Civil Domain Research Articles

To the discussion about legal means of ensuring secret in operational-search activities

This article examines the demand for additional legal instruments to ensure operational secrecy in law enforcement agencies. It identifies certain inconsistencies and gaps in the current regulatory framework, calling for improvements to consolidate both public and intra-departmental instruments into a unified legal framework. The study aims to confirm the hypothesis that enhancing the legal provisions governing operational secrecy will contribute to the effectiveness of law enforcement operations.The research employs a comprehensive analysis of existing laws, regulations, and practices related to operational activities. It explores the concept of operational secrecy and highlights the need for a coherent understanding of this legal category. Furthermore, it emphasizes the significance of confidentiality in operational activities and the associated challenges of regulating specific methods and techniques, considering their unique and dynamic nature.The findings reveal two key directions for the further development of operational secrecy instruments. Firstly, the article argues that publicly disclosing detailed information regarding the essence, specific instruments, and methods employed in operational activities would be counterproductive and undermine operational effectiveness. However, it also recognizes the necessity of harmonizing the understanding and application of operational secrecy by providing a clear legal definition within the legislation governing operational and investigative activities. Therefore, it proposes amending the relevant provisions of the Law “On Operational and Investigative Activities” to encompass a comprehensive legal framework for operational secrecy.Secondly, the research highlights that information regarding overt operational and investigative measures and their contents may indirectly or directly expose the interests of law enforcement agencies, reveal their tactics for gathering information, and compromise the effectiveness of their efforts to detect, prevent, and deter criminal activities and threats to national security. While administrative liability currently applies to breaches of emerging “operational secrecy”, violations of the “secrecy of investigation” fall under criminal liability, including imprisonment. Moreover, in certain cases, criminal liability exists for breaches of information protection rules even in the civil domain. Consequently, the article suggests exploring the balance between the level of responsibility and the potential damage caused to societal interests when imposing liability for breaches of operational secrecy.To address the identified challenges, one potential solution could be the codification of operational and investigative norms. Such an approach would not only provide a systematic and structured presentation of laws governing operational activities but also facilitate logical and consistent links between the discussed legal framework and related branches of law.In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of additional legal instruments to safeguard operational secrecy in law enforcement agencies. It calls for improvements in the current legal framework, emphasizing the need for a unified and comprehensive legal approach. By confirming the research hypothesis, this article provides valuable insights into enhancing operational secrecy and its implications for the effectiveness of law enforcement operations.

The construction of victim of defamation in court's written verdict

Most countries in the world consider defamation case as a civil domain. Indonesia is still one of the few countries in the world, which classify defamation case as a criminal act. The issue of defamation in Indonesia becomes more complex since there are various regulations governing defamation. Initially, the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP) is the only law that regulates the act of defamation. The establishment of the Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information Transactions (the EIT Law) has resulted in a complex situation since it also covers the act of defamation. After the EIT Law came into force in 2009, up until 2014, there have been 71 people charged in court for alleged defamation. Current research is a linguistic study in the context of law to discuss the construction of victims in copies of court decision. The data of the study were taken from two copy-texts of court decisions, which were the result of defamation cases in 2014 and 2015. Data are in the form of texts explaining the position of victims in relation to one of the grounds for judge’s decision. As explained by Coulthard Johnson (2007), Forensic Linguistics includes several levels such as acoustic phonetics, discourse analysis, and semantics. On this basis, data analysis in this study uses a critical discourse analysis (CDA) framework by Fairclough (1997) used with the consideration that the framework features dialectical-relational approaches which can map the patterns of social relations to explain the construction of a party in a discourse. Data interpretation and final conclusions of this study reveal the reproductions of logic of certain parties in a copy of criminal justice decisions; marginalization of victims to balance justice retributively and restoratively; and the establishment of role and position of victims in defamation discourses by ignoring institutional aspects and powerlessness. Thus, it appears that victims are not the center of discourse in the text copies of court decisions. Besides, the victim is the most important part of the defamation case considering that the case was classified as a criminal complaint.

