Population Density In Cities Research Articles

Acoustic to Electronic and Public to Private: An Introduction to Music in the Great Expansion (1700–2100 CE)

Acoustic to Electronic and Public to Private: An Introduction to Music in the Great Expansion (1700–2100 CE)

A cooperative crowdsensing system based on flying and ground vehicles to control respiratory viral disease outbreaks

The massive increase in population density in cities has led to several urban problems, such as an increment of air pollution, traffic congestion, and a faster spread of infectious diseases. With the rapid innovation in the intelligent sensors technology, and its integration into smart vehicles and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), a novel sensing paradigm has been promoted, namely vehicular crowdsensing, which leverages on-board sensors to capture information from the surrounding environment. Collected data are then analyzed to take proper countermeasures. In this paper, we present a smart coordination mechanism between UAVs and ground vehicles (GVs), which sense information like body temperature and breathing rate of people, in order to support a variety of monitoring applications, including discovering the presence of infectious diseases. In our framework, namely GUAVA, aerial and ground vehicles are equipped with GPS devices and thermal cameras to monitor specific geographic areas, detect humans’ vital parameters and, at the same time, discover duplicate data by identifying matching faces in thermal video sequences with the GaussianFace algorithm. The sensing tasks in hard-to-reach places are assigned to UAVs, with the ability to power up wirelessly from the nearest GV and offload the collected monitoring images to it. Simulation results have assessed our proposed framework, showing good performance in terms of distinct Quality of Service (QoS) metrics.

Physical layer authentication for extending battery life

Increasing population density in cities, and the increasing demand for efficiency in resource usage call for architectures enabling smart cities, such as the Internet of Things (IoT). In most such scenarios, the data generated by IoT sensors is not confidential, but its integrity is critical. Data integrity can be achieved by establishing certification mechanisms that provide cryptographic message authentication protocols; however, this requires relatively expensive components for storing and processing the encryption key on the sensor and consumes more power while processing and transmitting data, which leads to the renunciation of security issues in cost sensitive deployments. In this paper, we propose a security solution that provides data integrity without draining the batteries of IoT sensors. Our solution consists of, (i) differentiating legitimate sensors by taking advantage of their impurities formed during the manufacturing process of the transceiver components, and (ii) eliminating the complex components that carry out cryptography as well as the redundant packet header fields, thereby yielding power savings. The testbed implementation of the proposed solution yields power measurement results providing an estimate of 2.52 times improvement in battery life without compromising the integrity of communications in the system, in addition to offering an increase in spectral efficiency and a decrease in the overall IoT device cost.

Influence of the Population Density of Cities on Energy Consumption of Their Households

36% of the energy consumed and 40% of emissions are due to buildings in the residential and tertiary sectors. These antecedents have forced governments to focus on saving energy and reducing emissions in this sector. To help government decision-making and facilitate energy planning for utilities, this work analyzes the energy consumption that occurs in city buildings. The information used to carry it out is publicly accessible. The study is carried out from the point of view of the population density of the cities, and these are analyzed individually. Furthermore, the area actually occupied by the city has been considered. The results are studied by inhabitant and household. The proposed method has been applied to the case of Spanish cities with more than 50,000 inhabitants. The results show that the higher the population density, the higher the energy consumption. This occurs both per inhabitant and per household. Furthermore, the consumption of electrical energy is inelastic, which is not the case with the consumption of thermal origin.

Population Density or Populations Size. Which Factor Determines Urban Traffic Congestion?

A large number of articles have documented that as population density of cities increases, car use declines and public transit use rises. These articles had a significant impact of promoting high-density compact urban development to mitigate traffic congestion. Another approach followed by other researchers used the urban scaling model to indicate that traffic congestion increases as population size of cities increases, thus generating a possible contradictory result. Therefore, this study examines the role of both density and population size on traffic congestion in 164 global cities by the use of Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology model. We divide 164 cities into the two subgroups of 66 low density cities and 98 high density cities for analysis. The findings from the subgroups analysis indicated a clear-cut difference on the critical role of density in low-density cities and the exclusive role of population size in high-density cities. Furthermore, using threshold regression model, 164 cities are divided into the two regions of large and small population cities to determine population scale advantage of traffic congestion. Our findings highlight the importance of including analysis of subgroups based on density and/or population size in future studies of traffic congestion.

PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT ECOVILLAGE

The article is devoted to the study of the ecological situation in Ukraine, defining the role, prerequisites and measures for the organization of energy-efficient ecological settlements in sustainable development, as well as the analysis of domestic and foreign design experience. The world we live in is on the brink of global catastrophe. After analyzing acute environmental problems, it was found that one of the main ways to preserve and restore natural resources, as well as improve the environmental situation is the development of energy-efficient ecological settlements. Energy-efficient ecological settlements have become particularly visible since their articulation as a social movement, since 1994, namely since the establishment of the Global Network of Eco-Settlements (GEN). Such communities existed long before the term ecovillage was founded. Ecovillages demonstrate a different way of life, aimed at a better quality of life, while reducing the ecological footprint. The idea of implementation and development of these settlements is based on solving environmental, economic and socio-cultural problems. The creation of eco-settlements is based on more relevant factors and principles, the main of which are environmental. The plan of ecological restoration and protection of the environment is possible due to the factors of organization, the main components and measures of designing energy-efficient ecological settlements in compliance with political goals. The study focuses on the special characteristics and principles of designing energy-efficient ecological settlements with low consumption of resources, which present innovative technologies, architectural planning, spatial composition, environmental and economic measures. Examining the principles and means of organization as well as the concept of sustainable development, it was found that these settlements meet all 17 global goals of sustainable development, through smooth integration and adaptation to the local natural and social environment. After defining the role in sustainable development, the most influential examples of domestic and foreign projects on urban planning aspects of the formation and spatial organization of energy efficient settlements in the dynamics of their historical development are analyzed. Such settlements will grow out of the needs and opportunities caused by new environmental constraints (due to the high population density in cities), a new level of consciousness and the need to rebuild their own state.

Geographic reach and nutritional quality of foods available from mobile online food delivery service applications: novel opportunities for retail food environment surveillance

BackgroundOnline Food Delivery Services (OFDS) have rapidly expanded in North America, but their implications for geographic access to food and potential dietary outcomes of their use are poorly understood. The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which OFDS may geographically expand retail food environments. A secondary objective is to evaluate the healthfulness of foods available on mobile OFDS in a large Canadian city using the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015).MethodsRetailers’ distance from delivery location was assessed on a large ODFS platform using 24 randomly selected urban postal codes in Ontario, Canada (n = 480 retailers). Distance to the first 10 and the last 10 listed retailers in each postal code was examined in relation to a) city population, b) city population density, and c) whether retailers appeared first or last. Second, to determine the healthfulness of food items available, menus of twelve retailers (n = 759 menu items) from four popular OFDS platforms available in Mississauga, Ontario, were coded using the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies-2015, and Food Patterns Equivalents Database-2015. Coded items were used to derive HEI-2015 scores.ResultsDelivery distances from the sample of postal codes in Ontario ranged from 0.3 km to 9.4 km (mean 3.7 km), and the total number of retailers available to each postal code ranged from 33 to 472. Substantial, positive correlations existed between total number of retailers available and both city population (r = 0.71), and population density (r = 0.51). HEI-2015 scores for retailers’ full menus were typically low, and ranged from 19.95 to 50.78 out of 100.ConclusionsOFDS substantially increases geographic access to foods prepared away from home (by up to 9 km and 472 restaurants). Food offerings on OFDS applications do not meet healthy eating recommendations. Given the projected continued rapid expansion of OFDS, particularly in the midst of a global pandemic, surveillance and future research on OFDS and population dietary health is warranted.

Association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and long-term exposure to air pollution: Evidence from the first epidemic wave in China.

