Civil Authorities Research Articles

Otwieranie żydowskich domów modlitwy – rozstrzygnięcia prawno-administracyjne i pragmatyka urzędnicza w guberni piotrkowskiej (koniec XIX – początek XX wieku)

Opening Jewish Houses of Prayer: Legal and Administrative Arrangements and Clerical Pragmatics in the Piotrków Governorate between the End of the Nineteenth and the Beginning of the Twentieth Centuries The article shows a revision of the religious policy of the administrative authorities of the Piotrków Governorate Government regarding the initiative of opening new Jewish prayer houses. This change of attitude is best illustrated by archival materials, mainly of the Administrative Department of the Piotrków Governorate Government, stored in the State Archive in Łódź. A detailed analysis of historical documents revealed the actual attitude of the tsarist civil authorities to Jews residing in this area. While a relatively tolerant approach to the needs of Jewish communities was observed at the end of the nineteenth century, governorate clerks rigorously blocked their progression at the beginning of the next century. The ways used to legally restrict the opening of new prayer houses and the Jewish administrative struggle with the official interpretation of the Russian Empire law are discussed in the article.

Idolatria y justicia regia en la Nueva Espana del siglo XVII

The objective of this paper is to follow the concept of idolatry based on civil and ecclesiastical legal considerations in the first half of the seventeenth century, after the publication of the decrees of the Concilio Tercero Provincial Mexicano of 1585 and some royal laws that emerged in the context of the publication of those decrees. The sources we use include documents from the Archivo General de la Nación, from the section Indiferente Virreinal. We also use printed primary sources, as well as bibliography consultation. We divide the article into three sections: the first, one is an analysis of idolatry in the context after the Third Council of 1585. A second, one that reviews the laws in the Recopilación de Indias (1680) and, a third, one that consists of an analysis of correspondence that two religious sent to the Inquisition to request its intervention due to the participation of civil authorities in religious issues.

PAUL'S CONCEPT OF POLITICS IN ROMANS 13:1-7 AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON EVANGELICAL CHURCH WINNING ALL (ECWA)

Politics is the art of governance and as such a responsibility for every citizen to participate in it. The Church in Rome finds it extremely difficult to understand the concept of politics. This may be due to the cruelty of the wicked Emperor at the helm of affair during the apostolic era. Apostle Paul’s concept of politics about Christians and civil authority is a point of reference for generations. Nigeria Constitution adjudge every citizen to be responsible to the constituted authority. ECWA as a Church denomination is quiescent about participation of staff and members in partisan politics, but gratifying the dividends. This may not be unconnected with some part of ECWA Bye-laws that forbids active political participation especially of persons under her employment. Since no church’s Constitution and Bye-laws can be greater than biblical injunctions, the researcher undertakes to study Paul’s Concept of Politics as enshrines in Romans 13:1-7 in relations to ECWA policies on membership political participation. The study employs historical, analytical and exegetical methods. Findings reveals that ECWA policies on political participation arose from a misconstrue notion that politics is a dirty game bedeviled with devilish activities. The study concludes that since Apostle Paul admonished the Roman Christians to submit to constituted authority and play their roles in carrying out their civil responsibility to the political policies of rulers of his time, politics itself might not be as dirty as they assumed. The study recommends a review of ECWA Constitution and Bye-laws. KEYWORDS: Partisan Politics, ECWA, Concepts, Constitution and Bye-laws.

Public Perception of Flood Hazard in Kafanchan, Jama’a Local Government of Kaduna State

Floods are the most common natural disaster and the leading cause of natural disaster fatalities worldwide. Risk of catastrophic losses due to flooding is significant given deforestation and the increasing proximity of large population to coastal areas, river basin and lakeshores. The study examines the causes of flooding, perception and various method of flood adjustment in the study area. Data on the public perception of flood were compiled using structure questionnaires purposive random sampling technique was used to identify households in 4 neighborhoods. Simple descriptive statistics was used to analyze data generated. It is confined that 31%of household fall with the age of 55 and above with education qualification up to tertiary education and on the awareness of flooding, 87% aware of the flood and 98% had experienced flood in the area. It is further reviewed that 34% of households were born in the area while 32 have accommodation problem. On the causes of flooding 82% recognized heavy and continues rainfall as the major causes of flooding. Majority of households (39%) agreed that flooding destroy farms food and cash crops while 24% mentioned that it destroy animals and properties and 64% pointed positive effects as it deposit fertile alluvial floodplain as well as fishing in the area as observed by 32%, construction of embankment to reduce flooding was identified by 39% and improve channel also observed by 20% as methods of adjustment. Expanded monitoring of floods, effective communication with civil authorities and vulnerable population has the potential to reduce loss of life in future flood events.