Comparative Analysis of Fixed-Wing, Rotary-Wing and Hybrid Mini Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) from the Applications Perspective

Mini Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) present distinct design challenges due to their man-portable, field-deployable profile. The implications of various unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) design configurations for Mini UAS applications are discussed in this study. Fixed-wing, rotary-wing, and hybrid Mini UAS design configurations are analysed and compared based on performance parameters specified by various manufacturers to assess appropriateness for military and civil applications. Mini UAS designed for military applications can meet most requirements in the civil domain. However, the reverse is seldom feasible because of several restrictions imposed by combat conditions. Fixed-wing Mini UAS have significant limitations for military applications, primarily because of launch and recovery considerations. For civil applications, the fixed-wing configuration provides multiple advantages. The benefit of the rotary-wing configuration's compact size to overcome various battlespace restrictions for military applications does not translate to other performance parameters, and this is a serious limitation for its applications. The hybrid profile has significant design advantages that can be leveraged for both military and civil applications. The interrelation between design, end-use requirements and terrain restrictions presented in the paper provides an insight into the implications of the design configurations of Mini UAS for various applications.

PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PERDATA MALAPRAKTIK MEDIK

This paper aims to discuss civil liability for medical malpractice. The patient's alleged insanity is often considered the negligence of the doctor in carrying out medical actions. The paradigm is getting stronger with increasing reports of medical malpractice every year. Doctors in performing medical treatment of patients are based on a bond or relationship in the agreement. The bond or relationship in the agreement is called inspannings verbentenis or maximal effort engagement. The existence of this shows that the main obligation of a doctor is to do a hard effort that must be done and needed to support the patient. This can be based on the standards of the medical profession and its operational standart as stipulated in article 50 juncto 51 of Law No. 29 of 2004 concerning the Practice of Medicine. The methods used in this study are juridical-normative with a statutory approach. The result obtained is civil liability in a medical malpractice arises if there is wrong treatment from the doctor in relation to providing medical service performance and the patient suffers losses for the doctor's actions. Legal liability in the civil domain is generally realized in the form of compensation or compensation by doctors or hospitals with due regard to the principles of liability. The right of patients in demanding compensation is regulated in Article 58 of Law No. 36 of 2009 on Health and Article 32 of Law No. 44 of 2009 concerning Hospitals.
 
 Keywords: Liability, Civil, Medical Malpractice

Progress and Trends in Image Processing Applications in Civil Engineering: Opportunities and Challenges

Technological advancements in electronic storage have been trending for cloud computing. The revolution of this computer technology with machine learning and artificial intelligence has created prodigious platforms to the various disciplines of science and technology. Civil engineering is the oldest discipline, and due to the never‐ending demand of this domain, it is rapidly adapting to newer computer techniques like image processing, deep learning, big data analysis, neural networks, building information modeling (BIM), unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system, digital image correlation (DIC), and many more. In the current paper, we portrayed the primary research and achievements of AI and image processing applications in the civil domain. The paper is divided in two parts. The first part provides analysis of existing methods along with examples relevant to the civil domain where it is incorporated. The second part elaborates scientometric study constituting 605 documents (Science Direct database) published in the last two decades. The bibliometrics are further used for producing analytical frameworks based on publications, citations, top journals, top institutions, and funding sources. This study serves as a guide for readers to identify research gaps and use the review for potential future study.

The Military-Civilian Symbiosis: Evidence of Civil Innovation from the Global Drone Industry

Private parties operating in the civil domain are not always capable of engendering innovation and new industry creation because of lacking complementary assets, short-term horizons, underinvestment in fundamental research, and limited ‘translational’ capacity. In this study, we theorize and demonstrate that important innovations often have their roots in an institutional realm that can compensate for these shortcomings: the military. We hypothesize that the military is capable of fostering private sector innovation through technological and human-capital spillover, investments in high-risk innovation projects, and building vital innovation infrastructure. We test our hypotheses in the context of the global drone industry, using a unique longitudinal database tracking the emergence of the industry between 2006 and 2016. Our sample consists of 1341 civil drone systems created by 473 producers situated in 52 countries. We employ survival analysis to test the influence of national-level military drone production, overall military expenditure and arms imports on civil drone market-readiness. Our results show that the military plays an integral role in civil innovation and new industry creation in this setting. As one of the first studies in management to provide systematic, non-anecdotal evidence on the civil innovation role of the military, our work contributions to the institutions-for-innovation and innovation policy literatures.

