooperation between civil-military agencies and the appointment of a command and control center for operations that integrates and harmonizes the operations of all agencies. This study uses a qualitative approach with a qualitative narrative analysis method, to discuss theories, review policies and analyze expert opinions on the need for civil-military cooperation to strengthen the national airspace security system, to then draw conclusions and recommendations.

Civil-Military Cooperation: Integrated Logistics in Response to the COVID-19 Crisis

Background: This article addresses the civil-military cooperation in response to the COVID-19 crisis. In early 2021, the number of daily infections and the growing number of COVID-19 hospitalizations in Portugal were dramatic, reaching the highest rates in the world. In response, the Armed Forces were engaged and played a significant role in helping the National Health Service (NHS). The NHS is just one of many existing examples which demonstrate the relevance of logistical support from the Armed Forces so that civil institutions can return to a sustainable and autonomous situation. Methods: In order to understand and describe this real-life phenomenon, a qualitative and exploratory case study was conducted. Several sources of data collection were used for triangulation and corroboration. Results: The results suggest that, in emergency situations, logistical operations of the Armed Forces in support of civil society are divided into four major areas: planning and organizational activities; priority setting; combat service support; and training and self-reliance. Conclusions: Once the four areas of action of the Armed Forces were identified, the response to the COVID-19 crisis became more evident, as civil entities were able to make requests suited to military capabilities.

Единые протоколы оказания экстренной медицинской помощи как элемент военно-гражданского взаимодействия на территориях проведения специальных операций в Украине

Актуальность. Преодоление медико-санитарных последствий чрезвычайных ситуаций военного характера обусловливает потребность во внедрении системы гражданско-военного взаимодействия. Среди основных направлений гражданско-военного взаимодействия по вопросам медицинского обеспечения определены: 1) разработка концепции и плана взаимодействия; 2) оказание медицинской помощи на основе стандартов, основанных на доказательной медицине; 3) организация устойчивого функционирования лечебных учреждений здравоохранения и медицинских подразделений воинских формирований; 4) межведомственное логистическое, материально-техническое и кадровое обеспечение на всех этапах медицинской эвакуации. Однако в Украине вопросы межведомственного взаимодействия при оказании экстренной медицинской помощи пострадавшим в результате чрезвычайных ситуаций военного характера раскрыты недостаточно и требуют дальнейшей обработки. Цель исследования: определить принципы гражданско-военного взаимодействия при оказании экстренной медицинской помощи на территориях, прилегающих к району боевых действий, и в зоне проведения специальных операций в Украине. Материалы и методы. В соответствии с проведением реформы системы здравоохранения Украины и практики его реализации, в том числе в особый период государства, на основе библиографического и семантического методов исследования проведен системный анализ международного законодательства, в том числе стандартов и директив Североатлантического альянса (НАТО), и нормативно-правовых актов Украины, регламентирующих этапы реформирования подсистемы экстренной медицинской помощи и особенности межведомственного административно-правового регулирования. Объект исследования — система экстренной медицинской помощи Украины в условиях чрезвычайных ситуаций военного характера; предмет исследования — гражданско-военное взаимодействие в системе экстренной медицинской помощи Украины в соответствии с требованиями медицинской защиты военнослужащих и гражданского населения на территориях, прилегающих к району боевых действий, и в зоне проведения специальных операций. Результаты. Трансформация стандартов организации оказания экстренной медицинской помощи в Вооруженных силах Украины в соответствии с организационными основами доктрины медицинского обеспечения сил обороны вооруженных сил стран — членов НАТО на основе принципов гражданско-военного взаимодействия обусловила введение в системе медицинского обеспечения Вооруженных сил Украины нескольких уровней лечебно-эвакуационного обеспечения (по стандарту НАТО 2016 года определено как уровень медицинского обеспечения) с максимальной интеграцией ее с гражданской системой здравоохранения. В мире существуют основные понятия, которые определяют содержание лечебно-эвакуационных мероприятий по оказанию медицинской помощи раненым и больным, а именно: вид и объем медицинской помощи, основанные на принципах тактической медицины в условиях боевых действий и тактической экстренной медицины. В соответствии с чем в зависимости от медицинских и тактических перспектив на фоне возможной боевой ситуации проводится тактическое медицинское планирование и оценка медицинских угроз. Выводы. На основе анализа организационных основ медицинского обеспечения вооруженных сил стран — членов НАТО определены особенности внедрения в системе медицинского обеспечения Вооруженных сил Украины четырех уровней лечебно-эвакуационного обеспечения, а именно: обеспечение на тактическом, оперативном и стратегическом уровне требований административно-правового регулирования в межведомственной унификации стандартов по оказанию экстренной медицинской и квалифицированной помощи. Внедрение механизмов гражданско-военного взаимодействия обусловливает потребность в разработке и внедрении единых для гражданской и военной систем здравоохранения протоколов оказания экстренной медицинской помощи, лечения и реабилитации больных и раненых.