Improving Birth Registration Using the Health System: A Case Study from Somali Region of Ethiopia

Birth registration is the process by which the event and characteristics of a child’s birth are recorded in a country’s civil registry. Ethiopia has one of the lowest levels of civil registration in general globally, and of birth registration in particular with only 3 per cent of children under the age 5 registered with civil authorities. In Somali Region of Ethiopia, only 1% of children under 5 have their births registered. A major gap identified in the civil registration system in Ethiopia is the linkage between the health and the civil registration sectors with most children delivered at the health facilities or in the communities not appropriately registered. This case study used qualitative and quantitative methods to describe the process and outcome of a pilot project on improving birth registration using the health system (health facilities and the community health structures) in 2 project woredas (districts) in Somali region of Ethiopia where no birth had been registered more than five years prior the pilot.
 Within the one-year study period, all 577 births assisted by health extension workers were provided with birth notification slips and 795 (98%) newborns have their birth registered and received birth certificates out of 809 total births reported in the project sites. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of health workers and community structure (mentor mothers) through their community sensitization and mobilization and active reporting process in facilitating registration of births in the civil registration system.

Royal Navy Dental Deployment to the Pitcairn Islands February 2022 Military Assistance to Civilian Authority

Royal Navy Dental Deployment to the Pitcairn Islands February 2022 Military Assistance to Civilian Authority

Heresy and Authority in the Thought of Théodore de Bèze

This article offers a comprehensive account of Théodore de Bèze’s views on the punishment of heretics and a reflection on their broader significance. The core of its analysis focuses on Bèze’s earliest political work, the Anti-Bellius. It provides an assessment of five aspects of Bèze’s discussion: the legal basis for the punishment of heresy; the respective roles of civil and ecclesiastical authorities in disciplining heretics; the definition of heresy; the consensus of all relevant authorities on the matter; and the possibility of grounding justifications for coercion on absolute claims to religious truth. The concluding section examines the enduring role played by these ideas both in Bèze’s own later writings and in subsequent Reformed discussions of the subject. The historical import of Bèze’s formulations is shown to lie in their lasting influence and in the deeper reflections on the nature of political authority on which these formulations rested.

What can be impact of civil authorities’ faulty mortality registration on COVID-19 mortality count in the state of Bihar, India- Evidence from NFHS (National Family Health Survey -5)

Several local / global / national / international agencies have been estimating the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mortality count in different regions. On 30 January 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). Death toll was only 171 on 30-01-2020 and by 31 -12- 2020, this figure increased to 1 813 188. The estimates of global deaths attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 as published by WHO is at least 3 million, which is 1.2 million more than officially reported. Objective of this research study is to find out number of deaths in the household in the three years preceding the survey registered with the civil authorities’ with another objective of this research study is to estimate the excess mortality due to COVID-19 in a simple way to be understood by most of the readers. The total sample size was 35,834 households, 42,483 women of age 15-49 (including 6,350 women interviewed in PSUs in the state module), and 4,897 men of age 15-54 for the state of Bihar. This sample size was based on the size needed to produce reliable indicator estimates for each district. Household questionnaire regarding number of deaths in the household in the three years preceding the survey were collected and utilized to produce information in 19 languages using CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing). This cross sectional survey study revealed that only 37.1 percent of deaths of households members due to any cause were registered with the civil authorities in the three years preceding the survey, of which 28 percent of deaths are at age 0-4, 45 percent of deaths occurred at age 25-34, and 41 percent of deaths occurred at age 35 and above (see table-1 and 2 for more details).

The identification and analysis of risks for civilian ports adapted to military uses

Ports are part of the economic engine of a country, as they play a very important role in the maritime transport chain, either as a node or as a logistics platform. Therefore, they must be protected, maintained, and managed to guarantee their operability. Naval bases, which are generally seaports, are a specific type of port. They are points of support for fleets that contribute in a necessary way to the protection and defense of the territorial waters of a nation and on occasions, to other civil authorities. Even though these ports do not have a purely economic function, their role in national defense makes them critical infrastructures. It is because of this defensive character that military ports are the target of certain threats, such as terrorist attacks.Terrorism has increased considerably over the past years, making it increasingly difficult to predict due to changes in its modus operandi. After 9/11, the world made a formidable effort to prevent this attack from repeating. Among the most outstanding actions in the port sector, the development of the concept of critical infrastructure and the development of the ISPS Code stand out.Nowadays, it can be said that risk management can help to face possible measures against terrorist attacks, as it can determine how to update its current and future infrastructure. The purpose of this article is the divulgation of an investigation, which develops a methodology of risk management to apply in civilian ports adapted to military uses. The proposed methodology tries to simplify the process as much as possible, reducing the steps to be taken, in such a way that risk management becomes simple and functional. Moreover, it tries to exemplify the application of the proposed methodology in a civil port, in Malaga, Spain. The reason behind choosing a civilian port rather than a military port, is due to security reasons, since they must maintain its confidentiality and reserve its information. Finally, the proposed methodology could be applied on different areas, such as coastal management.

