Economic Activities In Cities Research Articles

Analysis of Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection for Indore District of Malwa Plateau Region Using Supervised Machine Learning

The main aim of this work is to find out LULC classes for the Indore region. For the last seven years, Indore has been crowned the cleanest city in India according to the latest ranking of 2023. In the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, the city and district of Indore are situated on the southern edge of the Malwa plateau. The municipalities of the Indore district majorly cover Manpur, Depalpur, Goutampura, Mhow, Hatod, Betma, Rau and Sanwer, with an area of approximately 3900 square kilometers. In contrast, Indore covers a land area of approximately 530 square kilometres. It is in charge of the nation’s slow but steady industrialization and population growth found in the last three decades. The city was much smaller and had a far smaller population thirty years ago. However, to evaluate the changes and decide on Indore city's future planning, Indore has taken over responsibility for the city's economic activities in recent years. New appropriate patterns should be recommended based on local factors like topography characteristics. The satellite image with multiple spectrums was used for the investigation. ArcGIS is based on pixel-by-pixel supervised classification using the maximum likelihood approach of Landsat satellite images from 2003 and 2023. The ground area, agriculture, and urbanization are linked to the LULC features. The various categories of classified land use and land cover features include the area of built-up regions, water bodies, cropland, forest, and barren land taken to predict the broad changes. Remotely sensed Landsat 5 images of 2003 and 8 images of 2023 were utilized to identify changes to accomplish this goal. This work clarifies the comparison of LULC classes for the Indore region.

IMPACT OF DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS ON ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN BULGARIA'S RURAL TERRITORIES

Bulgaria has one of the fastest rates of population decline in the EU and the world. In 2021, the value is observed to be 21.6% lower compared to the value recorded in 2001. Changes in rural areas are even more dynamic and have a negative impact on their development opportunities. This paper aims to examine and analyse the economic activity of the rural population using statistical data obtained from population censuses. The analysis is mainly focused on the interdependencies between economic activity, employment in agriculture and their implications for the rural economy. Correlation and regression analysis were applied to test the research hypotheses. The summary of the obtained results shows that the coefficient of economic activity rises until 2020, but activity is uneven and at different rates in different regions, with the coefficient being lower in villages at the expense of economic activity in cities; • The unemployment rate in Bulgaria has gone through three stages: until 2013, it was in double digits, then it dropped to 4.2 (in 2021), and in 2019, an increase began, which varied greatly by region. The unemployment rate is significantly higher in the villages, with the most significant differences in the younger age groups; • The correlation analysis revealed a weak, positive, and insignificant relationship between the rural population and the coefficient of economic activity, as well as the presence of a medium, positive, and significant relationship between the rural population and the agricultural labour force; According to the regression analysis, Annual work unit has a positive and significant influence on the population in rural areas, indicating that agricultural specialization and automation are still in their early stages in Bulgaria, and the workforce in the industry is structure-determining Demographic processes have a negative impact on rural development. A cyclical pattern emerges wherein a declining local economy and depopulation coexist and mutually reinforce one another. A decline in demographic potential and a lack of human capital may limit investment flow. For these reasons, investing in human capital is regarded as a critical means of reversing unfavourable trends in demographic structures and processes in all countries affected by accelerated aging and depopulation. This includes improving the health-care system, education and other social services, as well as raising the living standards of rural inhabitants. To achieve this goal, regional demographic policies must be developed that take into account the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of each region. Key words: demographic processes, economic activity, rural territories. JEL: J11, J43

The Impact of Globalization and The Free Market on The Economic Growth of Umkm on Pekalongan

Globalization and free markets have a big influence on the Indonesian economy, including MSMEs as the spearhead of the Indonesian economy today. Globalization is spreading rapidly through communication technology, changing many people's habits such as food, lifestyle, and even politics. The free market also presents new challenges because goods, services and labor will more easily enter other countries. People's markets and modern shops also support Pekalongan City's economic activities, which are largely driven by trade in superior goods such as batik and fisheries. The trade and cooperative sectors together make a significant contribution to the expansion of the economy in Pekalongan City. The commercial development of Pekalongan City's superior goods, such as batik, fish, weaving, convection, and several other crafts that develop with a wealth of invention and ingenuity, is proof of this. Free markets have advantages and disadvantages. The ability to easily obtain desired foreign goods and keep up with global market trends is a beneficial impact Globalization and free markets have had negative and positive impacts on MSMEs in Pekalongan, but on the other hand this also brings great opportunities for MSMEs in Pekalongan to further expand their market reach.