THE LEGAL POWER OF THE AUTHENTICITY OF BIPARTITE JOINT AGREEMENT BETWEEN PT PLATINUM CERAMICS INDUSTRY SURABAYA AND WORKERS

The aim of research is To know the executory power attached to an Act (written proof) and Conducting a legal analysis of a BIPARTITE PB registered with PHI, so that it can be executed appropriately if there is an act of default. The method used is normative juridical law research, which essentially examines laws that are conceptualized as norms or rules that apply in society. The result showed that Notaries play a role in carrying out some of the authority or duties of the state in the civil domain, and are referred to as general officials who are authorized to make AO which is a manifestation of the wilsvorming of the parties, made before a notary or by a notary.

A hybrid approach for cluster head determination of unmanned aerial vehicle in flying ad-hoc networks

In recent years, flying ad hoc networks (FANETs) have witnessed a notable increase in its applications after the onset of the collaborations of the small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Because of its inherent characteristics, FANETs are used in diverse application ranging from the military to civil domain. Conversely, there are certain issues pertaining to the communication among the UAVs in view of the high mobility and limited battery resources available in the UAVs, resulting in their short lifetime. The paper is an attempt to address these issues plaguing to the short lifespan of the UAVs. In this paper, we propose a hybrid bio-inspired algorithm HGSOFA for optimizing cluster head (CH) selection in a FANETs. HGSOFA utilizes the hybrid implementation of glowworm swarm optimization (GSO) and firefly algorithm (FA). In this paper, we explain the step-by-step working of the HGSOFA and then performance is evaluated through rigorous simulations. Two separate network areas with varying node density is considered for conducting all the simulations. A robust experimental environment is developed using Taguchi and orthogonal methods. HGSOFA’s performance is tested against the conventional GSO and FA algorithms in respect of cluster building time, energy consumption and first node death. Comparable results have showcased the advantages of the HGSOFA as compared to other algorithms.

Does a plural civil society matter? Reflecting on the varieties of associational life in India

ABSTRACT Civil society is increasingly being viewed as the domain of communicative rationality; a sphere where the collective ‘we’ emerges and acts to affirm the Kantian ideals of human dignity and equal respect. In these normative accounts, the civil does not simply supplement the existing institutions of constitutional democracy, it embodies the very idea of democracy, albeit in its ideal form. This article engages with this conception and examines whether the civil should be considered as the domain of ‘universal reason’, in which ‘rational’ individuals act to realize the goal of equal rights for all. Not only is the empirical reality quite different, it is indeed desirable to make space for the plural and the diverse within our conception of the civil. Drawing upon the Indian debates and experiences, it is argued that the civil domain is internally differentiated and often deeply fragmented. The task of securing basic rights for all takes many different forms; individuals and collectives that pursue this goal do so with different conceptions of the self and different understanding of the political and economic system. One needs to recognize this plurality for it is the co-presence of deep differences – with regard to assessments, judgments, forms of collective action – that sustain democracy and make civil society central to the democratic imaginary.

Aspects on the use of GNSS technology in maritime and fluvial navigation

It presents the use of global navigation technology, NAVSTAR-GPS and GLONASS systems in maritime navigation and some aspects that are encountered in maritime navigation, using these systems. The use of GNSS technology in maritime navigation is beneficial and at the same time it can be used in the civil domain, the system which is eminently civil, being the Galileo European positioning system. Commercial vessels sailing on the seas and on the planetary oceans can be monitored and managed in real time, if the GNSS-type global positioning systems are used. The global positioning systems of the GNSS type include all the positioning systems, but especially those of the NAVSTAR-GPS, GLONASS, GALILELO, BEIDOU type. The advantages of using in the navigation of global positioning systems is unmatched and it makes sailing much more useful and safer on the seas and oceans of the earth. River navigation is a component of trade and water transport, which can be managed using modern means of navigation by satellite type GNSS, Romania participating with neighboring countries in different European programs. There is a brief introduction of the notion of global positioning system to the general mode and a specific appreciation of each global positioning system in part and to the general mode of GNSS global positioning systems. Important aspects are presented in the use of GNSS technology, in the maritime and related fields, the advantages of this technology in relation to the classical technologies and the judicious cooperation in the extreme cases between the two technologies. The sources of positioning errors in the use of global GNSS positioning systems and the methods by which they can be eliminated or reduced are presented. It presents the calculation of the navigation coordinates in different projection systems and the stages of transformation of the coordinates in the WGS-84 system, specific to the Navstar-GPS positioning system in different coordinate and projection systems. Maritime navigation is guided by specific methods, but lately, global positioning systems are a beneficial presence in the steering and navigation component of the world’s seas and oceans. Finally, conclusions and proposals regarding the judicious and beneficial use of the GNSS positioning system in navigation are presented.