Gregor Johann Mendel: From peasant to priest, pedagogue, and prelate

Gregor Mendel was an Augustinian priest in the Monastery of St. Thomas in Brünn (Brno, Czech Republic) as well as a civilian employee who taught natural history and physics in the Brünn Modern School. The monastery’s secular function was to provide teachers for the public schools across Moravia. It was a cultural, educational, and artistic center with an elite core of friar-teachers with a well-stocked library and other amenities including a gourmet kitchen. It was wealthy, with far-flung holdings yielding income from agricultural productions. Mendel had failed his tryout as a parish priest and did not complete his examination for teaching certification despite 2 y of study at the University of Vienna. In addition to his teaching and religious obligations, Mendel carried out daily meteorological and astronomical observations, cared for the monastery's fruit orchard and beehives, and tended plants in the greenhouse and small outdoor gardens. In the years 1856 to 1863, he carried out experiments on heredity of traits in garden peas regarded as revolutionary today but not widely recognized during his lifetime and until 16 y after his death. In 1868 he was elected abbot of the monastery, a significantly elevated position in the ecclesiastical and civil hierarchy. While he had hoped to be elected, and was honored to accept, he severely underestimated its administrative responsibilities and gradually had to abandon his scientific interests. The last decade of his life was marred by an ugly dispute with civil authorities over monastery taxation.

More than a warning: Expanding the role of communication in Eastern Caribbean volcano science

The infrequent nature of volcanic eruptions means that civil authorities and the public may often be unfamiliar with volcanic hazards and may not be fully prepared to deal with them. Many times volcano scientists are required to help governments and citizens understand the threat posed to their lives and property when volcanoes show signs of an imminent eruption. Effectively communicating the potential impact of these events can demand time and skills that these scientists may or may not have. Further, a lack of trusted scientific information can lead to public misinformation and hamper government responses. Although several risk reduction researchers and observatory scientists have advocated for the inclusion of communication specialists in scientific teams, communication resources at many observatories remain under utilised. Using the experience of The University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre (UWI-SRC), this article explores the contribution of a specialist communication team to the work of a volcano monitoring agency. The Education and Outreach (E&O) team at the UWI-SRC manages all the agency’s external communications. The team also works to raise public awareness of geological hazards in the UWI-SRC’s Eastern Caribbean region of responsibility. Within the Caribbean region, most communication research related to disaster risk up until now has focused on communication during crises. Using semi-structured interviews and document review we investigated the impact of strategic communication in a long-term, multi-hazard monitoring programme. A qualitative analysis highlighted the equal importance of crisis communication during unrest and outreach work during quiescent periods. The UWI-SRC’s communication programme has been effective in: 1) supporting scientists’ public communication 2) sustaining stakeholder engagement 3) building physical and social science capacity and 4) strengthening organisational credibility. This article examines the contribution of specialist communication to advisory volcano science throughout the disaster management cycle in the English-speaking Eastern Caribbean. It argues that significant societal value can be added to the scientific work engaged in by advisory scientists by embracing a multi-level communication strategy.

Mutual Vulnerability? Asymmetric Relationships in Biblical Anthropology

The 2019 PBC document views relationships between parents and children, masters and servants, “shepherds” and “the flock,” civil authority and citizens as asymmetric. The structure of the document suggests that these relationship systems are based on shared human experience and a common theological foundation: they appear to repeat the pattern of the parent-child relationship and originate in the obligation to obey God. Using the document as a starting point, I would like to outline what the concept of asymmetric relationships can mean today. In search of common perspectives, I will compare New Testament texts with the interpretation of asymmetry in today’s social ethics discourse. The inequality and asymmetry of different persons and groups seem to be an undeniable fact, causing tension that can be resolved fruitfully by parties who take responsibility for each other in the presence of a “third.”

Army Reserve Participation in Tropic Care 2018: An Innovative Readiness Training to Assess Unit Defense Support of Civil Authorities Response.

ABSTRACTCoronavirus disease 2019 highlighted the Army Reserve as a key partner in Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA). Tropic Care, an Innovative Readiness Training mission, led by the 1984th U.S. Army Hospital, served as a venue to train on unit Mission Essential Task Lists while providing an initial assessment on its DSCA response capability.