Lights out: The economic impacts of Covid‐19 on cities globally

AbstractThis paper uses high‐frequency nighttime lights data and a variety of empirical methods to analyze the impacts of the Covid‐19 crisis on economic activity during the period January 2020–March 2021 for a global sample of 2841 cities. Particular attention is paid to the role of a city's population density in shaping these impacts. While economic activity in cities is found to be negatively affected by both the spread of the virus and the imposition of nonpharmaceutical interventions, population density is found to amplify the negative impacts of the spread of the virus and attenuate those of nonpharmaceutical interventions. These results are driven by cities in low‐ and middle‐income countries, where overall economic activity is found to have been more strongly hit by the pandemic and the strength of those impacts was stronger for less densely populated cities. The role of population density in shaping the economic impacts of the Covid‐19 crisis across cities is confirmed by an event‐study analysis. Taken together, the findings suggest that the Covid‐19 crisis gave rise to divergent urban economic trajectories, both between high‐ and lower‐income countries and between cities with different population densities in lower‐income countries.

Efficiency evaluation for urban industrial metabolism through the methodologies of emergy analysis and dynamic network stochastic block model

Frequent economic activities in cities have exacerbated irreversible environmental degradation. It is urgent to balance the relationship between economic growth, resource investment and environmental protection. With the concept of urban metabolism, this study attempts to clarify the internal structure of urban system metabolism and the metabolic relationship between specific economic sectors. And then, it determines the metabolic level of current urban industrial development by means of metabolic efficiency evaluation, which can help more accurately reveal the sustainability of urban metabolic activities. Based on them, this study proposes a metabolic efficiency evaluation model combined with emergy analysis and slack-based measure dynamic network Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Through the multi-period and multi-stage network DEA model, the internal structure of urban industrial metabolism is opened. And considerring industrial waste as an undesirable carryover will be regarded as additional inputs in future period to reflect the impact on industrial metabolic efficiency. Using the proposed model, the industrial metabolic efficiency of 18 first-tier cities in China from 2016 to 2020 was analyzed. It is found that all cities are inefficient, which indicates that all evaluated cities need to make appropriate adjustments to improve their weak stages. In response to the specific problems of inefficiency in each city, an improvement framework is proposed to help each city better realize the sustainable development of the urban economy.

City reputation and the role of sustainability in cities

AbstractCity reputation is a valuable intangible asset that boosts the attractiveness of a city in terms of resources, events, tourism, or as a place of residence. Since city sustainability is understood as the framework of a city's economic activities conducted within the carrying capacity of the local environment to the benefit of the local population, it may help to satisfy city stakeholders' expectations over time; in other words, to enhance city reputation. Our results from Tobit analyses, based on an international sample of 62 cities between 2015 and 2018, confirm that city sustainability is a determinant of city reputation. Specifically, this study shows that the level of environmental, social, and economic sustainability affects positively city reputation. Our results are of interest to local authorities, as they indicate the relevance of efforts to consolidate city sustainability in order to build a good city reputation.

Multi-scenario simulation and ecological risk analysis of land use based on the PLUS model: A case study of Nanjing

