Civil Engineering Laboratory Research Articles

ALTERNATIF PENGGUNAAN SERATECENG GONDOK (EICHHORNIA CROSSIFES) SEBAGAI BAHAN TAMBAH PADACAMPURAN BETON DITINJAU TERHADAP KUAT TEKANNYA

ABSTRACTIn this increasingly advanced era, the more development is carried out, the increasing scale of development. It shows more and more concrete needs in the future. The purpose of this study is to find out and analyze the addition of water hyacinth fiber as a mixture on concrete. Data analysis methods begin with the investigation of cement material, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water hyacinth material. Concrete is added with water hyacinth fiber with addition variations of 0%, 1%, 3% and 5%. Test object used in the form of a cylinder with size ø 15 cm x 30 cm. Concrete mix design uses ASTM method. In the process of making water hyacinth fiber begins with cutting the water hyacinth by 3-5 cm, then milling it into fiber. The next step is drying into the sun and then into the oven at 150ºC. From the results of the research conducted at the Civil Engineering Laboratory of Lamongan Islamic University, the results showed that there was a decrease in strength in the variation of the addition of water hyacinth 1% and 3% but experienced an increase in the 5% variation. It is known that the correlation of concrete compressive strength at 28 days is 0% at 86.27 Kg/cm2, 1% at 60.66 Kg/cm2, 3% at 55.27 Kg/cm2 and 5% at 57.97 Kg/cm2.Keywords: water hyacinth, concrete, compressive strength.

Elimination of a measurement problem: A robust prediction model for missing eigenvector value to assess earthquake induced out-of-plane failure of infill wall

One of the effective methods to assess local or global behavior of structural system is to perform shake table experiment. The biggest challenge of all experiments, either shake table or others, are missing data during the experiments due to removed instruments. This problem is arose especially during the out-of-plane tests. This problem is named as “Measurement” problem. This paper is focused on detection the measurement problem and solving this problem by using Adaptive-Network Based Neuro Inference System (ANFIS). Definition of the problem is briefly missing out-of-plane eigenvector value during the implementation of a shake table experiments on a full scale one bay one storey reinforced concrete structural system. For this aim, two shake table experiments were performed with reinforced concrete frame (RCF) and infill wall at the National Civil Engineering Laboratory (LNEC) Portugal. The out-of-plane failure of infill wall was assessed under combined bidirectional seismic load. Shake table experiments were conducted on two types of specimens. One of them is Unreinforced Brick Infill Wall (URBIF) composed of single layer 22 cm thick brick. The other is single layer 22 cm thick Infill Wall with Bed Joint Reinforcement solution (IwBJR). Both specimens were made of a single-layer brick infill wall enclosure with the RCF. Bed joint reinforcement term refers horizontal bed joint reinforcement as a strengthening technique. Shake table experiments were performed on each specimen at four stages. After third level of earthquake load, the accelerometers were removed on the wall to prevent damage to them. The removal of these instruments results in missing data. The missing eigenvector values were predicted with a robust Adaptive-Network Based Neuro Inference System (ANFIS) model to present failure mode of infill wall. The estimation quality was tested with R2, Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Mean Square Error (MSE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) among with available data. The results of the quality indicator of R2 are 0.999 for URBIF model and 0.997 for IwBJR model, respectively. Moreover, rest of the indicator results are less than %1. The proposed approach is reliable on the base of quality indicator. Moreover, this study can be used for seismic engineering to predict eigenvector values to see local behavior of infill wall and mode shape evolution to determine which mod prone for partial and total collapse of infill wall.

