City Infrastructure Research Articles

EFEKTIVITAS PEMUNGUTAN PAJAK PARKIR DI KOTA SAMARINDA: TINJAUAN DARI PERSPEKTIF HUKUM DAN KEBIJAKAN

Parking tax is a significant source of Local Revenue (PAD) in Samarinda City, but its implementation faces various challenges. The regulations governing parking tax aim to provide a clear legal framework, yet taxpayer compliance remains low. Weak supervision, limited technology, and low public awareness are the main factors hindering tax collection effectiveness. The use of digital technology in the parking system can enhance taxpayer compliance and reduce revenue leakage. Improving human resource capacity and conducting educational campaigns to raise public awareness are also important. Implementing policies that provide incentives for compliance and strict sanctions for violations is expected to optimize parking tax revenue and improve public services and city infrastructure.

Blockchain‐based federated learning approaches in internet of things applications

AbstractThe Internet of Things (IoT) is a new well‐structured emerging technology with communication of smart devices using the 5G technology, infrastructures of roads, vehicles, smart cities, traffic systems and user applications. The IoT applications facilitate providing prompt emergency responses, and improved quality of vehicles, and road services, with cost‐effective activities in the intelligent transportation systems. Federated Learning (FL) enhances privacy and security in intelligent transportation systems and the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), using advanced prediction methods. Integrating blockchain with IoT, particularly in FL for transportation systems and IoV, bolsters security and data integrity. This approach keeps data local while only sharing model updates, enhancing privacy. Blockchain's transparency aids in efficient IoT collaboration, crucial for accountability. Its consensus algorithms further ensure network integrity, validating transactions and updates across devices, protecting against attacks, and fostering a transparent, collaborative environment. This comprehensive review paper delves into the innovative integration of blockchain technology with federated learning and the dynamic domain of IoV. It extensively analyzes the primary concepts, methodologies, and challenges associated with the deployment of FL in IoVs. This review presents a novel categorization examining three main types of blockchain‐based FL approaches vertical, horizontal, and decentralized each tailored to specific IoV communication scenarios like Vehicle‐to‐Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle‐to‐Infrastructure (V2I), and Vehicle‐to‐Cloud (V2C). It highlights FL applications in cyber‐attack detection, data sharing, traffic prediction, and privacy, considering Quality of Service factors. Finally, some main challenges and new open issues are discussed and assessed for federated machine learning approaches in the IoV.

Cybersecurity and Forensic Analysis of IP-Cameras Used in Saudi Arabia

In smart city infrastructure, IP cameras play a pivotal role in crime prevention and detection. However, not much research has been conducted on IP cameras from a cybersecurity and forensics perspective. In this study, we investigate vulnerability assessment and forensic artifacts for Hanwha and Mobotix IP cameras, which are widely used in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is using IP cameras which are essential for its smart cities. In this paper, we examine IP cameras in two directions. The first is to assess the vulnerability of IP cameras through various attack scenarios such as denial of service (DoS), brute force, and unauthorized access, and we suggest countermeasures. The second shows how analysis for IP cameras can be used to investigate logs for cyberattacks. Through this study, we expect to contribute to research on cyber-attack and forensic perspectives on IP cameras to be used in smart cities.

What combinations drive the urban green infrastructure development in China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt? − An empirical study based on fs/QCA methodology

In cities, green infrastructure (GI) is a vital natural life support system that is intimately linked to the daily lives of citizens. High levels of Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) can help mitigate a series of ecological problems faced by cities, which is extremely important for preserving the stability of urban ecosystems and promoting sustainable urban development. However, current research has not fully explored the influencing factors of UGI and the interaction effect between them. Therefore, in order to better explore the results of China’s proposed policy to promote GI development, data from 110 cities in China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) region during the 12th Five-Year Plan and 13th Five-Year Plan periods were measured separately, and natural and geographic environmental conditions, quality of urban construction, level of economic development, socio-cultural development, and eco-environmental quality were selected as the influencing factors. The entropy TOPSIS was used to evaluate the development trend of UGI in the two periods of the region, and the relationship between influencing factors and UGI development was investigated through the use of fs/QCA, and the high-level development path of each city to achieve GI was explained. The results show that (1) Cities with high UGI development are mostly concentrated in economically developed areas, while cities in the YREB’s central and western regions have relatively low levels of UGI development. (2) According to the spatial and temporal differences, the factors driving the high level and non-high level of UGI development in prefecture-level cities in the YREB showed several different configurations, confirming that the development level of UGI was affected by a variety of conditions. (3) During the 12th Five-Year Plan to 13th Five-Year Plan periods, the configuration of urban high-level UGI was found to be more consistent, while the development path of non-high-level UGI is more diversified. The study explores the overall development level and trend of green infrastructure in different cities, and the citation of fs/QCA provides a better understanding of the complex mechanisms of the interactions between these variables, with a view to providing some guidance and enlightenment for enhancing the future urban UGI development and urban high-quality development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt.

DIRECTIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CYCLING INFRASTRUCTURE IN CITIES

When forming bicycle infrastructure development programmes, it is necessary to consider the peculiarities of a particular city and the population’s propensity to improve physical and health conditions. It is also essential to explore the possibility of introducing the bicycle into the urban transport system and using it to travel around the city and transport small loads. In most major cities around the world, the objectives of bicycle infrastructure development are often the tasks of easing the traffic load on the road network and reducing traffic congestion. The article aims at analysing the international experience of forming and developing cycling and infrastructure in cities and cycling tourism. The experience of using bicycle traffic most often begins in cities where cycling is very active, among them Amsterdam and Copenhagen. In the Netherlands, the bike has historically been popular due to the frugality of the Dutch, as well as the flat terrain and small size of the country. Amsterdam has brought the bicycle use level in urban travel to 40% of total trips. Montreal is the most bicycle-friendly city in North America. Cars still dominate there, but despite the hilly terrain and cold and snowy winters, the city is actively developing bicycle infrastructure and culture. The programme to bring bicycling back to the streets of Beijing deserves special attention. As recently as 45 years ago, the bicycle was a primary means of transportation in China. In the 1990s, the automobile became a symbol of success and affluence, and city governments began restricting bicycle traffic to allow cars to pass. A 2002 report by the Beijing Institute of Transportation included special measures to limit the use of bicycles and other forms of ‘inadequate transportation’. By 2009, the city banned non-motorised vehicles from 10% of its streets. The document ‘Sustainable Future of Cycling’ in the UK presents the results of the Cycling England programmes, which aim to promote cycling and increase the number of cyclists. There are separate cycling infrastructure development strategies for England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Many cities in Ukraine have developed a concept of bicycle infrastructure development. The main direction is the creation of a complete bicycle infrastructure in cities, which will improve traffic safety, lower traffic jams in large cities, and certainly contribute to reducing hazardous harmful emissions into the air. Keywords: urban planning, transportation, cycling infrastructure, traffic safety, environment, health improvement.

Microclimatic effects of introduced tree plantings in urban environment

Ecological role of urban green spaces is increasing in order to provide citizens with comfortable and safe living conditions in the new climatic realities through the use of ecosystem services of tree and shrub stands in the setting of reduced forest areas, native forest decline and acceleration of urbanization processes. However, in Europe and, in particular, in Ukraine, deterioration of the environmental condition and loss of ecological functions of urban green spaces are observed. One of the reasons for the loss of ecological potential of tree and shrub plantings is unbalanced approach to the development of green infrastructure in cities, when socio-cultural ecosystem services (decorative, aesthetic) are preferred over environmental and regulatory ones, including over climate-regulating services. The active use of introduced tree species has always been driven by the development of green infrastructure in modern cities; the share of these species in dendroflora of urban ecosystems is steadily increasing in Europe. Introduced tree species comprise the basis of urban green infrastructure; therefore, the issue of determining the potential microclimatic effects of these species becomes relevant. The influence of tree species (Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Gleditsia triacanthos, Morus alba, Quercus rubra, Robinia pseudoacacia, Tilia platyphyllos) introduced in the Steppe zone of Ukraine on the formation of microclimatic parameters (light intensity, temperature and relative air humidity) in the space beneath the tree canopy within monodominant group plantings is analyzed in Botanical Garden of Oles Honchar Dnipro National University and park areas of Dnipro city. Beneficial effect of group plantings consisting of introduced tree species on the processes of optimizing the microclimatic conditions of the urban environment is revealed. Beneath the canopy of introduced tree species (compared to the reference open sites), light intensity decreased from 86.9% to 97.9% at midday in late July. The air temperature decreased from 3°C to 6.5°C, and the relative humidity increased by 2.5–9.8%, depending on the species of the tree. By increasing the microclimatic efficiency, the studied tree introducents were determined to form the following series: Gleditsia triacanthos – Robinia pseudoacacia – Fraxinus pennsylvanica – Quercus rubra – Tilia platyphyllos – Acer pseudoplatanus – Morus alba. Along with a significant climate-regulating effect, monodominant group plantings consisting of dense- and semi-dense crowned introduced tree species become "cooling islands" and play a significant role in optimizing the microclimatic conditions of urban ecosystems during the daytime and summer periods. At the same time, introduced tree species with naturally developed dense and semi-dense crowns can be prioritized for creating and reconstructing green spaces with recreational purposes in the cities situated in Steppe zone. The results obtained regarding the microclimatic effects of introduced tree species expand the scientific and theoretical base for the development of methods for optimizing the functionality of green infrastructure in cities by the construction of green spaces using tree species that have significant climate-regulating properties.

