City Names Research Articles

Intercity relationships between 293 Chinese cities quantified based on toponym co-occurrence

This dataset presents relationships between 293 Chinese cities, derived using a toponym co-occurrence method. By employing this toponym co-occurrence analysis method, the strength of an intercity relationship is determined by the frequency at which both city names appear on the same webpage. The data was sourced from the Common Crawl web archive's 2019 April Corpus, which contains approximately 2.5 billion web pages. The primary aim of this dataset is to provide a fresh perspective on intercity relationships, thereby facilitating studies on city network analysis. The dataset not only encourages further research into comparing this innovative city relationship with other established networks but is also a showcase that presents a straightforward methodology that can be applied to other archives within Common Crawl. As such, it paves the way for longitudinal studies that probe the evolution of city networks.

Crimean realities in F.'s travelogue Remy "Crimea in ethnographic, geographical and historical terms" (1872)

The article is devoted to identifying and structuring realities in the travelogue of the German-speaking traveler Franz Remy, who visited the Crimean peninsula in the 19th century. The features of the realities mentioned in the work of a traveler who visited Crimea in the 19th century are considered. The purpose of the work is to identify, characterize, and establish the features of the realities of Crimea based on the travelogue F. Remy. The relevance of the work is due to both the increased interest in travelogue as a genre, and to the linguocultural aspect of the study of German-speaking travelogues. Of particular interest is how exactly the German-speaking traveler saw Crimea in the 19th century. The methodological basis was the works of S.I. Vlahov, S.P. Florin, L.N. Soboleva, E.R. Ponomareva, A.A. Kretova, N.A. Fenenko. The article clarifies the concepts of “reality” and “travelogue” based on a critical analysis of theoretical sources. A classification of realities is presented. The practical research was based on the material of Franz Remy’s travelogue “Die Krim in ethnographischer, landschaftlicher und hygienischer Beziehung”, published in the 19th century. Particular attention is paid to primary and secondary nominations of the realities of Crimea. The article provides examples of realities from the categories of astyonyms, comonyms, hydronyms, oronyms, urbanonyms, horonyms, highlights personalities, characters for the Crimea of the 19th century, as well as ethnographic realities. The article also discusses the traveler’s use of doublet names of Crimean cities. A conclusion is drawn about which categories of realities were characteristic of the Crimean Peninsula of the 19th century. This article may be of interest to specialists in the field of philology and history.

Development of a Lightweight Model for Handwritten Dataset Recognition: Bangladeshi City Names in Bangla Script

Development of a Lightweight Model for Handwritten Dataset Recognition: Bangladeshi City Names in Bangla Script

Analisis Semantik Leksikal Terhadap Nama Kota Dan Kecamatan Di Daerah Tasikmalaya

Every place in the world has a name given to give it an identity and make it known. With this basis, the researcher focuses on the names of sub-districts and cities in the Tasikmalaya City and Regency area, including the name Tasikmalaya itself which will be studied using lexical semantic theory. The research method applied is descriptive qualitative. Based on the results of the analysis above, there are several regional names of cities and districts in Tasikmalaya which have interesting origins based on the meaning of regional naming which has lexical meaning, including the areas Tasikmalaya, Singaparna, Manonjaya, Parung Ponteng, Jamanis, Rajapolah, Mangunreja, Mangkubumi, Cibalong and Indihiang. Of the ten regional names that have been explained, each regional name has a history and meaning, a combination of lexemes in the process of naming the region so that this becomes a distinctive feature for people who do not know about it. It can be concluded that the naming of regions in Tasikmalaya originates from the uniqueness and characteristics of naming according to the origins that describe a place or an event in the area concerned.