Sustainability assessment of recycled aggregates concrete mixes containing industrial by-products

Virgin natural aggregates make up approximately 80–85% of the volume of concrete commonly used by Western Australian councils in their infrastructure. These councils generate a huge amount of construction and demolition (C&D) waste, most of which is sent to landfill. While C&D waste can potentially be used in pavements, only 22% of the total 1.5M tonnes of C&D waste generated in Western Australia (WA) each year is recycled. Experimental tests conducted in the Civil Engineering Laboratory of Curtin University have confirmed that concrete mixes utilizing recycled aggregates, fly ash (FA), and silica fume (SF) are structurally sound. The experimental results have shown that these new concrete formulations can potentially be considered for higher compressive strength applications. Concrete containing a maximum of 100% C&D waste from aggregate has been found to exceed the compressive strength (i.e. 40 MPa) required for most structural applications. Importantly, the potential use of this new concrete in WA residential flooring could divert significant amounts of C&D waste from landfill. Life cycle assessment of these concrete mixes suggested that the mixes using 50% natural aggregates, 50% recycled aggregates, and between 10% and 40% of by-products as cementitious materials have the highest reduction potential for global warming impact and embodied energy because of their higher compressive strength. Between 14 and 21% of cumulative energy consumption and 25–31% of global warming, impacts could be avoided with the use of 50 natural coarse aggregate (NA)+50100 recycled coarse aggregate (RA)+90 ordinary Portland cement (OPC)+10SF and 50NA+50RA+60OPC+30FA+10SF concrete formulations instead of 100NA (natural aggregate)+100OPC concrete to provide the same compressive strength. These two alternative mixes were found to reduce the cost by 7%–18%. The recycling of unused C&D wastes could also provide new employment opportunities and significant improvements in resources conservation, including land and biodiversity. Furthermore, between 90 and 280 GWh, energy can potentially be saved because of the replacement of energy-intensive natural aggregates with different mixes of recycled aggregate concrete.

Hydraulic Physical Model of Debris Flow for Malaysia Case Study

In the recent decade, several debris flow events occurred and caused hundreds of deaths, missing or injury and damaged many facilities. In addition to causing significant morphological changes along riverbeds and mountain slopes, these flows are frequently reported to bring about extensive property damage and loss of life. Debris flow phenomena occasionally occur in Malaysia and numbers of death reported cause by this event. In order to investigate the debris flow and its deposition process, experiments were conducted at the School of Civil Engineering Laboratory, Universiti Sains Malaysia. The models consists of three main parts which are water tank, rectangular flume and deposition board. A high speed video camera (HSVC) had been placed nearly downstream of the rectangular flume to capture the movement characteristics of particle grain. From this study, the characteristics of particle routing segregation can be understand clearly, therefore this input will be a very useful information to other researchers for further investigation in terms of knowledge sharing between researchers. Catastrophic cause by debris flow event can be minimized therefore in term of economy losses can be reduce and human life can be safe.

Experimental Performance and Study of Low Power Strain Gauge Based Wireless Sensor Node for Structure Health Monitoring

A low cost strain gauge can be implemented to detect damage before natural disaster phenomena in real time for monitoring the health of structure. The most common non-destructive sensing element such as strain gauge employs in the form of array is to measure surface strain of concrete structure. In this paper, we perform an experiment for developing the wireless sensor node to recover the characteristics of surface strain. The objective of an experiment is to model the strain sensor to receive large assessment data in real time. It analyzes the surface strain on mechanical cantilever beam and receives the electrical signal with the help of signal conditioning amplifier circuit in civil engineering laboratory. Moreover, an essential observation is that the experimental results are equivalent to numerical results when location of load point is closed to strain sensor. The experimental results are essential in development of strain gauge based sensor node which is useful for structure health monitoring.

Experimental and numerical study on seismic performance of steel reinforced recycled concrete frame structure under low-cyclic reversed loading

This article mainly focused on the seismic performance of steel reinforced recycled concrete frame structure under low-cyclic reversed loading. To evaluate seismic performance of steel reinforced recycled concrete frame structure, a two-span three-storied steel reinforced recycled concrete frame was conducted at civil engineering laboratory of Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology. Experimental and numerical studies were implemented to investigate the crack status, failure modes, hysteresis loops, skeleton curves, energy dissipation capacity, load–displacement curves, P-Δ effect, and the influence of recycled concrete strength under low-cyclic reversed loading. Results indicate that the steel reinforced recycled concrete frame structure has good seismic behavior during test, and the spindle-shaped hysteresis loops illustrate that the frame has relatively high energy dissipation capacities. The design of steel reinforced recycled concrete frame satisfied the requirements of strong column weak beam, strong shear weak bending, and strong joint weak components. Finally, the simulated results obtained by OpenSees software agree well with the test, which verify the rationality and reliability of the proposed model. The conclusions of this article will be helpful for the design of steel reinforced recycled concrete structures in seismic regions.