Alleviation of Child Abuse as a Religious Duty

In Kenya, cultural practices have idiomatically remained a big thorn in the flesh among the various pastoral communities of Kenya. These pastoralist regions have remained traditionally undeveloped areas; either by design or by default. Such areas have posed a major challenge to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) No. 5 globally, as well as in Kenya. This research article sets out to investigate the role of the Catholic Church in alleviating Child abuse in Kajiado County, which is directly addressing SDG No. 5, which requires the “Elimination of all harmful practices, such as child [abuse], early and forced marriages and female genital mutilation.” Specifically, the research article evaluates the Catholic Church's social teachings and activities which enhance the alleviation of child abuse in Kajiado County. Besides identifying the challenges faced by the Catholic Church, it equally assesses the strategies adopted by the said Church in order to overcome this enigmatic problem of child abuse. This research article is set on the premise that the failure to eradicate child abuse will lead to the continuous psychological, emotional, physical and poor developmental growth of children, hence failing to attain SDG No. 5. The research article is justified by the need to respond to the alarming reports by media, opinion leaders and members of the community concerning the prevalence of child abuse amongst the Maasai communities in Kenya. For good results, this research article has adopted a descriptive survey design in order to collect in-depth data from a diversified sample of respondents who represent the whole Kajiado County population. Simple random and purposive sampling methods were used to choose a sample size of a number of respondents. At the end of the research article it has been revealed that the Catholic Church has social teachings on caring, creating a safe environment for children and ably demands integrity from the assigned the care-givers. Although it was an uphill task and a major challenge in reporting and investigating cases of child abuse, due to some cultural restrictions, the Church has adopted measures such as forming the Diocesan children and youth departments, which helps in formulating policies and advises their respective Church committees on appropriate measures to be taken on child protection. It is finally recommended that the civil authorities and the Sub-County Children Department could protect victims of abuse through giving proper information on the children rights and also by speedily liaising with the authorities in arresting child abusers.

From Borderlands to Boundary Lines: Mapping on the Edges of the Ottoman Empire

ABSTRACT The evolution, nature and characteristics of boundary mapping in Central and Eastern Europe were distinctive, especially considering the imperial borders of states neighbouring the Ottoman Empire. Affected by strong military and geopolitical needs, demarcation maps were not based on cadastres or property mapping undertaken by civil authorities but exclusively on military mapping. The maps were a part of peace treaties with the Ottoman Empire, which gave them the power of legal documents. Moreover, boundary maps constituted an important tool in defending state sovereignty and subsequently in the state- and nation-building processes. In this article I analyse how countries bordering the Ottoman Empire made their demarcation maps, which strategies they applied, what level of cooperation they had with Ottoman cartographers, what cartographic conventions they met, and how these maps were received at the Ottoman court. I argue that boundary mapping was the key driver of territorial statehood in the region.

Sacred Sisters: Gender, Sanctity and Power in Medieval Ireland

Sacred Sisters: Gender, Sanctity and Power in Medieval Ireland

Making gifts from contracts: symbolic resources and resanctification in officers’ language

Officers of the Irish Defence Forces have studied at civilian university since 1969, with the introduction of a policy referred to as the University Service Academic Complement (USAC) scheme. In attending university through USAC, officers are obliged to sign a contract stipulating that they will repay the full costs of their time at university. This paper draws on a study of 46 retired and serving officers, to analyse how they discussed their career and the military officer’s experience of civilian higher education. While the agreement officers are obliged to sign is a legal contract, interviewees consistently characterised their experience of the USAC scheme in terms that omitted this economic reality of the financial implications of attending higher education. Instead, they favoured terms that almost exclusively excluded such a perspective, and instead made the USAC scheme appear to be a ‘gift’ in Marcel Mauss’s terms. This paper illustrates how and why this is the case, in that the use of ‘gift language’ is a type of ‘resanctification’ of the military profession by individual officers in the face of the threat to cohesion and their symbolic universe. Beyond and at the societal level, resanctification through gift language also implies a political 'double-bind' for officers in terms of their relationship with civilian military authorities and the military organisation itself. This paper concludes with an overview of some of the implications of a gift analysis for militaries and their surrounding societies.