People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, or hypertension have a high risk of developing severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and of COVID-19 mortality. However, the association between long-term exposure to air pollutants, which increases cardiopulmonary damage, and vulnerability to COVID-19 has not yet been fully established. We collected data of confirmed COVID-19 cases during the first wave of the epidemic in mainland China. We fitted a generalized linear model using city-level COVID-19 cases and severe cases as the outcome, and long-term average air pollutant levels as the exposure. Our analysis was adjusted using several variables, including a mobile phone dataset, covering human movement from Wuhan before the travel ban and movements within each city during the period of the emergency response. Other variables included smoking prevalence, climate data, socioeconomic data, education level, and number of hospital beds for 324 cities in China. After adjusting for human mobility and socioeconomic factors, we found an increase of 37.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 23.8%–52.0%), 32.3% (95% CI: 22.5%–42.4%), and 14.2% (7.9%–20.5%) in the number of COVID-19 cases for every 10-μg/m3 increase in long-term exposure to NO2, PM2.5, and PM10, respectively. However, when stratifying the data according to population size, the association became non-significant. The present results are derived from a large, newly compiled and geocoded repository of population and epidemiological data relevant to COVID-19. The findings suggested that air pollution may be related to population vulnerability to COVID-19 infection, although the extent to which this relationship is confounded by city population density needs further exploration.

Ambient fine particulate matter in Latin American cities: Levels, population exposure, and associated urban factors

BackgroundExposure to particulate matter (PM2.5) is a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality. Yet few studies have examined patterns of population exposure and investigated the predictors of PM2.5 across the rapidly growing cities in lower- and middle-income countries. ObjectivesCharacterize PM2.5 levels, describe patterns of population exposure, and investigate urban factors as predictors of PM2.5 levels. MethodsWe used data from the Salud Urbana en America Latina/Urban Health in Latin America (SALURBAL) study, a multi-country assessment of the determinants of urban health in Latin America, to characterize PM2.5 levels in 366 cities comprising over 100,000 residents using satellite-derived estimates. Factors related to urban form and transportation were explored. ResultsWe found that about 172 million or 58% of the population studied lived in areas with air pollution levels above the defined WHO-AQG of 10 μg/m3 annual average. We also found that larger cities, cities with higher GDP, higher motorization rate and higher congestion tended to have higher PM2.5. In contrast cities with higher population density had lower levels of PM2.5. In addition, at the sub-city level, higher intersection density was associated with higher PM2.5 and more green space was associated with lower PM2.5. When all exposures were examined adjusted for each other, higher city per capita GDP and higher sub-city intersection density remained associated with higher PM2.5 levels, while higher city population density remained associated with lower levels. The presence of mass transit was also associated with lower PM2.5 after adjustment. The motorization rate also remained associated with PM2.5 and its inclusion attenuated the effect of population density. DiscussionThese results show that PM2.5 exposures remain a major health risk in Latin American cities and suggest that urban planning and transportation policies could have a major impact on ambient levels.

Association between population density and infection rate suggests the importance of social distancing and travel restriction in reducing the COVID-19 pandemic.

Currently, 2019-nCoV has spread to most countries of the world. Understanding the environmental factors that affect the spread of the disease COVID-19 infection is critical to stop the spread of the disease. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether population density is associated with the infection rate of the COVID-19. We collected data from official webpages of cities in China and in the USA. The data were organized on Excel spreadsheets for statistical analyses. We calculated the morbidity and population density of cities and regions in these two countries. We then examined the relationship between morbidity and other factors. Our analysis indicated that the population density in cities in Hubei province where the COVID-19 was severe was associated with a higher percentage of morbidity, with an r value of 0.62. Similarly, in the USA, the density of 51 states and territories is also associated with morbidity from COVID-19 with an r value of 0.55. In contrast, as a control group, there is no association between the morbidity and population density in 33 other regions of China, where the COVID-19 epidemic is well under control. Interestingly, our study also indicated that these associations were not influenced by the first case of COVID-19. The rate of morbidity and the number of days from the first case in the USA have no association, with an r value of − 0.1288. Population density is positively associated with the percentage of patients with COVID-19 infection in the population. Our data support the importance of such as social distancing and travel restriction in the prevention of COVID-19 spread.Graphical abstract Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-021-12364-4.