The Interception of Civil Aircraft

This article investigates the regulatory framework that governs the interception of civil aircraft. It analyses the various circumstances that may justify such interventions as well as the main legal principles that apply to their conduct. Particular attention is given to the States’ obligations under the Chicago Convention, and more specifically the obligation of due regard for the safety of civil aircraft that applies to the adoption by States of regulations for their State aircraft. The research investigates the civil-military cooperation framework and the procedures that must be followed by the various civil and military stakeholders involved with a view to reducing the need for interceptions and to ensure that those that ultimately need to be undertaken can be executed without endangering the safety of civil aircraft. Interception; Due regard; Civil military cooperation; Article 3bis; Unidentified and strayed aircraft

Military-civil interaction through the prism of human rights protection

The issue of civil-military cooperation has relatively recently taken its rightful place among the scientific works of Ukrainian scientists. For Ukraine, this issue is gaining relevance in the context of "Crimean events" and hostilities in eastern Ukraine. In addition, in the context of civil-military cooperation, respect for fundamental human rights should not be forgotten. Equality in CIMIC operations is often overlooked when considering relevant issues, although the international community has long emphasized the need for gender equality and proportional representation of the opposite sex in the armed forces and civilian professions that interact with them. The aim of the study is a detailed analysis of the peculiarities of civil-military interaction on the basis of the norms of international organizations, analysis of the place of gender policy in the relevant issue and interpretation of the ECtHR's practice on certain issues related to civil-military interaction. The leading research method is the formal-legal method, the application of which provided an effective analysis of the legal framework of international law, doctrinal approaches and practice of the ECtHR in the context of the place of human rights protection in the system of civil-military interaction.

Effect of physical fatigue and smoking cigarettes on the CPR effectiveness performed by soldiers

INTRODUCTION: The witness of the event plays an important role in the diagnosis of cardiac arrest in the victim. Taking quick actions to restore basic life functions is the essence of pre-hospital assistance, and this applies not only to civilian conditions but also to combat operations. During extraordinary occurrences and civil-military cooperation, the soldier’s physical fitness and the ability to perform cardiopulmonary resus­citation effectively give a better chance to save the cardiac arrest victim’s life. The study aimed to assess the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performed by soldiers before and after physical activity, taking account of smoking by the examined persons. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-four soldiers took part in the study. The assessment included a 2-minute CPR performance by the soldier before and after physical activity in the Tactical Field Care zone. The Little Anne phantom was used to record CPR quality. Among the examined soldiers, 20% were active smokers. RESULTS: The research showed that the average CPR effectiveness before exercise was significantly higher than after combat operations (75% vs. 73%). The research also demonstrated that, physical fatigue signifi­cantly reduced the rate of chest compressions and the percentage of full chest recoil during CPR. Smoking had no significant effect on the quality of CPR performance. The quality of performance of the CPR compo­nents correlated with Body Mass Index (BMI), age, and time since the last training completion. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of CPR performance after combat exercise is lower than before the physical fa­tigue. While smoking does not affect CPR performance quality, other factors such as BMI, age, and time since the last training completion are relevant in this context.

Managing health disasters and Civil-Military Cooperation: A case of COVID-19 in Pakistan.

As an institution, the Pakistan Army has been playing a significant role in dealing with emergencies and disasters facing the nation. The novel coronavirus disease, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) COVID-19, was wreaking havoc around the world. The pandemic is a threat to health and has caused severe damage across most aspects of the society. The situation forced the formation of a unique series of civil–military inter-agency relationships to be formed, in order to curb the spread of the pandemic. The Pakistan Army that was neither trained nor equipped to undertake any such health disaster management operation played a significant role in preventing disease and overcoming the disaster. Civil–military cooperation (CIMIC) was the key to the successful response of Pakistan towards COVID-19. The research was based on qualitative interviews that analysed the phenomenon of COVID-19 pandemic, that is, ‘health disaster’, to elucidate the disaster management practices performed through the framework of CIMIC in Pakistan. With regard to this, the article argued that formulating a comprehensive guideline or framework was necessary to maintain an effective and cooperative relationship between civil and military components. It further demonstrated the need to recognise the constitutive factors that influenced the functionalisation and institutionalisation of CIMIC to manage the highly complex health-related emergencies.