Астионимы в песенном творчестве мари и татар

Toponyms as the most important component of geography are a kind of link between a person and a geographical object, indicating its geolocation. They represent a source of information accumulated over a long period of the existence of an ethnic group and the associated traditional culture reflected in the songwriting of the people. The aim of the study is to describe astyonyms and their functioning in Tatar and Mari songs. The scientific novelty is accounted for by gaps in knowledge in the research on this issue in modern regional linguistics. The paper is the first to determine the general themes of the astyonyms in the semantic content of the songs of the Tatars and the Mari in a comparative aspect and also analyze the differences caused by the historical and cultural peculiarities of the peoples’ development. In both languages, the names of cities are endowed with the nominative, informative, deictic, appellative and communicative functions. Astyonyms function in various song genres: historical, lyrical, folk. They are divided into two groups: a) national toponyms (“small homeland” and Russia) and b) toponyms outside the country (foreign topological objects – Western European and Eastern). The results showed that the geographical space in the songs is represented by the names of real geographical objects reflecting the migration and event history of ethnic groups, their interaction with other peoples, national and cultural identity, chronotopic landmarks, national personalities, ways of self-presentation of inhabitants of regional territories.

Immobility and COVID-19: comparing mobility reduction among socio-demographic groups in a large German city during the pandemic

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures imposed to tackle the spread of the virus have changed the everyday life and severely reduced the mobility of many. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between changed transport behavior and complex socio-demographic groups. Drawing on a survey on mobility and transport use during the pandemic for the Hanover region (Germany), we find three distinct clusters in our data related to changed mobility behavior: (1) people with no change in transport behavior, (2) people heavily reducing public transport use in the inner city, and (3) people reducing public transport use for their commute. In a second step, we use logistic regression models to understand the socio demographic factors determining each of these change patterns. The results show that women and younger participants were more likely to experience an impact on their travel behavior as well as reducing the use of inner-city public transport, while the reduction of commuter transport seems to be mostly homogeneous once controlled for teleworking. We also find a complex interplay between gender and other socio-demographic factors, especially caring responsibilities for children and student status, to have shaped the reported extent of mobility reduction. We show that we need to think about socio-demographic variables in a more complex way instead of perceiving of them as stand-alone variables. Our analysis hence helps to uncover the complex reality of mobility reduction during the pandemic, providing deeper insights into the (im)mobile reality of people’s lives in times of COVID-19.Kindly check and confirm inserted city name are correctly identified.Yes, the city name is Hanover and thus corretly identified

Интертекстуальные отсылки в составе вертикального контекста современных североирландских романов

The aim of the paper is to determine the most frequent elements of the vertical context in Northern Irish novels expressed by intertextual references. The study is original in that it is the first to analyse the ratio of different intertextual reference types, as well as to identify the main types of intertextual references in modern Northern Irish literature, which has not been fully examined from this perspective. The paper considers referents related to socio-historical events, geographical names, mythology and culture. The analysis of the vertical context allowed identifying the names of Northern Irish and Irish cities, districts and streets in Belfast, the names of historical events, as well as the proper names denoting Irish mythological figures. As a result, 3 groups of intertextual referents were highlighted: geographical, historical, mythological. The results showed that intertextual references contain the extralinguistic information relevant to understanding and interpreting the main ideas and messages of the novels.

Geo-knowledge-guided GPT models improve the extraction of location descriptions from disaster-related social media messages

Social media messages posted by people during natural disasters often contain important location descriptions, such as the locations of victims. Recent research has shown that many of these location descriptions go beyond simple place names, such as city names and street names, and are difficult to extract using typical named entity recognition (NER) tools. While advanced machine learning models could be trained, they require large labeled training datasets that can be time-consuming and labor-intensive to create. In this work, we propose a method that fuses geo-knowledge of location descriptions and a Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) model, such as ChatGPT and GPT-4. The result is a geo-knowledge-guided GPT model that can accurately extract location descriptions from disaster-related social media messages. Also, only 22 training examples encoding geo-knowledge are used in our method. We conduct experiments to compare this method with nine alternative approaches on a dataset of tweets from Hurricane Harvey. Our method demonstrates an over 40% improvement over typically used NER approaches. The experiment results also show that geo-knowledge is indispensable for guiding the behavior of GPT models. The extracted location descriptions can help disaster responders reach victims more quickly and may even save lives.

