Wastewater Treatment Plant Of City Research Articles

Occurrence and Fate of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic Wastewater Treatment Process

The occurrence and removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was examined at different stages at a anaerobic-anoxic-oxic biological wastewater treatment plant in Qingdao City, eastern China. Results shown that 13 PAHs were detected at different treatment stage in wastewater and sludge. The total concentration in the influents was 15194.3ng/L, higher than the existing reports. Most abundant PAHs in influent were Naphthalene, Benzo(g,h,i)perylene, and Pyrene, accounting for 86.4%. The removal efficiencies of individual PAH compounds ranged from -7.5% to 73.5% in the total treatment process. A significant relationship was observed between the removal efficiency and log Kow of the PAH compounds in the grit stage (when the values of log Kow were higher than approximately 5), suggesting that these compounds were principally removed through sorption to sludge particles and transfer to sludge processing systems. In secondary stage, the removal efficiency of PAHs was only 4.4% due to impact of low temperature on biological activity. The removal efficiency of 28.8% indicated A2O process was not ideal in removing PAHs.

Impact assessment of odours emitted by a wastewater treatment plant

Complaints from the Domingos Martins population about sewage odours in the city made the district attorney order an impact assessment of the odours emitted by the city wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). This study comprised various techniques, models and population surveys. In 2007, an odour emission model proved that the main hydrogen sulphide emitter was the aeration tank of the WWTP (13.5 g h(-1)) and such emissions, according to CALPUFF model, should be perceived in the whole Domingos Martins city centre area. In this area, 58% of those interviewed were annoyed by the WWTP odours. However, in 2009, the odour monitoring panel recorded few odour occurrences. A second population survey showed that hereafter only 20% of those interviewed were annoyed by the WWTP emissions. Odour emission and dispersion models run with 2010 data proved a drastic reduction of the WWTP aeration tank emissions and consequently the city centre was not bothered by WWTP emissions anymore. The odour emission reduction was due to the modification of the WWTP aeration tank system. Despite the odour emission reduction, houses located southeast of the WWTP were still annoyed by sewage odours. However, in this part of the town, other sources of sewage odours have been found.

Dewatering and Mineralization of Sludge from Secondary Sedimentation Tank in a Constructed Sludge Drying Reed Bed

The dewatering and mineralization of sludge in the constructed reed bed was investigated in this study.The sludge from the secondary sedimentation tank is from in the wastewater treatment plant in Yiyang city,Hunan province.Anaerobic pond and oxidation ditch biological treatment processes is accepted there.The performance of the system was monitored for one year. Total Solids (TS), Volatile Solids(VS), Chemical Oxygen Demand, nutrients (TKN) and Total Phosphorus(TP), heavy metals in the sludge were analysed.The removal rate of COD,NH4-N,and TP of the percolated fluid for the first cycle was also monitored. TS content reached 36.5% for the surface layer and 37.8% for the bottom layer at the end of the examination period.Sludge stabilization in the bed was also observed(VS content decreased to 31.3% and 13.4% respectively for the surface and bottom layer).Concentration of nutrients of the sludge accumulated in the bed also decreased. The heavy metal concentration meets the European Union standards for heavy metals in case of agricultural disposal of the treated sludge.

CONDITION OF PRIMARY PRODUCERS COMMUNITIES IN THE AREA OF THE CITY OF UFA WASTEWATER BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PLANTS’ DISCHARGE

Prediction and assessment of ecological condition of watercourse receiving wastewater can be made with the use of a variety of methods including hydrobiological and some others.The article describes the study of wastewater effects on the degree of phytoplankton growing in the area within 500m up and down the Belaya River from the city wastewater treatment plant and Demsk sewage treatment plants of Ufa. Basic structural and quantitative characteristics of autotrophic plankton are analyzed. The degree of organic pollution according to indicator groups is identified. The estimation of one of the basic components of aquatic ecosystem structure is given.