Payment of Compensation for Officials Who Did Not Implement the Decision of the State Administrative Court

Unlawful Acts by the Agency and/or Government Official (onrechtmatige overheidsdaad) carried out in exercising their authority, which may result in the public, individuals and private legal entities to bring a civil suit to the District Court, to obtain compensation. Meanwhile, the public, individuals or legal entities may request an administrative claim for the issuance of a State Administration Decree by a Government Official to the State Administrative Court. The Court's Decision is a representation of legal considerations by the Judge which is recognized as "res judicata pro veritate habetur" which means that the judge's decision is considered to be correct and immediate. In the District Court District for Officers who do not implement the Decision, an execution will be carried out, if there is an execution from the court in this case, it is due to the trial that the implementation of the Decision is carried out in its leadership capacity in the PTUN Decision Domain, in the civil domain in the Court. If the Government Official sued loses, compensation must go through the Government Budget for the Community, Individuals and Legal Entities and vice versa. However, the Government Officials specifically against the PTUN Decision won back sometimes when they were not ready to implement the Court's Decision as it was done by force. Because the efforts carried out are contained within, as is the case, the decision cannot be carried out and handled by the law contained therein.

Managerial Judicial Conflict Resolution (JCR) of Plea Bargaining: Shadows of Law and Conflict Resolution

English Abstract: This article focuses on a procedure that is nowadays the central door to criminal law in Israel - “Plea Bargains Facilitating Day” (“Moked”). It examines the role of the criminal judge in light of the vanishing trial phenomenon and the emergent reality of many doors to process legal conflicts in both the civil and criminal domains. Judicial conflict resolution (JCR) includes any activity by judges which aims to encourage an agreement between the parties to enable the closure of the legal case parties without the need of a full judicial procedure and the writing of reasoned judgment. In the criminal context, it includes judicial activity meant to influence the charges and the sentencing as stipulated within the plea agreement between the prosecution and the defense. To characterize the proceeding and gain an understanding of the judge’s role both in practice and in theory in this proceeding, we conducted quantitative and qualitative analyses on data collected from observations of 717 hearings in 704 criminal cases, in the Tel Aviv Magistrates Court on Moked days. Furthermore, we conducted a comparison of our findings with previous findings in the civil domain. The Moked days, as determined by law, are meant for the conduct of preliminary proceedings on indictments, with the aim of limiting the factual or legal dispute, in whole or in part. This is in order to obviate the need for the presentation of evidence and bring the matter to a conclusion during the preliminary proceeding. We found that the trial reduction goal was largely achieved, as less than 8% of the cases in the plea bargain hearings that we observed were transferred to the trial stage. The importance of this finding is the indication that the Moked days were not just the exclusive entryway to the criminal process, but in most cases also constituted the exit. We also found that on average, 5.55 (SD=3.62) hearings were required for disposing of a case and the average duration of a legal proceeding from indictment to closure was 548.55 (SD=323.17) days. Those figures are significantly higher than the figures from past years and may point out that the conduct of these proceedings did not necessarily achieve efficiency and simplification of the criminal process. We found that during the preliminary proceedings the judges function as gatekeepers and employ a variety of practices to exhaust that function, in order to obviate the need to conduct a further evidentiary proceeding in the case. In most of the hearings that we observed, the judges’ role was confined to managerial-bureaucratic decisions, mostly technical, intended to enable the parties to craft the terms of the plea bargain by themselves. Only in a small share of cases, the judges took an active role in promoting the plea bargain’s terms, mainly when the parties ran into difficulties agreeing by themselves. In a tiny fraction of the cases, their intervention was of a therapeutic nature or fulfilled some other social role. The judges’ interventionist activities to promote a plea bargain included promoting, both narrowly and broadly, litigotiation between the parties; forecasting the judicial outcome; negatively presenting the judicial process; using lawyer-client relations to promote agreement, using soft techniques, and enhancing the defendant’s motivation. These findings were compared to previous findings on the roles of judges in civil proceedings in the framework of the vanishing trial. Civil judges conduct a preliminary proceeding in only 30% of the cases, while 70% of the cases are closed without ever reaching the judge. Contrarily, in the criminal process, judges conduct all of the cases. We found that while civil judges were involved to a great extent in the cases they conducted, criminal judges were actively engaged in only 16.8% of the hearings we observed. In the remaining hearings, judges interventions were minimal, and their role confined to supervising the negotiations conducted outside the court. This article points to ways to close the gaps between the criminal and civil domains by promoting an active secretariat. Also discussed is the possibility of expanding a therapeutic and preventative approach in the framework of criminal judicial conflict resolution during the Moked days.