Educational digital resource for data analysis of Civil Engineering laboratory tests

<p>El presente trabajo pretende implementar y evaluar un software educativo interactivo que ayuda a los estudiantes de ingeniería civil a realizar y analizar los cálculos relacionados con los diferentes ensayos de laboratorio de Mecánica de Suelos. Esta experiencia tiene como objetivo incorporar las Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación (TICs) en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de la ingeniería. El contenido del programa se distribuye en tres módulos diferentes: “Ensayo de compactación”, “Ensayo de consolidación” y “Ensayo de corte directo”. Usando gráficos vectoriales, tablas, figuras ilustrativas, animaciones, ecuaciones, botones de ayuda y corrección inmediata de errores, el software aclara la relación entre conceptos teóricos y resultados prácticos de laboratorio, instruye a los estudiantes en los momentos de duda, atrae su interés y motiva ellos para lograr la interpretación completa de datos. Con base en los resultados de un cuestionario de evaluación, se observó que la mayoría de los estudiantes quedaron satisfechos con los contenidos y las funcionalidades del programa. La herramienta desarrollada puede ser una inspiración para la creación de nuevos programas educativos que mejoren la calidad de la educación en diferentes áreas de la ingeniería.</p>

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN BATU KARANG SEBAGAI SUBSTITUSI AGREGAT HALUS DALAMPEMBUATAN PAVING BLOCK

AbstractMaterial exploitation, especially the use of sand as the main component of concrete, needs to be reduced. The purpose of this research is to find out the value of compressive strength from the addition of rocks to achieve compressive strength according to the standard mix design of paving blocks. This research was conducted at the University's Civil Engineering Laboratory. Attending a trial and error method, the samples tested were cube with a size of 15 x 15 x 15 cm with 3 pieces with the quality of paving planned and K-225 or 18.675 MPa. The method of making specimens includes semi-mechanics using a concrete mixer. Fractional waste The rock is crushed into small pieces and then put in messin abrassion to get smaller pieces of rock and become grains of sand. Test result obtained a percentage of 25% indicating a compressive strength of 22.1 MPa, 20.3 MPa, 19.9MPa, and has an average value of 21.8 MPa. Then the results from the substitutionexperience i increase against compressive strength. Keywords: Coral, Fine Aggregate, Compressive Strength

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN ABU JERAMI PADI TERHADAP KUAT TEKAN BETON

Cement is one of the main ingredients in the manufacture of concrete. The raw material is used in the manufacture of cement are limestone, silica sand, clay and iron sand. Cement is a material made of material that belong to natural resources that cannot be renewed, so that the raw material inventory of cement in nature is getting less. Continuous mining of cement raw materials has an impact on natural damage. It encourages the discovery of alternative materials as an additive to the manufacture of concrete. The method of data analysis begins with the investigation of cement material, coarse aggregate, fine aggregats and rice straw ash. Concrete is added with rice straw ash with variations of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% additions. The test specimen are cylinders with size ø 15 cm x 30 cm and the planned compressive strength is 14.5 MPa. After going through the treatment period for 7 days, the value of compressive strength is then correlated to the age of 28 days. Based on research that has been done at Civil Engineering Laboratory of Islamic University of Lamongan, it is found that there is a decrease of strength on each addition of ash straw content of paddy. Use of rice straw ash in concrete mix with variation of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% addition of The weight of cement has an impact on the decrease of concrete strength value. The compressive strength values obtained at the age of 28 days are 18,440 Mpa, 15,366 Mpa, 13,948 Mpa, and 12,530 Mpa.