Design & Analysis of Non-Linear Property of Material for Semi-Rigit, Fixed & Flexible Structural Frames

During an earthquake, failure of structure starts off-evolved at factors of weak spot. This weak point arises due to discontinuity in mass, stiffness and geometry of structure. The systems having this discontinuity are termed as irregular systems. Irregular structures contribute a massive portion of city infrastructure. The effect of vertically irregularities within the seismic overall performance of systems will become definitely vital. The main objective of the analysis is to study the behavior of flat slab system in vertical irregular multi-storied building against different forces acting on it during earthquake. Also, the objective of analysis is to study the structural behavior of shear wall – flat slab interaction with opening. The analysis is made between in the three types of G+9 storey building with 0 % vertical irregularity, 200 % vertical irregularity and 300% vertical irregularity. In all these building’s shear wall is provided with & without 20% opening. Total 15 modeled are studied and their results were compared. Key Words: Flat slab, Vertical Geometric Irregularity, Shear wall with opening, Response Spectrum analysis, STAAD Pro2007

A Comprehensive Review of Studies Focusing on the Intersection of Urban Flooding and Historic Urban Landscapes

Abstract Due to evolving climate patterns and the deterioration of infrastructure in historic cities, these urban locales confront escalating flood-related risks. A profusion of academic discourse has separately explored the subjects of urban flooding and historic urban landscapes, but an integrative, systematic review of both areas concurrently remains scarce. This review presents a holistic perspective of the convergence between urban flooding and historic urban landscapes, meticulously evaluating 101 scholarly articles sourced from the Web of Science database spanning from 2006 to 2022. The disciplinary classification encompasses 24 categories. A careful examination of the methodologies employed in these articles reveals flood vulnerability mapping as a prevalent tool in urban heritage conservation, while nature-based solutions emerge as potent strategies for mitigating urban flooding challenges. The insights derived from this review shed light on the present state of affairs regarding urban flooding risks in historic cities, and provide a wealth of information beneficial to decision-makers and practitioners engaged in urban stormwater management.

The Impact of IoT on Smart City Infrastructure in India

Today, we live in a society where digital communication systems are so advanced that by the mid 2050’s the world will be completely filled by smart buildings on the internet highway like those portrayed in science fiction movies. This is possible because of tech savvy tiny sensors or Internet of Things (IoT) devices embedded in the smart network in order to collect meaningful information about the citizens and their interaction with the ubiquitous environment. Smart sustainable cities are modelled on the Internet of Things blending ICT for better standard of living and citizen services. IoT will modify indoor temperatures and switch off unnecessary lights in homes, detect snags in equipment and fix machines remotely, and provide commuters with information on traffic jams on the go. IoT in smart cities can be implemented by the development authorities but the stake holders of this task are citizens, the municipal government and private organizations engaged in this partnership. Using sophisticated ICT systems makes the city smarter and improves community building and connectivity by interweaving all the components of a city. Privacy and security are the two watch words when it comes to capturing citizens’ data. This data needs to be anonymised before it reaches the civic authorities. This study evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of using IoT in Indian smart cities after discussing an international case study of a smart sustainable city.