Creatividad bajo presión: Los efectos de la des-institucionalización y la mercantilización sobre el trabajo creativo

Aunque hay abundantes ejemplos de personas excepcionalmente exitosas que trabajan en las artes, muchos artistas encuentran difícil establecerse y mantenerse en el trabajo creativo. Este artículo analiza la creatividad sostenible a través de la lente del llamado biotopo artístico. Propone que la creatividad sostenible en las artes requiere un equilibrio entre las diferentes esferas del biotopo artístico: el dominio doméstico, el dominio de los pares, el dominio civil y el dominio del mercado. Sin embargo, hoy en día los artistas y profesionales creativos experimentan cada vez más presiones del dominio del mercado, ya que su lógica de cuantificación se entromete en las esferas doméstica, educativa y civil del biotopo. De ahí la pregunta central de este documento: ¿cuáles son las consecuencias de una protección institucional decreciente y una creciente mercantilización del biotopo artístico? Se buscan respuestas a través de una encuesta electrónica en la que participaron 1.591 artistas y profesionales creativos de Europa Occidental. Se argumenta que un mercado que impone su lógica a otras esferas -en este caso en el biotopo artístico- consecuentemente comenzará a transformarse. Estas consecuencias se describen en términos de “retroalimentación”: (1) desequilibrio trabajo-vida, (2) isomorfismo y (3) monopolización. Although there are plentiful examples of exceptionally successful people working in the arts, many artists find it difficult to establish and maintain themselves in creative labour. This paper analyses sustainable creativity through the lens of the so-called artistic biotope. It proposes that sustainable creativity in the arts requires a balance between the different spheres of the artistic biotope: the domestic domain, the peer domain, the civil domain and the market domain. Yet, artists and creative professionals experience increasing pressures from the market domain nowadays, as its quantifying logic intrudes upon the domestic, educational and civil spheres of the biotope. Hence the central question of this paper: what are the consequences of such decreasing institutional protection and increasing marketization of the artistic biotope? Answersare sought via an e-survey in which 1.591 artists and creative professionals in Western Europe participated. It is argued that a market that imposes its logic onto other spheres—in this case in the artistic biotope—will consequently begin to transform itself. These consequences are described in terms of ‘feedback’: (1) work-life-imbalance, (2) isomorphism, and (3) monopolization

Game‐theoretic approach for the optimal configuration computing of an interoperable fleet of unmanned vehicles

AbstractThis paper investigates the problem of fleet configuration for a set of unmanned vehicles. Without the need of on‐board pilots, unmanned vehicles have proven to accomplish different types of missions both in military and civil domain. In addition, a multi‐vehicle fleet is able to guarantee better performances and minimum costs, as long as they are coordinated. In futuristic scenarios, it is conceivable to quickly identify the best team of unmanned vehicles to perform a given mission by considering all the appropriate means made available. Thus, the problem to guarantee the better platform configuration becomes identifying the best fleet. This work proposes a possible approach to process the best fleet of unmanned vehicles to perform an envelope of missions, by transforming the fleet configuration activity in an optimization problem under some basic hypotheses. The optimality of the fleet is meant with respect to the needed costs, which have to be minimized. The addressed concept envisages a distributed and decentralized planning to achieve a proper level of interoperability among different organizations that are involved in the fleet provision. The paper presents the formal definition of the problem and a game‐theoretic solution. In the end, preliminary simulation results are discussed.