Influence of projectile nose shape and incidence angle on the ballistic perforation of laminated glass fiber composite plate

In this study, experimental and finite element analyses of perforation behaviour of unidirectional glass fiber reinforced cross ply laminate have been presented, considering different projectile nose shapes, incidence velocities, incidence angle and laminate thickness. A pneumatic gun was used to propel 52 g steel projectile of diameter 19 mm at incidence velocity up to 300 m/s, where the projectiles are having different nose shapes such as ogival, conical, spherical and blunt. The target plate of size 140 mm × 140 mm and thickness 3.3 and 6.6 mm were made by unidirectional (UD) glass fiber with orientation (0°/90°/90°/0°) and (0°/90°/90°/0°)2 respectively. A three dimensional finite element model is developed using Lagrangian, eight nodded brick element in ANSYS/AUTODYN, v14.5. The elastic properties of GFRP laminate is obtained from tensile tests in Universal Testing Machine in the civil engineering laboratory of IIT Roorkee, India. The velocity and acceleration-time histories of projectile along with ballistic limit, energy absorption and damage pattern in target plate are presented. The results obtained from numerical simulation are having good correlation with the corresponding experimental values and many new interesting results are also generated especially for oblique impact.

Experimental and nonlinear numerical analysis of underwater housings for the deep sea, made of ultra-high performance concrete

The paper describes the design and analysis of underwater housings made of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) within the Helmholtz Alliance “ROBEX” to provide cost-efficient alternatives to expensive titanium housings. The research is related to former investigations on spherical and cylindrical shells under hydrostatic pressure made of normal strength concrete, performed from 1960 to 1980 at the Civil Engineering Laboratory, Port Hueneme, California. Several housings made of UHPC have been manufactured and the short-term implosion resistance has been determined experimentally. Since neither the mechanical equations for thin- or thick-walled shells nor the empirical equations for implosion pressure of shells made of normal strength concrete by Albertsen can describe the behavior sufficiently, two nonlinear material laws for concrete, multiPlas Law 9 (modified Willam–Warnke model) and Law 14 (Menetrey–Willam model) by Dynardo for ANSYS, have been calibrated with results from uni- and biaxial strength tests, and the results of nonlinear finite element model with ANSYS 16 have been compared. To study the long-term behavior, an in situ test is currently being performed at 2,500-m depth in the Arctic Sea.

Innovation results of IAM planning in urban water services.

The requirement to provide urban water services continuously while infrastructures are ageing, imposes the need for increasingly sustainable infrastructure asset management (IAM). To achieve and maintain adequate levels of service, the AWARE-P IAM methodology has been applied in collaborative projects launched by the National Civil Engineering Laboratory, in partnership with IST (Technical University of Lisbon), Addition (software company) and several water utilities. The objective of these projects is to support urban water utilities in the development, implementation and maintenance of IAM plans. To guarantee the success of IAM planning, following the AWARE-P IAM methodology, utilities are required to: consider that the infrastructure has system behaviour and lifespan is indefinite and guarantee the full-alignment of IAM planning with organisation objectives. By analysing the strategic and tactical plans of participating utilities, the proposed methodology principles are discussed and supported. The main innovation results from the implementation of IAM planning are also presented and discussed, including the challenges of setting up an IAM process, together with the major benefits and drawbacks that come up when developing IAM plans. The results were demonstrated by the effective implementation of 16 strategic and 14 tactical IAM plans by the participating utilities.

Nonlinear analysis of RC structure with massive infill wall exposed to shake table

This study aims to present nonlinear time history analysis results of double leaf cavity wall (DLCW) reinforced concrete structure exposed to shake table tests. Simulation of the model was done by a Finite Element (FE) program. Shake table experiment was performed at the National Civil Engineering Laboratory in Lisbon, Portugal. The results of the experiment were compared with numeric DLCW model and numeric model of reinforced concrete structure with unreinforced masonry wall (URM). Both DLCW and URM models have two bays and two stories. Dimensions of the tested structure and finite element models are 1:1.5 scaled according to Cauchy Froude similitude law. The URM model has no experimental results but the purpose is to compare their performance level with the DLCW model. Results of the analysis were compared with experimental response and were evaluated according to ASCE/SEI 41-06 code.