Child Safety Monitoring and Notification Gadget in Smart Town/City using IoT

This study suggests a brand-new child safety device for smart cities that uses the Internet-of-Things (IoT) to give parents real-time monitoring and alerts about the child. With the use of a variety of sensors, including a temperature sensor to monitor ambient conditions, a touch sensor to detect simple presses or contact on the device's surface, a heartbeat sensor to measure fundamental health, and GPS for location tracking, this device is able to collect vital data about the child's well-being. Parents can view their child's data remotely. The microcontroller unit processes the data and sends it to a specified server. To notify parents of possible risks, such as exceeding a set temperature threshold, detecting a fall, or the child wandering beyond approved safe zones, a notification system is put in place. The device can also have a buzzer installed for instant local alerts in an emergency. Using the user-friendly Firebase software, parents can track their child's whereabouts continuously with the device's GPS module. This all-inclusive strategy improves child safety within the smart city infrastructure by giving parents peace of mind and enabling prompt action when needed. This device aligns with the expanding trend of smart city development, which uses technology to enhance the safety and well-being of its residents. Through its smooth integration with current IoT networks and infrastructure, this solution provides a useful and efficient way to protect kids in cities.

RESEARCH OF THE IMPACT OF VERNACULAR AREAS ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN TERRITORIES

The relevance of the research is stipulated by the need to maximise the involvement of residents in the processes of management and development of the city's territories, which will create a comfortable, convenient and modern urban environment with maximum consideration of the interests and needs of users of the city's infrastructure. The research aims to analyse modern approaches to urban planning, taking into account the needs of the population living in the area, as a component of sustainable development of a modern city, using geoinformation technologies and open geospatial data, such as geotags. These issues are discussed in the context of urban amenities and attractiveness from the point of view of an average resident. To meet the basic needs related to improving the level and comfort of living, it is proposed to divide the territory into vernacular areas. This type of territorial division differs significantly from administrative districts. The research was conducted on the example of a city with a population of over a million people - Kharkiv. The principles of vernacular area formation within the existing urban territory are defined, and the origin of this concept is considered in retrospect. The relationship between vernacular areas and the population mentality through habitus is considered.

Behavior and efficiency analysis of Asian neighborhood transportation based on object detection

The Asian city neighborhood transport is often congested and unbalanced. Hence, it is crucial for the policymakers to study the pattern and effectiveness of transportation in the Asian towns. This paper discussed transportation behaviors of cars, bicycles, and pedestrians on Asian block based on object detection using You Only Look Once (YOLO) algorithm. First, the major transportation objects such as buses and cars were identified through photos and videos of an ordinary Asian neighborhood. Then, the key efficiency indicators of the transport behavior were suggested and the time and road required different metrics were calculated. Lastly, diverse behavior patterns have been analyzed, and optimization suggestions based on the findings are being proposed. The result of the application was that various means of transportation in a certain neighborhood differed in terms of efficiency due to the behavior patterns, and object detection method was a suitable tool to find the suggestions about traffic management, safety, and city infrastructure.

Deep sea mineral resources and underground space as well as infrastructure for sustainable and liveable cities

Deep sea mineral resources and underground space as well as infrastructure for sustainable and liveable cities

Creating a Roadmap to Forecast Future Directions in Vertical Green Structures as a Climate Change Mitigation Strategy: A Critical Review of Technology-Driven Applications

Urbanization exacerbates climate change impacts, making it crucial to develop innovative strategies for adaptation and mitigation. In this context, the “smartness” concept must be seen as the technical capability to forecast and adapt to changing conditions while maintaining livability and safety. This paper investigates the use of Vertical Green Structures (VGSs) as a mitigation strategy. Through a critical review of technology-driven applications, this research identifies key motivations and challenges in VGSs’ technological integration and implementation, governance frameworks, and community engagement. Methodologically, it employs a critical case analysis and categorizes the technologies based on multicriteria; it also explores the potential to implement smart green infrastructure (GI) in cities and the GI urban governance that was developed in previous decades to adopt these systems at an urban scale and increase the community’s awareness of them. The findings reveal diverse motivations driving technology and VGS integration, ranging from economic incentives to environmental sustainability. Additionally, this contribution explores possible future directions for VGSs and highlights three scenarios derived after the multidimensional impacts of climate change with their pros and cons in future cities. Multidisciplinary collaboration emerges as a crucial factor in optimizing technology implementations in VGSs and fostering a transition from nature-based solutions to technology-based solutions in urban sustainability initiatives.