Hic Sunt Dracones: Foreign Space in the English and Russian Worldview as Reflected by the Pejorative Toponymy of the English and Russian Languages

The article examines the perception of the foreign space in the English and Russian native speakers’ worldviews based on the pejorative names of foreign countries and cities. Englishlanguage and Russian-language Internet sites were used as the source of data for the research, since this environment is especially favorable for the existence and collection of language material of this kind due to the online disinhibition effect. Based on the analysis of the inner form of the word and the stadial model of the Us—Them dichotomy with a gradual transition from the biological to the cultural, proposed by V. G. Lysenko, an attempt is made to derive the main patterns of making derogatory toponyms, and then to compare the characteristics that foreign lands receive within the English and Russian xenophobic discourse, and, as far as possible, to build a holistic image of the concept of foreign space in the English and Russian collective worldview. As a result of the study, a large number of negatively marked toponyms were found in the English and Russian languages. They show clearly similar features both in the formal peculiarities of word formation and in semantics, however, some specificities are also found, which makes it possible to deduce similarities and differences in the English and Russian perception of the concept of foreign space. In general, a significant similarity between English and Russian pejorative names of places is revealed: in both worldviews, different topoi appear as an ugly, unpleasant place inhabited by people (and sometimes not quite people) demonstrating weird, abnormal eating habits and perverted sexual preferences, where the space itself is distorted and defective.

A dataset of Liaoning soil species based on the Second National Soil Survey

Based on Liaoning Soil Species published by Liaoning University Press in 1991, this dataset is one of the results of the Second National Soil Survey in Liaoning Province. We standardize, structurize and digitalize the data of 237 soil species, organizing them based on their distribution areas, morphologic characteristics, physicochemical properties and productivity. Particularly, the dataset uses seven tables delineating Liaoning soil species, including soil classification, soil basic traits, landscape of typical soil profile, genetic horizon of typical soil, physicochemical properties of typical soil profile, administrative region distribution of soil species, and the names of counties and cities. The dataset can be used for land quality assessment and research on environmental change and soil carbon sequestration in Liaoning Province. The dataset serves as a crucial reference for informing agricultural structure adjustment and facilitating the rational use of soil resources in Liaoning Province.

Differences in Implicit Attitudes in West and East Germans as Measured by the Go/NoGo Association Task and Event-related EEG Potentials.

Implicit social cognition refers to attitudes and stereotypes that may reside outside conscious awareness and control but that still affect human behavior. In particular, the implicit favoritism of an ingroup, to which an individual belongs, as opposed to an outgroup, to which the individual does not belong, characterized as ingroup bias, is of interest and is investigated here. We used a Go/NoGo association task (GNAT) and behavioral and electroencephalographic (event-related EEG potential [ERP] analysis) measures to investigate the implicit bias toward cities in East Germany, West Germany, and Europe, in 16 individuals each from West and East Germany (mixed gender, M age = 24). The GNAT assesses an individual's Go and NoGo responses for a given association between a target category and either pole (positive or negative) of an evaluative dimension. Behavioral measures revealed slightly faster reaction times to the combination of European city names and negative, as compared with positive, evaluative words in both groups. ERP analysis showed an increased negativity at 400-800 ms poststimulus in the incongruent conditions of East German city/positive word pairings (in West Germans) and West German city/positive word pairings (in East Germans). An implicitly moderately negative evaluation of Europe by both groups was exhibited based on the behavioral data, and an increased level of conflict arising from the "incongruent" pairings (ie, as manifestation of an implicitly negative attitude toward East Germany in West Germans, and toward West Germany in East Germans) was exhibited based on the electrophysiological data.