Determinants of regional agroindustry and spillovers between Siberian local markets

This paper investigates the relationship between spatial distribution of economic activity and local markets of primary sector in panel of Siberian regions over the period 2005-2018, using measure of localization that is Theil index considering two hierarchical levels. Section 2 describes the data and method using geospatial toolset that we have proposed, discusses the construction model for study spatial concentration spillovers between local markets. In Section 3 we study how the processes of urbanization and growth of population density in cities and agricultural development in rural areas affect the formation of local housing markets, and as a consequence, the associated local markets for goods and resources; and the last section concludes. Keywords: economic growth, regional economics, agricultural industry, local markets, spillovers, housing market

The choice of optimal sites for controlled landfill using the Analytical Hierarchy Process and the Geographic Information System: A case of Oum Azza in Morocco

Depending on the technical, institutional, economic and social limits of developing countries, as well as the population density in cities, nowadays, the volume of urban waste has increased considerably, and the management of this waste contributes to climate change, and air pollution, it directly affects many ecosystems and many species. Waste management faces serious problems such as irregular collection, informal sweeping activities, uncontrolled dumping and proliferation of illegal dumping. The latter constitute a real and permanent threat to the quality of life, this exponential increase in the urban population and the resulting accelerated phenomenon of urbanization have highlighted the need to develop sustainable and efficient waste management systems. Stakeholders are therefore required to consider alternative and available means of disposal, in particular by minimizing the damage caused to the ecosystem and to the human population, among these means of disposal, controlled landfills, considered as the last option in the waste hierarchy. In this study, attempts were made to locate a new landfill in Oum Azza using the AHP multi-criteria decision-making method to assess the different criteria considered during the prospecting and combining them with the geographic information system to acquire the results in the form of maps displayed on the optimal sites to house a new controlled landfill and minimize its terrible impact on the environment.

Studi On Big Data Analytics Framework in Smart City Context

The issue of global urbanization, which is a separate problem faced by the government, is the very rapid growth of population density in cities. To face this challenge, the government launched a smart city project by targeting sustainable economic growth and improving the quality of life. Information and Communication Technology governance is the key to realizing a smart city. However, each of these I.C.T. tools produce large amounts of data known as Big Data. Data processing with the Big Data approach is becoming a trend in information systems to provide better public services and provide references in the policy-making process. However, to obtain important information in the scope of big data, a Big Data Analytics process is needed, also known as Big Data Value Chain. Extracting knowledge from the related literature can identify the characteristics of the big data analytic framework for smart cities. This paper reviews several big data analytic frameworks applied to smart cities. This paper is to find the advantages and disadvantages of each framework so that it can be a direction for future research

Green Design in Urban Squares: Ecological Urban Consciousness in Landscape Architecture Education

Due to increase in population density in cities, unplanned urbanization, where built areas proliferate and concrete and impermeable surfaces are predominant, have started to capture cities. While this causes the natural environments and green areas in cities to decrease day by day, it also directly affects the formation of heat islands in the cities, air pollution and the decrease in the quality of life of people. Since landscape architecture is a discipline that deals with the planning, development, protection and design of rural and urban open spaces that can make the future better, teaching students the importance of the ecological city and the criteria of designs for this should be the primary goal in universities. The area, which was determined as an Urban Transformation area by Trabzon Municipality and planned to be designed as Karagöz Square, was studied within the scope of Karadeniz Technical University Landscape Architecture Environmental Design Project 4 in the fall semester of 2019-2020. The lecturer of the course aimed to teach the students the awareness of green design-oriented city square solution in line with ecological city criteria. Within the scope of this study, course data were examined with ecological city criteria.

Biomorphic Design Approaches in Landscape Design and Construction Course Studio

Due to increase in population density in cities, unplanned urbanization, where built areas proliferate and concrete and Due to the decline in open and green spaces in cities, designers have a higher responsibility in the design of these spaces and the furniture that would be utilized in these spaces. The furniture should not only be functional or ergonomic, but also aesthetic and original in these spaces. Thus, it is important to provide furniture that resemble nature or are part of the nature for urban residents instead of designing routine and ordinary spaces. Therefore, the furniture designed by 9 students with biomorphic design approach in senior class Landscape Design and Construction Course studio at Afyon Kocatepe University, Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design during the 2019-2020 academic year spring term.