The Potential of Heat Collection from Solar Radiation in Asphalt Solar Collectors in Malaysia

The implementation of asphalt solar collectors as a means of an energy source is being widely studied in recent years. Asphalt pavements are exposed to daily solar radiation, and are capable of reaching up to 70°C in temperature. The potential of harvesting energy from solar pavements as an alternative energy source in replace of non-renewable energy sources prone to depletion such as fuel is promising. In Malaysia, the sun intensity is quite high and for this reason, absorbing the heat from sun radiation, and then utilizing it in many other applications such as generating electricity could definitely be impressive. Previous researches on the different methods of studying the effect of heat absorption caused by solar radiation prove to be quite old and inaffective. More recent findings, on the otherhand, prove to be more informative. This paper focuses on determining the potential of heat collection from solar radiation in asphalt solar collectors using steel piping. The asphalt solar collector model constructed for this research was prepared in the civil engineering laboratory. The hot mixed asphalt (HMA) contains 10% bitumen mixed with 90% aggregates of the total size of asphalt. Three stainless steel pipes were embedded into the interior region of the model according to the design criteria, and then put to test. Results show that harvesting energy from asphalt solar collectors proves highly potential in Malaysia due its the hot climate.

Experimental and numerical analysis of RC structure with two leaf cavity wall subjected to shake table

This paper presents finite element (FE) based pushover analysis of a reinforced concrete structure with a two-leaf cavity wall (TLCW) to estimate the performance level of this structure. In addition to this, an unreinforced masonry (URM) model was selected for comparison. Simulations and analyses of these structures were performed using the DIANA FE program. The mentioned structures were selected as two storeys and two bays. The dimensions of the structures were scaled 1:1.5 according to the Cauchy Froude similitude law. A shake table experiment was implemented on the reinforced concrete structure with the two-leaf cavity wall (TLCW) at the National Civil Engineering Laboratory (LNEC) in Lisbon, Portugal. The model that simulates URM was not experimentally studied. This structure was modelled in the same manner as the TLCW. The purpose of this virtual model is to compare the respective performances. Two nonlinear analyses were performed and compared with the experimental test results. These analyses were carried out in two phases. The research addresses first the analysis of a structure with only reinforced concrete elements, and secondly the analysis of the same structure with reinforced concrete elements and infill walls. Both researches consider static loading and pushover analysis. The experimental pushover curve was plotted by the envelope of the experimental curve obtained on the basis of the shake table records. Crack patterns, failure modes and performance curves were plotted for both models. Finally, results were evaluated on the basis of the current regulation ASCE/SEI 41-06.

Moving urban water infrastructure asset management from science into practice

iGPI, the National Initiative for Infrastructure Asset Management is a Portuguese collaborative project led by LNEC (National Civil Engineering Laboratory, Portugal) through which 19 water utilities develop their own infrastructure asset management (IAM) systems and plans in a joint training and capacitation programme. Technical assistance to the participating utilities is ensured by LNEC, IST (Technical University of Lisbon) and Addition, a software development company. The water utilities get collective as well as one-on-one support and specific training. They benefit from networking with the other utilities in a common and simultaneous process, with similar difficulties and challenges, leading to an effective sharing of solutions. The developed products, including training materials, templates and guidelines for developing strategic and tactical IAM plans, are available to the general public. This project has greatly contributed to the establishment of reference methodologies and standards for IAM planning, in a range of utilities of widely diverse size and context, effectively defining an accepted best practice. This paper discusses the project's format and its advantages, and goes on to describe the main outcomes, including selected cases and final products.