The search for new antibiotic substances from filamentous fungi

In an environment contaminated with high concentrations of antibiotic pharmaceuticals, bacteria develop multi-resistance more easily. Is it possible that these resistant bacteria would also accelerate the evolutionary response of the surrounding micro-flora that has to combat them for survival? And in that case, can we exploit that response to discover new antibiotics that have developed in that micro-environment? We have explored the antibacterial activity and chemistry of micro fungi from a river situated close to a wastewater treatment plant in the Indian city of Patancheru, where extreme concentrations of several pharmaceuticals, such as the broad spectrum antibiotic ciprofloxacin (28–31mg/mL) and other fluoroquinolones (up to 780µg/L) occur; 1From the Indian river sediment, 61 filamentous fungi were isolated, cultivated and extracted. Several strains of the genus Aspergillus showed antimicrobial activity against susceptible and multi-resistant bacteria, such as meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, ESBL-producing E. coli and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus. The highest activity was observed for Aspergillus fumigatus, whose extract contained the secondary metabolite gliotoxin; 2The production of gliotoxin was triggered by the addition of lipopolysaccharides, indicating a direct correlation between bacterial structural elements and the production of antibiotic compounds; 1D.G. Larsson et al., J Hazard Mater, 2007; 2K.S. Svahn et al., Infect Ecol Epid, 2012 in press.

Acidic pharmaceuticals in domestic wastewater and receiving water from hyper-urbanization city of China (Shanghai): environmental release and ecological risk

The occurrence, behavior, and release of five acidic pharmaceuticals, including ibuprofen (IBP), naproxen (NPX), ketoprofen (KEP), diclofenac (DFC), and clofibric acid (CA), have been investigated along the different units in a tertiary-level domestic wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in hyper-urbanization city of China (Shanghai). IBP was the most abundant chemicals among the measured in raw wastewater. The loads of the acidic pharmaceuticals in the WWTP influent ranged from 7.5 to 414 mg/day/1,000 inh, which were lower than those reported in the developed countries suggesting a less per capita consumption of pharmaceuticals in Shanghai. IBP obtained by highest removal (87 %); NPX and KEP were also significantly removed (69-76 %). However, DFC and CA were only moderately removed by 37-53 %, respectively. Biodegradation seemed to play a key role in the elimination of the studied pharmaceuticals except for DFC and CA. An annual release of acidic pharmaceuticals was estimated at 1,499 and 61.7 kg/year through wastewater and sludge, respectively, from Shanghai. Highest pharmaceuticals concentrations were detected in the effluent discharge point of the WWTP, indicating that WWTP effluent is the main source of the acidic pharmaceuticals to its receiving river. Preliminary results indicated that only DFC in river had a high risk to aquatic organisms. Nevertheless, the joint toxicity effects of these chemicals are needed to further investigate.

Critical modeling parameters identified for 3D CFD modeling of rectangular final settling tanks for New York City wastewater treatment plants

New York City Environmental Protection is in the process of incorporating biological nitrogen removal (BNR) in its wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) which entails operating the aeration tanks with higher levels of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) than a conventional activated sludge process. The objective of this paper is to discuss two of the important parameters introduced in the 3D CFD model that has been developed by the City College of New York (CCNY) group: (a) the development of the 'discrete particle' measurement technique to carry out the fractionation of the solids in the final settling tank (FST) which has critical implications in the prediction of the effluent quality; and (b) the modification of the floc aggregation (K(A)) and floc break-up (K(B)) coefficients that are found in Parker's flocculation equation (Parker et al. 1970, 1971) used in the CFD model. The dependence of these parameters on the predictions of the CFD model will be illustrated with simulation results on one of the FSTs at the 26th Ward WWTP in Brooklyn, NY.

Primary Treatment of Domestic Wastewater and Wet Weather Flow Using High Rate Up-flow Filtration System with Floating Media in Mega City Seoul

Primary Treatment of Domestic Wastewater and Wet Weather Flow Using High Rate Up-flow Filtration System with Floating Media in Mega City SeoulA municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWWTP) in City of Seoul has been discharging 58% of annual total biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) loads during the wet season. The City of Seoul's master plan is to construct wet weather flow treatment facilities for total capacity of 9,750,000m3/d (2,574 MGD) by 2026. Therefore, the City of Seoul is in the process of constructing BKT's high rate...Author(s)Yong Joon YoonIn Geun ParkMin Ki JungDae Hwan RhuYoung Jin EumJoon H. MinSourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Sep, 2012ISSN1938-6478DOI10.2175/193864712811726248Volume / Issue2012 / 14Content sourceWEFTECCopyright2012Word count287