USE OF TOPONYMS OF THE WESTERN AND SOUTHERN PODILLIA IN EXCURSION ACTIVITIES (TERNOPIL REGION)

The article emphasizes the importance of awakening national consciousness and patriotism through the organization and provision of excursion services based on local history material. It is important to involve the young generation in researching and learning about the region, for the sake of expanding its national memory and outlook, awakening pride in its past and future, and understanding Ukrainian identity. The geographical and historical features of the origin of the names of selected settlements of the Ternopil region, their meaning, development, current state, spelling and pronunciation have been studied. The toponymy of the Ternopil region is extremely rich and unexplored at the same time and has many prospects for its use for the implementation of excursion activities. For toponymic research, tourism workers can use a geographical map, archival and literary materials, and official reference sources. In the course of this study, the origin of the names of the most interesting for tourist and excursion activities, settlements of the Ternopil region, which are located directly on excursion routes or close to their passage, is described. Also, an important criterion for the selection of these settlements was the interesting features of historical, natural or human factors that influenced the formation of their names, which makes it possible to acquaint the users of excursion services with the history of Ternopil Oblast through its reflection of the geography and history of the region in these names. This information makes it possible to fill the tour guide's story, as an important component of the tour, with interesting material along the entire tour route and makes it possible to implement various methods of the tour method. Recommendations are given for improving the methodology of conducting any excursion using the research material. The article emphasizes the relevance of such local history and toponymic research in modern society, which makes it possible to get acquainted with the history of settlements in the Ternopil region, to study the peculiarities of the formation of the names of cities and villages of the region due to many factors, among which geographical and historical factors take the main position. Motivating and involving young people in such knowledge of the region for the sake of expanding their national memory and outlook is also relevant. Keywords: toponymic studies; toponyms; settlement; origin of the name of the village; history of the city; organization of excursion services; road excursion information; methodological techniques; method of conducting excursions.

Finding a City Name in a Traffic Sign: Effects of Word Case and Visual Motion.

To investigate the word recognition effects of the use of all-uppercase (e.g., VALENCIA) or titled-case (e.g., Valencia) for city names in traffic signs, controlling for word size, and comparing stationary and dynamic viewing situations. Prior studies provide mixed evidence regarding the effects of word case on the recognition of city names in traffic signs. Moreover, the evidence on the potential impact of visual motion on these effects is scarce. We carried out an experimental study using simulated traffic signs. The task was to indicate, for each sign, whether it contained a given city name or not (word search task, 50% positive trials). Visual motion of signs was manipulated as a between-participants factor: stationary (the sign was still) versus dynamic (the sign expanded as if the participant was approaching to it). Word case was manipulated as a within-participants factor: all-uppercase versus two titled-case conditions varying in font size: width-matched titled-case and point size-matched titled-case. In both the stationary and dynamic conditions, all-uppercase resulted in more incorrect responses and slower latencies than width-matched titled-case. When compared to point size-matched titled-case, all-uppercase produced slower correct responses in the stationary condition, whereas faster in the dynamic condition. Other factors being equal, all-uppercase city names will be recognized worse than their titled-case versions in traffic signs, both in stationary and dynamic situations. Results in the current experimental study would be of interest in the design of traffic signs and other circumstances in which text is presented in motion.

City name recognition for Indian postal automation: Exploring script dependent and independent approach

City name recognition for Indian postal automation: Exploring script dependent and independent approach

Analisis Kesalahan Berbahasa pada Karangan Argumentasi Siswa Kelas VII SMP Muhammadiyah Mamuju Sulawesi Barat

To find out students' understanding or competence in writing argumentative essays, the right way to do this is to classify the types of student errors in essays, especially in the aspects of spelling, diction and vocabulary mastery used. It aims to make students more active in learning with adequate vocabulary mastery, so that they can compose each sentence properly and effectively. From the results of this study, it appears that, in general, class VII 2 students of SMP Muhammadiyah Mamuju still experience difficulties in mastering writing based on the General Guidelines for Indonesian Spelling (PUEBI). These errors can be seen from the number of students who experience writing errors in writing the first word at the beginning of each sentence, the placement of punctuation marks that are not appropriate, the writing of city names using lowercase letters. In addition, there are still students who have difficulty distinguishing di- as an affix and di- as a preposition and the use of conjunctions or connecting words at the beginning of sentences that are not quite right and writing conjunctions with capital letters at the beginning of words.