The criterion of arising motion conflict of unmanned vehicles during implementing transportation plan in intelligent urban passenger transportation system

The proposed article is devoted to the description of an intelligent urban passenger transport system based on unmanned electric vehicles, sequentially moving along a separate line. This system is a passenger transport system of a new urban mobility, formed under the influence of social conditions generated by high population density in cities, that suppose the development of pedestrian zones and ecological modes of transport, "transport as a service", etc. In this historical context, public transport systems acquire special relevance. The described transport system belongs to intelligent systems, since it is capable of functioning in autonomous mode without human intervention, adaptively responding to changes in the dynamics of the flow of passengers during the day. Passengers are transported by electric cars, which can be combined into cassettes according to the principle of road trains based on the transportation plan drawn up by the intelligent center of the transport system according to the matrix of correspondences, filled in taking into account the incoming requests for service from passengers. When drawing up a transportation plan, the algorithms of the transport system give preference to transportation according to the "source-destination" principle, that is, when the passenger goes to the destination with a minimum number of intermediate stops, and ideally without them. The paper formulates also a criterion of arising of a conflict in the movement of vehicles, which allows to identify situations when an electric vehicle driving in front can detain vehicles following after. The work has relevance because the criterion will allow to make adjustments in the schedule of movement of vehicles and exclude the loss of time and energy that carries the transport system during braking and acceleration of electric cars, as well as to reduce waiting time and travel of passengers.

Assessing linkages between public health and population densities in cities and urban environment

The global challenges and trends of our time include natural ecosystems disturbances and the global burden of disease attributable to Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) and emerging infectious diseases like coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Summed to this problem is the still undervalued accountability of economic and environmental sustainability in most nations. Many densely population settled cities around the world account for up to 70% of global greenhouse gas emissions mainly because of their substantial use of energy for buildings, industries, and transportation. Continued increases in urbanization are also driving more exposure to air pollution, water shortages, and waste-related risks to the population.This research aimed to show key connections between the multi-sectoral and interdependent determinants of health. The method followed a systematic review of primary and secondary data on various topics, including global health, environmental health indicators, socio-economic factors, and linkages between economic and environmental sustainability.Literature determines by 2050, 66% of the world's population projected to inhabit urban areas mostly. In 2012, the global burden of disease study by using the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) metric estimated that 23% of global deaths were attributable to the environment. DALYs metric compares years of life lost due to mortality and years of life lost due to disability by a specific cause, including the burden of risk factors, diseases, lifestyles, or individual's socio-economic status. Leading causes globally due to road traffic injuries, interpersonal violence, and suicide, take a substantial toll on those socio-economic factors.Health is a crucial attribute of human development in the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) achievable by scaling up the implementation of these goals in universal, holistic, and inclusive pathways. Hence, advancing sustainability policies to prosperous, healthier humanity.Key messages Public health's diverse components attained when there is a shared vision in the multidisciplinary teams to disease prevention and health promotion of all individuals that make up societies.Research and science communication should translate both the ideas of scientific progress and its implications for policies, economies and people's lifestyle choices.