An Analysis of Expert Recognition on the Civil-Military Technical Cooperation : focusing on the linking the basic & source civilian technology to the defense core technology

본 연구는 국가R&D를 통해 개발한 기초원천기술을 국방핵심기술로 연계하는 방안을 모색하기 위해 전문가 집단의 인식도를 확인하여 민군기술협력 방안을 제안하는 설문조사 분석이다. 선행연구에 대한 검토를 통해 도출한 국가R&D와 국방R&D의 연계·협력 모형을 바탕으로 민군기술협력 실태 등 27개 항목에 대해 330명의 전문가를 대상으로 설문조사하였다. 연구결과, 민군기술협력의 범위 확대와 장애요인 극복, 가교형 R&D의 플랫폼 설계, 거버넌스와 추진체계 정비가 필요함을 확인하였다. 전문가의 파일럿 테스트를 통해 설문지를 작성, SPSS 24.0을 활용·분석하였다. 국가R&D와 국방R&D를 직접 수행하고 있는 출연연, 대학교, 국방기관, 육해공군, 방산업체의 R&D 전문가들의 집단지성을 확인할 수 있는 인식도 분석으로 학문적·실용적 가치를 갖는 정책 연구라 할 수 있다.

Beyond the emergency problematique: how do security IOs respond to crises—a case study of NATO response to COVID-19

This article explores the discourses and strategies of security international organisations (IOs) during the COVID-19 pandemic, applying NATO as a case study. To build the argument, the article analyses speeches and public interventions by the SG and DSG coded in NVivo. First, the results of the empirical analysis suggest that during the crisis NATO discourse focussed on its ability to perform core functions, on constructing identity, generating “positive” legitimacy, or on increasing the relevance of military capital. Second, the findings show that the main elements of the organisation’s COVID-19 crisis management strategy were: proactiveness, continuous review and planning ahead, stepping-up activities and efficiency, lessons learned, adaptability, solidarity and civil-military cooperation. Third, a logic of IO exceptionalism and ‘emergency problematique’, underpinned by mission creep, could not be conclusively confirmed based on the analysed sample. The article adds a theoretical distinction to the literature on global governance in times of emergency. It demonstrates that security IOs might not always seek explicit authority leaps through lowering checks and balances (horizonal) or reducing the legal protection of subjects (vertical), due to risks of sanctioning.Keywords

Civil and millitary cooperation on 2018 Lombok earthquake disaster emergency response

– Lombok earthquake in 2018 gave huge impact to West Nusa Tenggara (Nusa Tenggara Barat) provincial government and its society. Lombok earthquake in 2018 is different from the others as it took place repeatedly in short time with huge magnitude. 2018 Lombok earthquake disaster emergency response has involved various elements, such as Indonesia Military Forces (TNI), Indonesia Police Department (POLRI), governmental institutions, society, as well as industries and all its resoursces. This research aims at analyzing civil-military cooperation in 2018 Lombok earthquake disaster emergency response and its affecting factors using qualitative method with primary and secondary data types. Interviews, observations, and documentations are conducted in order to collect data. This research analyzes civil-military cooperation process from the aspects of legal, organizational and governance, and operational. The result of the research shows that there was a difference in the aspect of command system used in the cooperation. The civil used agreement-based command system while military used hierarchical command system so that the military tended to be more dominant. Organization establishment as a part of effort improvement efforts has not been able to accommodate civil-military cooperation. Civil-military cooperation was initiated to fill gaps between civil and military using military resources. Thus, civil-military cooperation in 2018 Lombok earthquake disaster emergency response needed a better coordination and communication by providing a legal stand through local/governor’s regulations that accommodate all resources in West Nusa Tenggara province to cope with types of threats.

Assessment of military preparedness for naturogenic threat: the COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic

This article deals with the provision of cooperation of the Army of the Czech Republic with other units of rescue teams in the implementation of rescue and liquidation work in the regions of the Czech Republic in non-military crisis situations. At the present time of the global pandemic of covid-19 and the associated mass deployment of forces and resources of the primary and secondary units of the rescue system, the required effective cooperation in practice has proved necessary. The paper deals with the analysis of emergency management in a state of emergency in order to contribute to the improvement of civil-military cooperation. Based on the results of the research survey, the authors proposed evaluation criteria for determining the level of emergency preparedness of the forces and resources of the Army of the Czech Republic.