Graduate migration, partisanship, and city preferences: An experimental approach to place‐consonant migration decisions

AbstractHow do university students evaluate prospective jobs in different cities after graduation? While the literature has identified drivers of graduate migration, research has yet to account for the role of individual social and political attitudes in shaping destination preferences. Using a conjoint survey experiment, this paper introduces the concept of place‐consonant migration to describe the desire for proximity to like‐minded communities with respect to political partisanship. Building on research that has established the utility of experiments in evaluating complex migration decision‐making, we provided University of North Carolina at Charlotte undergraduate students with hypothetical job packages to consider upon graduation which combined the city names with randomised levels of income and amenity factors. Adapting to rapidly changing social and political dynamics, we conducted the experiment across three cross‐sections of students to capture the potential impact of the Covid‐19 pandemic and other social and political developments on the migration decisions of college graduates. The analysis demonstrates how place characteristics combine with individual partisan attitudes to produce place‐consonant migration preferences among students. Moreover, by conducting multiple waves of our experiment during contemporaneous social and political events, our results show that place‐consonant preferences change over time.

Long-term potassium-competitive acid blockers administration causes microbiota changes in rats.

Vonoprazan is a new potassium-competitive acid blocker (P-CAB) that was recently approved by the FDA. It is associated with a fast onset of action and a longer acid inhibition time. Vonoprazan-containing therapy for helicobacter pylori eradication is highly effective and several studies have demonstrated that a vonoprazan-antibiotic regimen affects gut microbiota. However, the impact of vonoprazan alone on gut microbiota is still unclear.Please check and confirm the authors (Maria Cristina Riascos, Hala Al Asadi) given name and family name are correct. Also, kindly confirm the details in the metadata are correct.Yes they are correct. METHODS: We conducted a prospective randomized 12-week experimental trial with 18 Wistar rats. Rats were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups: (1) drinking water as negative control group, (2) oral vonoprazan (4mg/kg) for 12weeks, and (3) oral vonoprazan (4mg/kg) for 4weeks, followed by 8weeks off vonoprazan. To investigate gut microbiota, we carried out a metagenomic shotgun sequencing of fecal samples at week 0 and week 12.Please confirm the inserted city and country name is correct for affiliation 2.Yes it's correct. For alpha diversity metrics at week 12, both long and short vonoprazan groups had lower Pielou's evenness index than the control group (p = 0.019); however, observed operational taxonomic units (p = 0.332) and Shannon's diversity index (p = 0.070) were not statistically different between groups. Beta diversity was significantly different in the three groups, using Bray-Curtis (p = 0.003) and Jaccard distances (p = 0.002). At week 12, differences in relative abundance were observed at all levels. At phylum level, short vonoprazan group had less of Actinobacteria (log fold change = -1.88, adjusted p-value = 0.048) and Verrucomicrobia (lfc = -1.76, p = 0.009).Please check and confirm that the author (Ileana Miranda) and their respective affiliation 3 details have been correctly identified and amend if necessary.Yes it's correct. At the genus level, long vonoprazan group had more Bacteroidales (lfc = 5.01, p = 0.021) and Prevotella (lfc = 7.79, p = 0.001). At family level, long vonoprazan group had more Lactobacillaceae (lfc = 0.97, p = 0.001), Prevotellaceae (lfc = 8.01, p < 0.001), and less Erysipelotrichaceae (lfc = -2.9, p = 0.029). This study provides evidence that vonoprazan impacts the gut microbiota and permits a precise delineation of the composition and relative abundance of the bacteria at all different taxonomic levels.

One more trip to Barcetona: on the special status of visual similarity effects in city names.