COVID-19: Spatial Dynamics and Diffusion Factors across Russian Regions

The observed spread of coronavirus infection across Russian regions, as a first approximation, obeys the classic laws of diffusion of innovations. The article describes in detail theoretical approaches to the analysis of the spread of social diseases and discusses methodological limitations that reduce the possibility of predicting such phenomena and affect decision-making by the authorities. At the same time, we believe that for most regions, including Moscow, until May 12, 2020, the dynamics of confirmed cases are a reduced and delayed reflection of actual processes. Thus, the introduced self-isolation regime in Moscow and other agglomerations affected the decrease in the number of newly confirmed cases two weeks after its introduction. In accordance with our model, at the first stage, carriers infected abroad were concentrated in regions with large agglomerations and in coastal and border areas with a high intensity of internal and external links. Unfortunately, the infection could not be contained, and it started growing exponentially across the country. By mid-April 2020, cases of the disease were observed in all Russian regions; however, the remotest regions least connected with other parts of Russia and other countries had only isolated cases. By mid-May, at least in Moscow, the number of new cases began to decline, which created the prerequisites for reducing restrictions on the movement of residents. However, the decrease in the number of new cases after passing the peak of the epidemic in May is slower than the increase at the beginning. These facts contradict the diffusion model; thus, the model is not applicable for epidemiological forecasts based on empirical data. Using econometric methods, it is shown that for different periods of diffusion, various characteristics of the regions affect the spread of the disease. Among these features we note the high population density in cities, proximity to the largest metropolitan areas, higher proportion of the most active and frequently traveling part of the population (innovators, migrants), and intensive ties within the community, as well as with other regions and countries. The virus has spread faster in regions where the population has a higher susceptibility to diseases, which confirms the importance of the region’s health capital. The initial stage was dominated by random factors. We conclude this paper with directions for further research.

When Government is Failed: Legitimizing the Small Entrepreneurship in the Provision of Urban Transportation Services

Şehirlerde yaşanan nüfus yoğunluğunun artışı ve kent formunun gelişimi ve büyümesi kentsel ulaşım sistemlerinin ve yolcu taşıma hizmetlerinin örgütlenmesinin kent hizmetleri içerisinde önemli bir yere sahip olmasına neden olmuştur. Kentlerde meydana gelen nüfus artışı ile birlikte toplum nezdinde oluşan kentsel toplu taşıma hizmet taleplerinin sağlanmasında yaşanan kamu yetersizlikleri beraberinde küçük girişimcilik kesiminin dâhil olduğu farklı bir yolcu taşıma hizmet örgütlenmesini getirmiştir. Çalışma ile özel kentsel girişimcilerinin ulaşım hizmet sürecine girişini başlatan ve bu bağlamda kent içi ulaşım hizmetini kamu sorumluluğunda olan bir hizmet olmaktan çıkartan unsurların ve tarihsel bağlamda otobüs ulaşım hizmetlerinin sunumu üzerindeki etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışma, İlhan Tekeli’nin kentsel ulaşım analizleri ışığında, özel hizmet sunumunun meşrulaşmasının altında yerel yönetimlerin ancak böylelikle hizmet verebilir hale gelmesi tezini ileri sürmektedir. Kent içi özel toplu taşıma işletmeciliğinin tarihsel süreç içinde meşruiyet kazanması, kamunun toplumun ulaşım ihtiyaç ve taleplerini yerine getirememesi nedeniyle işlevsellik kazanması ile başlayıp adeta kent içi ulaşım örgütlenmesinin bir uzvu haline gelmesi ile sonuçlanan bir hal almıştır.

High Quality Open Spaces in Urban Development — Selected Examples from Graz, Austria

Growing urbanization poses an enormous challenge to city planners. Noticeable effects of the increased population density in cities include housing shortages, rising real estate prices, increased traffic, air pollution, shortages of green spaces and attractive public spaces, the rising cost of urban infrastructure and the risk of social tensions. Especially in dense urban areas, public open spaces (squares and streets, urban parks and spacious recreational areas) have become increasing important. Their design, functionality and the adaption to the needs of the residents significantly influences the quality and atmosphere of urban coexistence. The consideration of quality criteria is essential for the creation of sustainable, livable and smart open spaces. Modern approaches to sustainable planning in urban areas and the versatile aspects of state-of-the-art open space design are the core themes of this article. General aspects of landscape planning in Austria and selected best practice projects in the context of urban development are presented.This article gives an overview of open space planning in Austria. To be successful, projects must consider the specific needs of city districts, which requires tailor-made approaches and an interdisciplinary planning team. To be accepted and adequately used by the public, projects must be based on a detailed analyses of the spatial, natural and social conditions.The complex and diverse challenges of open space planning in Austrian cities can be seen as representative for other cities, as certain urban trends occur (in slightly altered dimensions) all over Europe or on an even bigger scale. Selected best practice urban planning projects, which have been realized by freiland Environmental Consulting CE Ltd, based on state-of-the-art principles, demonstrate modern planning approaches to tackling these challenges.