From Realism to Representativeness: Changing Terminology to Investigate Effectiveness in Self-Defence

Physical assaults are an inherent problem of modern society. One strategy available to try to prevent violence is to strengthen one’s personal capacities to defend oneself. This is the scope of various self-defence programs and systems within the civil domain. While training in self-defence facilitates the use of self-protective strategies in real life situations, it is important to ascertain whether individuals learn the skills taught in self-defence classes and whether they are able to perform the skills when these are required. In order to test the effectiveness of self-defence skills in an ethically acceptable way, instructors and scholars have to design environments in which valid and practically relevant results about the performance of the learner can be obtained. The imprecise nature and the multidimensional use of terms like ‘realism’ and ‘reality-based’ leads to difficulties in designing such environments. In this article, we argue for the need to shift the emphasis from ‘realistic’ to ‘representative’ design in testing and learning environments, with the aim of developing transferable self-defence skills within the civil domain. The Trade- Off Model of Simulation Design that we propose is intended to help instructors and scholars to make more informed decisions when designing tasks for testing or training.

Artistic Constitutions of the Civil Domain: On Art, Education and Democracy

AbstractHow can we understand the relationship between art, education and democracy in the contemporary Western political condition? The recent presidential elections in the USA showed that the classical model of liberal representative democracy is shaking on its foundations. The question is how can artists and education respond to this political condition? In this article it is argued that art has a special quality to address political, and especially democratic, issues. It can strengthen education in its lessons in democracy and citizenship. Art has a special quality to walk on an alternative path of democracy, namely that of the civil domain. In the civil sphere artistic qualities and skills of designing and of imagination can play a crucial role.

Performances of Micropower UWB Radar Using Orthogonal Waveforms

Radars and their applications were, for a long time, reserved to national defense, air security or weather service domains. For a few years, with the emergence of new technologies, radar applications have been developed and have become known in the civil domain. In particular, the arrival of UWB—Ultra-Wideband technology allows the design of compact and low-cost radars with multiple fields of application. In this paper, we focus on road applications, such as driving assistance with the objective of increasing safety and reducing accidents. In classical UWB radar systems, Gaussian and monocycle pulses are commonly used. In previous works, original waveforms based on orthogonal functions (Hermite and Gegenbauer) were proposed. These provide a good spatial resolution, suitable for radar detection. Another advantage of these waveforms is their multiple access capability, due to their orthogonality. The aim of the study presented in this article is to compare simulation and experimental results obtained, especially for short-range anticollision radar application, using these waveforms in one part and Gaussian and monocycle pulses in the other part. The originality of this paper relies on the new approach. Indeed, this comparison study using these waveforms has never been done before. Finally, some examples of real experiments in a real road environment with different waveforms are presented and analysed.

Non-Lethal Weapons

In missions to stabilize conflicts around the world, the military forces increasingly find themselves operating amongst the people. The emerging need in military interventions to prevent casualties translated into a range of value driven military technological developments, such as non-lethal weapons (NLW). NLWs can be characterized by a certain technological and operational design 'window' of permissible physiological effect, defined at each end by values: one value is a controlled physiological impact to enforce compliance by targeted individuals, the other value is the prevention of inflicting serious harm of fatality. This paper points out that societal and political implications of these values in the military domain are governed by a different scheme than is the case in the civil domain. The practical cases concerning non-lethal weapons examined illustrate how values incorporated in military and police concepts are exposed to counteraction and annihilation when deployed in real world operational missions.

Blurring the Civil-Criminal Divide for Process Rights: Closed Material Procedures and the Curious Character of Preventive Security Measures

Closed material procedures (CMPs) are defined by a decision-maker's entitlement to render a decision using material that has not been disclosed to one of the parties on the basis that such disclosure would be contrary to the public interest. The rise of CMPs in the security context has been the subject of intense debate in both Canada and the United Kingdom, where the Canadian security certificate and its United Kingdom equivalents (the now-defunct control order and the terrorism prevention and investigation measure) are preventive security measures. Some have criticised the placement of these preventive security measures within the civil domain, arguing that their consequences - namely a deprivation of life, liberty and security rights - are of a criminal character and thus more stringent processes should apply to ensure that rights are safeguarded. Limited disclosure and the use of secret evidence, in particular, have been criticised for violating the suspect's right to know the case.

Struever's “Rhetoric as Inquiry”

Struever's “Rhetoric as Inquiry”