Displacement and Strain Field Measurement in Steel and RC Beams Using Particle Image Velocimetry

AbstractConventional deformation measurement techniques, such as utilizing a LVDT, a demountable mechanical strain gauge (demec gauge), and an electrical strain gauge, despite their vast usage in experimental studies, suffer several disadvantages, including high cost, time-consuming specimen preparation, and the inability to obtain the whole displacement or strain fields. The aforementioned drawbacks on one hand and the importance of deformation measurements in all civil engineering laboratory tests on the other hand have led researchers to develop other measurement techniques, especially image-based techniques, capable of evaluating whole deformation fields. Among all of these recently developed methods, particle image velocimetry (PIV) has attracted much interest in all branches of civil engineering experimental investigations; PIV is a powerful image-based technique for evaluating both displacement and strain fields by analyzing successive digital images of a field undergoing deformation. Despite its g...

Analisis Pelaksanaan Prosedur Operasional Standar Sarana dan Prasarana Belajar Laboratorium Berdasarkan Manajemen Mutu ISO 9001:2008 & IWA 2:2007 di Jurusan Teknik Sipil Universitas Negeri Jakarta

The objectives of this study to determine the percentage level implementation of Standard Operating Procedures learning facilities Laboratory of Civil Engineering, State University of Jakarta in the implementation of quality management ISO 9001: 2008 & IWA 2: 2007. The study lasted for three months from September to November 2013.Place of research conducted at the State University of Jakarta, precisely at 5 Laboratory of the Laboratory of Wood, Land, Material, Stone, and Plumbing Department of Civil Engineering, State University of Jakarta. The population in this study was 5 5 Laboratory of Laboratory of Civil Engineering Laboratory UNJ include Wood, Land, Material, Stone, and Plumbing. The method used in this research is survey method with data collection using a questionnaire or questionnaires. The trial questionnaire of 115 statements. The test is done to 7 respondents. After the test phase the results obtained valid instruments as much as 112-point declaration.Data analysis technique is done by searching percentage. The results show that: (a) Laboratory of Civil Engineering UNJ have a Standard Operating Procedure (POS) especially Infrastructures based quality management standard ISO 9001: 2008 and IWA 2: 2007 (b) There are four (4) POS on Infrastructures Laboratory Civil engineering UNJ whose accomplishments are not up to 100%. which amounted to 64.7% which can be categorized fulfillment are lacking, (c) Acquired four (4) percentage level of achievement of the implementation of POS Infrastructures Civil Engineering Laboratory UNJ the percentage rate of the unit does not reach 100%. The results are the result of the analysis of data derived from the 5 respondents who are Laboran of 5 laboratories in this study are: Health, Safety and Environment Laboratory (weight percentage of 73.3%) were categorized been fulfilled, Use of Laboratory (weight percentage of 71% ) categorized been met, Laboratory Equipment Loan (weight percentage of 66.8%) categorized as less fulfilled, and the maintenance and care Laboratory (weight percentage of 47.8%) were categorized are lacking, (d) There is inequality between understanding Laboran percentage of POS by 82 , 8% by POS regarding Infrastructures Laboratory of 64.7%.

Effect of interfacial powder on mechanical properties of composites under dynamic tests

Improving resistance to delamination is still a domain of research interest for researchers and for industrials. In this paper, effects of adding metal particles at interfaces of cross ply fiber-reinforced composite plates are investigated. Composite plates with [05/902/05] configuration graphite fibers and resin epoxy matrix are produced by hand in civil engineering laboratory at the Sherbrooke University. Alumina or stainless steel powders with 40 μm diameter are added at the 00/900 interfaces. Dynamic and static tests, such as low velocity impact, fatigue, tensile and flexural tests are conducted. Throughout this work, it is shown that the addition of powder particles at the 00/900 interfaces improves resistance to delamination of laminated composites when subjected to various mechanical loads.

The Implementation of an Open-ended Experiment in the Civil Engineering Laboratory

The execution of the concrete mix design experiment in the civil engineering laboratory was changed to an open-ended style. This paper describes the open-ended concrete mix design experiment implementation and its impact on the overall student grades and learning experiences. 44 students were chosen as a case study. The results showed that overall grading represents the students’ abilities in designing and conducting the experiment, analysing and interpreting the experiment's results and working in a group. Students understood the experimental concepts better than with traditional experiment instruction and would be prepared for the undergraduate final year project.