• A complete solution that includes the land use simulation and ecological risk assessment was designed. • The land use of Nanjing in 2025 under multi-scenarios was simulated by the PLUS model. • The ecological risks of land use under multi-scenario were assessed with a comprehensive indicator system. • Guarantee the urban sustainable development by avoiding the ecological risks under different development models. With the expansion of economic activities in cities, the function of the urban system is complex and the ecological environment is destructed gradually. Urban planning is one of the important means to solve the above issues. In order to make the city develop sustainably through urban planning, scientific prediction and assessment of future ecological risks under different scenarios are the basis for all measures. This paper uses the PLUS model to simulate the land use data of Nanjing in 2025 under four scenarios that are Business As Usual (BAU), Rapid Economic Development (RED), Ecological Land Protection (ELP), and Ecological and Economic Balance (EEB). Then, the changes in various types of land and land transfer under each scenario are analyzed. Moreover, the assessment index considering urban expansion pressure, landscape ecological risk, grain reserve pressure, and ecological degradation pressure is used to analyze the ecological risk of land use under each scenario. The study found that the expansion intensity of built-up land is relatively strong under the RED scenario, followed by the EEB scenario, while the proportion of land with high ecological benefits such as woodland and grassland is higher under the ELP and EEB scenarios. The overall ecological risk level of the city under the ELP scenario is lowest, while the ecological risk under the RED scenario is highest. Therefore, in the region with a high population density and concentrated built-up land, attention should be paid to the protection of the ecological environment, and large-scale built-up land should be avoided by building ecological corridors. The ecological risk of the EEB scenario in the local area is lower than that of the ELP scenario. Therefore, due to the diversity of each municipal district of Nanjing city, individualized planning should be carried out according to the regional characteristics.

The Covid-19 Pandemic: Impacts on the Hospital Environment and Spatial Design

Covid-19 is the most significant pandemic that happened at the end of 2019, where the first confirmed case was reported in Wuhan, China. Given the high population and economic activities in cities, there are always possibilities for Covid-19 to spread widely. Hence, the impacts in the urban area are much bigger affected by this pandemic. The fact that existing hospital design raises concerns and questions among people across the globe regarding the hospital capacity and lack of flexibility to accommodate sudden surges of patients due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Previous studies showed that hospital spatial design and organization are crucial and impact users’ perceptions and experiences from multiple stakeholders. The scholars argue that the concept of restorative environment is rarely defined and some of the initiatives either focused on daily life in hospitals or broad terms about hospital architecture, layout, and interior design. The overview on the impact of Covid-19 towards hospital environment, hospital spatial design and its relationship through content analysis, and pilot survey as the groundwork are significant features to be discovered in this paper. This paper focuses on the existing hospital spatial design principles through the effectiveness and efficiency of current hospital planning design during the pandemic. The result indicates that the empirical principles contribute to hospital planning and design quality and call for further research.

Spatial and functional organizations of industrial agglomerations in China’s Greater Bay Area

Industrial agglomeration is a concentration phenomenon of economic activities in cities. In recent years, the geographic and functional structures of industries are constantly changing due to global industrialization and regional urbanization. Thus far, a scarcity of research has investigated spatial-functional organizations of sectoral industries in urbanized megaregions. By using points of interest (POIs) data collected in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), this paper seeks to portray the spatial extent of industrial agglomerations and to label their functional characteristics. A kernel density function is first applied to measure the spatial extent of industrial agglomerations. Next, we explore the industrial functions by implementing a semantic-based information retrieval to label the functional characteristics of industrial agglomerations via words that are tokenized from POI registered names. The empirical results suggest that the concentrations of industrial activities are strongly heterogeneous across different economic sectors, revealing that agglomerations across the GBA can provide a variety types of industrial products and services. Concerning manufacturing industries, the present analysis further confirms the existence of both specialization and diversification agglomerations along with far distinct spatial characteristics. This research supplements empirical evidence and provides novel insights into the geographical and functional organizations of economic activities regarding one of the largest urban megaregions in the world. The implications that are related to megaregional economic collaboration and development are discussed.

Avrupa’da Üniversite Kurumunun Ortaya Çıkışındaki Ekonomik Arka Plan

The subject of this paper is about the economic background of the first universities in Europe. While there are different opinions about the first appearance of universities in the 12nd century, the economic background has not been discussed. In this respect, ideas about the emergence of universities are suggested that either Greco-Roman or Muslims’s eductional traditions are influenced. However, although not directly, some studies also related to an indirect relationship between the establishment of universities and the ‘Commercial Revolution’, which started in the 12th century. Since there is not enough focus on the subject being signaled, this study discusses the strong link between the emergence of universities and the Commercial Revolution. Therefore, the study covers the 12th and 15th centuries in which universities were built extensively. It is undoubtedly a new approach to establishing a link between economic developments and economic activities for the establishment of universities. Thus, with the results of the study, it will be possible to produce predictions about the new attitudes that today’s university institution will take. Therefore, a new idea is being produced for the establishment of universities, and a new claim is made. Historical cases and published economic series are used to address the issue. In this respect, the work is thanks to secondary resources. The focus is on economic reviews, correlations with economic activities in cities where universities are established, and legal requirements are established. At the end of the paper, it is revealed that the economic and legal demands that emerged with the Commercial Revolution are the most important factors in the establishment of universities.