Previous research has shown that, unlike misspelled common words, misspelled brand names are sensitive to visual letter similarity effects (e.g., amazom is often recognized as a legitimate brand name, but not amazot). This pattern poses problems for those models that assume that word identification is exclusively based on abstract codes. Here, we investigated the role of visual letter similarity using another type of word often presented in a more homogenous format than common words: city names. We found a visual letter similarity effect for misspelled city names (e.g., Barcetona was often recognized as a word, but not Barcesona) for relatively short durations of the stimuli (200ms; Experiment 2), but not when the stimuli were presented until response (Experiment 1). Notably, misspelled common words did not show a visual letter similarity effect for brief 200- and 150-ms durations (e.g., votume was not as often recognized as a word than vosume; Experiments 3-4). These findings provide further evidence that the consistency in the format of presentations may shape the representation of words in the mental lexicon, which may be more salient in scenarios where processing resources are limited (e.g., brief exposure presentations).

ВЕРБАЛІЗАЦІЯ ПОГЛЯДІВ В. СОСЮРИ В ОНІМІКОНІ ПОЕТИЧНИХ ТВОРІВ

The article identifies the problem of verbalization of V. Sosiura’s views in the onymic of poetic works. It is emphasized that it’s expedient to study the idiostyles of writers whose work is symbolic both for a certain people and for the aesthetic context in general. It is noted that the processes consisting in the semantic transformation of a word, the formation of its artistic meaning, and the transformation of a word into an aesthetic sign deserve special attention in the analysis of individual features of poetic texts. The question of studying the individual stylistic features of V. Sosiura’s poetry in the semantic-functional aspect, the need to rethink and analyze his creative output from a new point, taking into account the mechanisms of word transformation in poetic texts, becomes relevant. It is determined that V. Sosiura played a significant role in the depiction of the era through the onymicon, although today we state ambiguous views on his personality, and sometimes on his creative output. In the minds of the Ukrainian people, V. Sosiura is a vivid representative of the new generation of lyric poets, who were doomed to adapt to the conditions of the ideological leadership of literature, trying to preserve the best folk song traditions. The analysis of the texts of the poems showed that among the categories of the toponymicon of V. Sosiura’s poetic picture of the world, the most numerous are the groups of choronyms, hydronyms, and oikonyms, in particular, astonyms (names of cities), hodonyms (names of streets), and urbanonyms (names of inner-city objects), to a lesser extent oronyms and dryonyms are presented, and the most diverse are oikonyms and urbanonyms, which presents the open poetic space of the author’s picture of the world.

ОСТРОЗЬКИЙ ГОДОНІМІКОН XVI–XVII СТОРІЧ

The article analyzes Ostroh street names of the XVI–XVII centuries, recorded in historical sources published in the Old Ukrainian and Middle Polish languages. Hodonyms are characterized in the context of denotative-nominative classification. It was found out that the formation of Ostroh hodonymicon began at the end of the XVI century, and the first mentions of street names were recorded in the Primary Tribute Register of Ostroh Volost and Zdovbytsky Dvir in 1576. Two types of street names were distinguished and described: hodonyms-landmarks that helped people to orientate them locality, and really hodonyms that clearly named the street. The names of streets, which consist of their own name supplemented by an indication of an external object, were analyzed separately. It has been determined that for medieval Ostroh landmark objects were the princely castle, city fence (palisade), Lutsk and Tatar towers, pond, river, mills, etc. It was found that really hodonyms are most often motivated by the names of ethnic groups (Jews, Turks, Tatars) or the type of people’s activity (shoemakers, wheelwrights, tanners) who lived on the streets of Ostroh, as well as by the names of cities (Lutsk, Rivne, Zviahel, Kamianets), in the direction which were led by the street. Single hodonyms are associated with features of the terrain, place or order of location and in historical documents they have different names, which prove their non-codification and instability. Examples of the renaming of some streets at the end of the XVI century have been recorded and the formation of memorial hodonyms common in the modern onymic space has been fixed. It has been confirmed that the hodonymicon of the XVI–XVII centuries reflects key information from the history of Ostroh development, settlement of suburbs and social stratification of the city.