Catholic Conscience and Civil Disobedience: The Primacy of Truth

Catholic Conscience and Civil Disobedience:The Primacy of Truth Angel Perez-Lopez and Israel Perez-Lopez Introduction Sacred Scripture describes different examples of moral conscience dictating civil disobedience. For instance, think of the situation of Daniel (see Dan 6:6–10). In this and many other cases, we always find, above all, a defense of truth and of its primacy over conscience and civil authority.1 In a culture that rapidly abandons Christendom and rejects the Catholic social values once prevalent, this same issue is gaining prominence. Recent civil mandates related to Covid-19 vaccination are raising anew the challenging moral question, among faithful Catholics, concerning the legitimacy of civil disobedience.2 Part of the difficulty consists in the struggle [End Page 773] to harmonize two statements from the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) concerning the Covid-19 vaccines. On the one hand, it is affirmed that, under certain circumstances, the use of some of these vaccines is morally permissible: "When ethically irreproachable Covid-19 vaccines are not available (e.g. in countries where vaccines without ethical problems are not made available to physicians and patients, or where their distribution is more difficult due to special storage and transport conditions, or when various types of vaccines are distributed in the same country but health authorities do not allow citizens to choose the vaccine with which to be inoculated) it is morally acceptable to receive Covid-19 vaccines that have used cell lines from aborted fetuses in their research and production process."3 On the other hand, the CDF also affirms that vaccination should be voluntary; it is not obligatory as a rule: "Practical reason makes evident that vaccination is not, as a rule, a moral obligation and that, therefore, it must be voluntary."4 Some Catholics are clinging to the first affirmation to advocate for the primacy of authority in the civil mandate to be vaccinated. Others, instead, are clinging to the second affirmation to uphold the primacy of conscience and the right to civil disobedience. The controversy is reaching a boiling point in the United States. It seems that tertium non datur. In this essay, however, aided by the guidance of our moral magisterium and Thomas Aquinas, we would like to show how these two statements from the CDF are not incompatible. We would like to offer a third option to the ones previously described. Our thesis is that the way to bring about the harmony of both statements consists in underscoring the primacy of truth, in our comprehension of conscience, authority, and civil disobedience. The essay will be divided into two different sections. The first section deals with the general principles at play in the Catholic understanding of conscience and civil disobedience under the primacy of truth. Thus, it focuses on providing some needed information to get rid of the relativistic and political lenses through which many Catholics today are approaching the vaccine mandates. The second section of the essay is instead more particular. It makes a moral evaluation of the recent mandates to be vaccinated. [End Page 774] General Principles Too Political? As Catholics, we should not be so radical as to think that moral theology has nothing to say about these political matters. A legitimate understanding of the separation between church and state does not forbid the Church's magisterial teaching and moral theology to be concerned with this issue. The Church is not only a mother but also a teacher: "The church's motherhood can never in fact be separated from her teaching mission, which she must always carry out as the faithful Bride of Christ, who is the Truth in person."5 Moreover, "life in common within the State possesses a relevant moral value and presents specific demands that—according to the law of the Incarnation, though with a completely particular modality—enter in to form a part of the following of Christ. Therefore, moral theology must treat of it."6 Thus, we would like to invite our readers to divest from political biases that may be influencing their reasoning. This is not about being Republican or Democrat first and then using one's faith to express our political views. The...

“The True and Only Bones of Columbus”: Relics, Archives, and Reversed Scenarios of Discovery

AbstractThis essay examines the ceremonies surrounding the 1877 alleged finding of Christopher Columbus's remains in the cathedral of Santo Domingo. The act of exhuming a body believed to be in Spain's possession posed a challenge for the former colonial power, which was in the process of turning Columbus into a national symbol. The Spanish government forcefully denied the legitimacy of the Dominican claim, calling it a “spectacle” contrived by the nation's religious and civil authorities. Building on Diana Taylor's theoretical framework, the essay looks at the 1877 ceremonies as social performances that facilitated the transmission of deeply rooted cultural memories. Whereas the procession of the remains from the cathedral to the church repeated the ritualized gestures prescribed for the discovery and transfer of relics, the performance enacted in the cathedral upended a different “scenario of discovery”—the one enacted by Spanish conquerors when they took possession of a new territory.

Civil-Military Cooperation in Disaster and Emergency Response: Practices, Challenges, and Opportunities

Civilian authorities increasingly request military involvement in national emergencies and (inter)national disasters. This article aims to contribute to our understanding of these new civil-military interactions. The authors first reflect on three themes: (1) guidelines, principles, and goals of civil-military cooperation; (2) domain consensus through civil-military agreement on the allocation of areas of responsibility; and (3) militarization processes. The authors describe how these themes feature in traditional, expeditionary civil-military cooperation and in these new civil-military partnerships. Next, the authors consider the effects of the growing military role in emergencies and disasters on civil-military relations. The article concludes with some recommendations and a research agenda.