Enhancing Urban Development Control Through the Warsaw Natural System: A Case Study in Warsaw, Poland

This study delves into the Warsaw Natural System (WNS) in Warsaw, Poland, and its efficacy in regulating urban development within the city. The paper is divided into three main sections, each addressing a distinct aspect of urban development control. Firstly, the paper examines how WNS effectively manages outward urban expansion through the strategic use of wedge-shaped green spaces. Empirical evidence demonstrates the WNS's success in curbing urban sprawl and maintaining a balanced spatial layout. Secondly, the study investigates how the WNS controls inward urban over-development by employing small urban green spaces interconnected throughout the city. The analysis highlights the effectiveness of this approach in creating fragmented urban development, and preventing excessive density. Thirdly, the paper explores how the WNS contributes to the resilience of urban development by enhancing functional diversity within urban green spaces, and how this diversity enriches the lives of urban residents and sustains the WNS's spatial pattern, offering long-term control over urban space development. In addition to its strengths, the study also identifies existing shortcomings within the WNS and proposes recommendations for future improvement, aiming to enhance its effectiveness in controlling urban development. This research provides valuable insights into sustainable urban planning practices and underscores the importance of adaptable green infrastructure in shaping cities for the future.

Dynamic Monitoring and Analysing Method of Construction Project Performance Based on Digital Twin

Higher-level management and monitoring systems must be developed to maintain increasing global civil infrastructure projects. One such innovation in the construction industry is the Digital Twin (DT), which helps businesses address the evolving needs for smart city development and infrastructure growth through enhanced project management and execution. In this paper, we introduce a DT framework that will digitally describe construction areas in real-time through the use of Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, Building Information Modelling (BIM), and machine learning (ML). The computer program periodically collects and analyses data using sensors associated with the environment along with 3D imaging sensors (LiDAR, photogrammetric cameras). More Effective project management and monitoring are the result of linking this data with BIM systems, allowing for reports on the construction development. In order to promote proactive management, this system uses ML algorithms to analyze patterns and predict future risks. For superior prediction and decision-making by the DT, this system's dual-input layout processes both spatial and temporal data. The framework enables a method to collect data in real time and use them to achieve early detection of issues, improved resource management, and enhanced project outcomes.

Urbanization Impacts the Soaring Housing Price of Hangzhou During 2018-2022

This paper examines the reasons for the rapid increase in housing prices in Hangzhou between 2018 and 2022. As one of China's fast-growing cities, Hangzhou has experienced significant changes in its real estate market due to continued population growth and accelerated urbanization, especially driven by major events such as the G20 Summit and the Asian Games. Firstly, the improvement and expansion of the city's infrastructure, especially the development of Hangzhou's metro network, has increased the attractiveness and property values of specific areas. Second, the government's talent admission policies and the city's overall attractiveness led to a population surge, further pushing up housing demand. In addition, special events such as the G20 Summit and the Asian Games and the urban renewal programs they bring have stimulated housing prices to a certain extent. In response to these reasons, it is recommended that the government take multifaceted measures to control the excessive rise in housing prices, including strengthening the regulation of the real estate market, rationalizing the planning of urban development, and providing more affordable and rental housing. The Government has optimized its policies to meet the housing needs of different income groups so as to achieve long-term stability and healthy development of the real estate market.

Camera-Based Crime Behavior Detection and Classification

Increasing numbers of public and private locations now have surveillance cameras installed to make those areas more secure. Even though many organizations still hire someone to monitor the cameras, the person hired is more likely to miss some unexpected events in the video feeds because of human error. Several researchers have worked on surveillance data and have presented a number of approaches for automatically detecting aberrant events. To keep track of all the video data that accumulate, a supervisor is often required. To analyze the video data automatically, we recommend using neural networks to identify the crimes happening in the real world. Through our approach, it will be easier for police agencies to discover and assess criminal activity more quickly using our method, which will reduce the burden on their staff. In this paper, we aim to provide anomaly detection using surveillance videos as input specifically for the crimes of arson, burglary, stealing, and vandalism. It will provide an efficient and adaptable crime-detection system if integrated across the smart city infrastructure. In our project, we trained multiple accurate deep learning models for object detection and crime classification for arson, burglary and vandalism. For arson, the videos were trained using YOLOv5. Similarly for burglary and vandalism, we trained using YOLOv7 and YOLOv6, respectively. When the models were compared, YOLOv7 performed better with the highest mAP of 87. In this, we could not compare the model’s performance based on crime type because all the datasets for each crime type varied. So, for arson YOLOv5 performed well with 80% mAP and for vandalism, YOLOv6 performed well with 86% mAP. This paper designed an automatic identification of crime types based on camera or surveillance video in the absence of a monitoring person, and alerts registered users about crimes such as arson, burglary, and vandalism through an SMS service. To detect the object of the crime in the video, we trained five different machine learning models: Improved YOLOv5 for arson, Faster RCNN and YOLOv7 for burglary, and SSD MobileNet and YOLOv6 for vandalism. Other than improved models, we innovated by building ensemble models of all three crime types. The main aim of the project is to provide security to the society without human involvement and make affordable surveillance cameras to detect and classify crimes. In addition, we implemented the Web system design using the built package in Python, which is Gradio. This helps the registered user of the Twilio communication tool to receive alert messages when any suspicious activity happens around their communities.