Using of polymer with Effective Microorganism (EM1) to Improvement of sludge dewater ability

This study evaluates the feasibility of using of polymer with effective microorganism (EM1) to improvement of dewater ability of sludge which is produced from secondary settling tank in Mosul medical city wastewater treatment plant. Nine different doses from polymer were used (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40,50, and 100 mg/l). To improvement of performance of polymer effective microorganism (EM1), percentages of 1, 2 % from volume of treated sludge was used, In addition to that polymer and EM1 used alone to investigate the effective for each one. The specific resistance to filtration (SRF) was used as an indicator to illustrate the best one from doses was used. The experimental results indicate that the best dose of polymer was 30 mg/ l when 1% from EM1 as addition dose was used, The study also shows that the SRF was varying inversely with the total solids, and furthermore the study showed that the relationship between RSF and concentration of total solid in filtrate solution was and reflected with pH filtrate solution.

Occurrence and removal of antibiotics, hormones and several other pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants of the largest industrial city of Korea

Occurrence and removal efficiencies of 20 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) including antibiotics, hormones, and several other miscellaneous pharmaceuticals (analgesics, antiepileptics, antilipidemics, antihypertensives, antiseptics, and stimulants) were investigated in five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of Ulsan, the largest industrial city of Korea. The compounds were extracted from wastewater samples by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS). The results showed that acetaminophen, atenolol and lincomycin were the main individual pollutants usually found in concentrations over 10 μg/L in the sewage influent. In the WWTPs, the concentrations of analgesic acetaminophen, stimulant caffeine, hormones estriol and estradiol decreased by over 99%. On the contrary, the antibiotic sulfamethazine, the antihypertensive metoprolol, and the antiepileptic carbamazepine exhibited removal efficiencies below 30%. Particularly, removal of antibiotics was observed to vary between − 11.2 and 69%. In the primary treatment (physico-chemical processes), the removal of pharmaceuticals was insignificant (up to 28%) and removal of majority of the pharmaceuticals occurred during the secondary treatment (biological processes). The compounds lincomycin, carbamazepine, atenolol, metoprolol, and triclosan showed better removal in WWTPs employing modified activated sludge process with co-existence of anoxic-oxic condition. Further investigation into the design and operational aspects of the biological processes is warranted for the efficient removal of PPCPs, particularly antibiotics, to secure healthy water resource in the receiving downstream, thereby ensuring a sustainable water cycle management.

Using of Fine Particle to Improvement of Sludge Dewater Ability

The main objective of this study is to compare the performance of three alternative materials used to improve dewatering of sludge produced from secondary settling tank of Mosul medical city wastewater treatment plant; those materials are Kaolin, Limestone and Clay stone.Six dry weight percentages for each alternative are used (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12) % from dry weight of sludge. The specific resistance to filtration (SRF) was used as a criterion to compare the studied materials.Experimental results showed that SRF is 4.1×1012, 5.9×1012, 5.8×1012 m/kg when 8% additional dose were used for each of Kaolin, Limestone and Clay stone respectively, this study showed that the best alternative material studied is kaolin which achieve decreasing efficiency in SRF more than 70%.

Use of Municipal Sludge with Soil on Marigold Flower Growth in Pot Experiments: Case Study of Vientiane City, Lao P.D.R

This paper presents the results of the study taken in ThaDua Wastewater Treatment Plant of Vientiane city to investigate the Use of municipal sludge with soil on Marigold flower growth in pot experiments. Sludge samples from the rice farm were examined periodically during the period from February to June 2010 using the chemical analytical method for soil, Organic matter (OM) was measured with volumetric analysis using Walkley and black method. The pH value was measured in a 1:1 (w/v), using pH meter. The plant was grown for 75 days, approximately 2.5 months (between April and June 2010). The bacteriological and chemical characteristics of the sludge after centrifuging were measured in order to establish the possibility of land disposal. And the Results for Marigold flowers as the chosen for the experiment, were that all mixtures of castings (C) with PP, PBS, except 3 PP: 1 C (v/v), increased the growth index of plants.

Biogas production from the sludge of the municipal wastewater treatment plant of Adrar city (southwest of Algeria)

Abstract This study deals with the treatment and valorization of sludge issued from the municipal wastewater treatment plant of Adrar city (southwest of Algeria). The sludge considered was a complex mixture of substances, essentially organic matters with a rate of 54%. An acute biological activity of the crude substrate was noted (1.67 106 germs/1 ml). The diluted sludge with a content of 16 g/l of total solids (TS) was fermented in a digester of one litter capacity under anaerobic conditions during 33 days. The quantity of biogas produced was 280.31 Nml with a yield of 30 Nml of biogas/mg of COD removed. The COD, BOD and TS reduction yields were 88, 90 and 81% respectively, followed by a complete destruction of the pathogenic flora particularly Escherichia coli. This study presented an important energetic opportunity by producing 30,950 KWh.

Determination of atrazine in surface waters by combination of POCIS passive sampling and ELISA detection

Polar organic compound integrative samplers (POCIS) in combination with instrumental techniques such as LC-MS-MS were previously used to monitor environmental pollutants but the performance of alternative immunochemical methods such as ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) has been explored less. In the present study, POCIS technology was applied to surface water sampling in the Czech Republic, and ELISA was used as a detection technique for the herbicide atrazine. In the first study, 28 samples from streams around small municipal waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) were collected using two different devices (POCISpest and POCISpharm) over the course of 21 days. Elevated atrazine concentrations (up to 25 ng per POCIS) were found in samples down-stream of WWTPs. This observation was also confirmed in another two year study (4 sampling periods) investigating 7 river sites around a major city of Brno as well as the inlet and outlet of the city's WWTP. High atrazine levels were systematically determined at the outlet from the WWTPs (120-605 ng per POCIS). A decreasing trend in the atrazine concentrations in rivers around the city of Brno has been observed, with the highest levels observed within the first sampling period in spring 2007 (100-600 ng per POCIS, with an extreme value of 2760 ng per POCIS). Results of the atrazine ELISA were closely correlated with LC-MS/MS, which confirmed good applicability of ELISA as a cost-effective screening tool.

GE MBR technology helps city in New Zealand meet tough regulations

To comply with stricter environmental requirements, Rotorua, New Zealand, has selected GE's bacteria-removing membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology for the upgrade of the city's wastewater treatment plant.

A Sustainable Approach to Low Pressure Reverse Osmosis Concentrate Management

Population increases within the city of Ormond Beach, Fla., increased demands on the city's existing 8-mgd conventional lime-softening water treatment plant. Because of deteriorating raw water quality, the city's consultant conducted a pilot study and completed preliminary and final designs for a 4-mgd low pressure reverse osmosis (LPRO) expansion. A critical aspect of the project focused on managing the concentrate stream. Although concentrate characteristics are functions of raw water quality, membrane selectivity, and system operating conditions, LPRO concentrate is generally characterized by elevated values of total dissolved solids, chloride, total hardness, organic carbon, and/or color. The concentrate management strategy implemented for the project consisted of blending LPRO concentrate with reclaimed water at the city's wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), which augmented reclaimed water supplies with an unused resource without consuming the WWTP's treatment capacity.

Cadmium-Resistance Plasmid Affected Cd+2 Uptake More Than Cd+2 Adsorption in Klebsiella oxytoca

ABSTRACT A bacterial strain was isolated from Petra City Wastewater Treatment Plant. This isolate was identified as Klebsiella oxytoca based on 16S rDNA analysis. A single plasmid (> 23 kb) was detected in this strain and transformed into Esherichia coli JM83. The transformed E. coli cells exhibited elevated resistance to cadmium as compared to parental plasmid-free cells. The sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-treated cells showed higher efficiency in plasmid curing than the ethidium bromide–treated cells. The ethidium bromide–cured cells grew only in a 10 μ g/ml Cd+ 2 minimal tolerable concentration, whereas the SDS-treated cells had no growth in any of the Cd concentrations tested (2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 ppm). Contrary to the Freundlich model, the Langmuir model gave a good fit to the Cd biosorption data by K. oxytoca cells. Plasmid curing caused 80%, 82%, and 70% inhibition in the Cd biosorption, adsorption, and uptake, respectively. Furthermore, the absence of lysine decarboxylase (LDC) activity in the cured strain strongly implies that the structural gene-encoding LDC in this bacterium is plasmid encoded. After curing of the plasmid, 100% of the antibiotic-resistant loci were observed as chromosomal encoded. All of the results shown above indicated that the Cd resistance is plasmid mediated.