Weak geostrophic wind driven ventilation in street canyons with trees and green walls: Cooperating or opposing dispersions of airborne pollutants?

Urban high-rise buildings and dense street canyons significantly disrupt synchronised wind flows, potentially exacerbating urban heat island effect. Fortunately, urban heat island effect can be mitigated by the green infrastructure in cities, particularly through the presence of roadside trees and green walls. However, the combined mechanisms of tree resistance, shading effects, and cooling effect, along with sensible thermal buoyancy flows within canyon ventilation and pollution dispersion, remain undisclosed. This study employs refined computational fluid dynamics numerical simulations to analyse airflow and pollutant dispersion within urban street canyons. Air exchange rate and pollutant retention time are employed to evaluate ventilation and pollutant dispersion, respectively, inside the street canyons.In scenarios with leeward green wall layout, higher tree canopy spread and trunk height lead to a shift in high pollutant concentrations from the region near the windward side to that near the leeward side of the typical canyon (H/W = 1). Conversely, in deep canyons (H/W = 5), most pollutants are retained near the bottom leeward side. Moreover, differences in pollutant dispersion between typical and deep canyons increase with with rising tree canopy spread. Additionally, higher tree canopy spread and trunk height values result in longer pollutant retention time, which are unfavourable for pollutant removal, and particularly limiting pollutant dispersion as street canyon depth increases. Similarly, increasing tree canopy spread reduces the difference in air exchange rate between windward and leeward green wall layout patterns. Regarding Richardson number variations —indicating thermal buoyancy effects—lower Richardson number values lead to reduced differences in pollutant retention time between typical and deep canyons. Furthermore, ventilation performance of the windward green pattern surpasses that of the leeward pattern. This research provides valuable insights for implementing green infrastructure to locally mitigate urban air pollution.

The Development of Modeling Shared Spaces to Support Sustainable Transport Systems: Introduction to the Integrated Pedestrian–Vehicle Model (IPVM)

The significance of developing shared road infrastructure in cities throughout the world is growing. Driven by the need to improve traffic management in ways that enhance multiple sustainability outcomes, developing the tools needed to test shared space proposals is becoming more sought after by responsible agencies. This paper reviews approaches to simulation modeling focused on representing and assessing shared spaces, culminating in a new approach presented here called the Integrated Pedestrian–Vehicle Model (IPVM)—a novel framework that combines social force models, car-following models and other algorithms from the robotics domain to better describe both mobility and activity within a shared space. The IPVM recognizes that while shared spaces are inherently multimodal, past efforts have tended to use pedestrian models as a starting point. Most consider the interaction of pedestrians with other pedestrians and static road infrastructure. Shared space models are generally microscopic models that integrate a social force model with a variety of car-following models to describe the interaction between vehicles and pedestrians. However, there is little research and few practical methodologies that address the long-range conflict avoidance between vehicles and pedestrians. This aspect is crucial for accurately representing the desire lines and pathways of pedestrians and active transport users in complex environments like shared spaces. The IPVM describes and visualizes shared road infrastructure with an absence of separating infrastructure between users and outputs. It generates metrics that can be used in conjunction with the latest evaluation approaches to gauge the sustainability credentials of shared space road proposals. Enhanced modeling of shared space solutions can lead to more effective implementation, which can potentially reduce the presence of cars, increase public and active transport use and lead to a more sustainable transport system.