Evaluation of biodegradation of nonylphenol ethoxylate and lignin by combining toxicity assessment and chemical characterization

The aerobic biodegradation of commercial nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPE) mixture and alkali lignin was studied using the OECD headspace test accompanied by the simultaneous measurement of ecotoxicity directly from the biodegradation liquors and by the follow-up of the chemical composition of the studied chemicals. NPE degradation was dependent on the inoculum source: approximately 40% of NPE was mineralized into CO 2 during the 4-week experiment when inoculum from Helsinki City wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was used, and only 12% was mineralized when inoculum from Jyväskylä City WWTP was used. Chemical analyses revealed a shift in the ethoxylate chain length from longer to shorter soon after the beginning of the NPE biodegradation tests. At the same time also toxicity (reverse electron transport assay, RET) and estrogenic activity (human estrogen receptor yeast) measured directly from the biodegradation liquors decreased. In case of alkali lignin, approximately 11% was mineralized in the test and chemical analysis showed in maximum a 30% decrease in lignin concentration. Toxicity of lignin biodegradation liquors started to decrease in the beginning of the test, but became more toxic towards the end of the test again. Especially RET assay proved to be sensitive enough for measuring toxicity changes directly from biodegradation liquors, although a concentrating treatment of the liquors is recommended for a more detailed characterization and identification of toxic metabolites.

Application of flotation in the decontamination of sediments from the Cerny prikop stream

Application of flotation in the decontamination of sediments from the Cerny prikop stream The stream Cerny prikop is located in the Ostrava city districts of Marianske Hory, Moravska Ostrava and Privoz. This locality belongs to the most polluted areas in Ostrava as it is unbearably polluted by the Coking Plant of Jan Sverma, company BorsodChem MCHZ (the chemical plant), City Waste Water Treatment Plant and a number of other companies in the given territory, all the way to its mouth to the Odra River. Moreover, the area is also affected by the construction of the D 47 motorway. The sediments of Cerny prikop represent a significant ecological burden within the Ostrava urban area. They are contaminated by a wide range of organic pollutants which have never been exactly identified.

The effects of irrigation methods with effluent and irrigation scheduling on water use efficiency and corn yields in an arid region

A great challenge for the agricultural sector is to produce more food from less water, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions which suffer from water scarcity. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of three irrigation methods, using effluent versus fresh water, on water savings, yields and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). The irrigation scheduling was based on soil moisture and rooting depth monitoring. The experimental design was a split plot with three main treatments, namely subsurface drip (SSD), surface drip (SD) and furrow irrigation (FI) and two sub-treatments effluent and fresh water, which were applied with three replications. The experiment was conducted at the Marvdasht city (Southern Iran) wastewater treatment plant during 2005 and 2006. The experimental results indicated that the average water applied in the irrigation treatments with monitoring was much less than that using the conventional irrigation method (using furrows but based on a constant irrigation interval, without moisture monitoring). The maximum water saving was obtained using SSD with 5907 m 3 ha −1 water applied, and the minimum water saving was obtained using FI with 6822 m 3 ha −1. The predicted irrigation water requirements using the Penman–Monteith equation (considering 85% irrigation efficiency for the FI method) was 10,743 m 3 ha −1. The pressure irrigation systems (SSD and SD) led to a greater yield compared to the surface method (FI). The highest yield (12.11 × 10 3 kg ha −1) was obtained with SSD and the lowest was obtained with the FI method (9.75 × 10 3 kg ha −1). The irrigation methods indicated a highly significant difference in irrigation water use efficiency. The maximum IWUE was obtained with the SSD (2.12 kg m −3) and the minimum was obtained with the FI method (1.43 kg m −3). Irrigation with effluent led to a greater IWUE compared to fresh water, but the difference was not statistically significant.