Business and Services in Mexico City, at the End of Nineteenth Century. Spatial Analysis and ReClassification: The Figueroa Doménech Trade Directory and the North American Industry Classification System Criteria

By examining the business guide published by Jerónimo Figueroa Doménech in his Guía general descriptiva... (1899), our aim is to show a classification approach of Mexico City economic activities. Using the North American Industrial Classification System as a reference, which for 20 years has been applied to analyze the development of economic activities in Mexico, USA and Canada, we are able to explore the distribution of business and urban services areas at the end of nineteenth century as a starting point to study this changes with an historical perspective (longue durée).

التخطيط البيئي للمناطق الصناعية في مصر

City planning is currently characterized by continuous industrial development as industry is considered one of the basic economic activities in cities, as it is the main engine of economic life and the development required for communities. As a result of this development, many negative impacts emerged from this economic activity on various ecosystems (water, land and climate) in addition to the effects on human life and health. These effects are clearly evident in the environmental pollution that occurs in its various forms, and in Egypt there are approximately 114 industrial zones in the various governorates of Egypt, and there are many of them overlapping with urbanization in an unplanned manner and resulting in environmental pollution such as pollution of the waters of the Nile River, canals and drains, in addition to the huge emissions in Air pollution that causes pollution and affects living organisms and human health. With the importance of reducing these negative impacts and the emergence of many different environmental approaches, it becomes evident the importance of taking steps towards environmental planning for industrial areas (ecological industry) by proposing a framework that can reduce the negative effects resulting from the industry and maximize the use of the waste generated from it in Egypt.

Typology of workplaces in the informal settlement Semarang

Informal settlements are considered as a problem in urban area, and viewed as inappropriate and unsupportive compared to city settlements. However, these kampongs play a role in social networks and significant economic activities in cities, and accommodates the needs of inhabitants. Jurnatan Kampong is an old kampong in the Semarang City, located at the edge of Semarang River, with a residential situation adjusted to the need to the workplace. This settlement functions as a dwelling area and a hub of trade and service, and the river border area is utilized for work functions. Therefore, this study aims to recognize the use pattern of economic space in the Jurnatan Kampong along Semarang River. The method used is direct observation of the border area between Semarang River and Jurnatan Kampong. The result showed residential areas on the kampong along this Inspections Street was used for various economic activities, in the form of stalls, shops, wood processing and warehouses.

CARBON FOOTPRINT OF THE LEGALIZATION OF ACTIVITIES AT THE CITY OF SEVILLE

The reduction of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emission in cities is vital because cities generate 60% of global GHG emissions. By the middle of this century, two-thirds of the planet's population is expected to be concentrated in cities. For this reason, energy demand and GHG emissions in large cities will continue to increase, concentrating on urban centres, productive, transport and commercial activities. This increase in economic activities in cities leads to an increase in the number of legalization procedures that are processed by municipalities to authorize and control their implementation. In response to the problems raised, it is presented the results of an investigation undertaken to demonstrate that the application of a Knowledge-Based System (KBS) can significantly reduce the carbon footprint that is currently generated in the Licensing Service of the city council of Seville, as a consequence of the current high failure rate in the subsequent control after the start-up of activities by responsible declaration. The implementation of the SBC would reduce the carbon footprint by 78%, considering an average establishment with 300 m2 of built area. This proposal can be applied in any city council of the more than 8000 that exist in Spain, which would have an enormous impact on reducing the carbon footprint of cities and reducing costs for public coffers, and all this without the need to invest in renewing the fleet of vehicles with others that produce fewer emissions, and facilitating the task of promoters of economic activities, with the help of knowledge management. Keywords: Carbon footprint, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Local administration, Knowledge-based system, Compliance.

Healthy urban space ratios through Environmental and Human Aspects

Since the early days of the COVID-19 epidemic, the scientific community has continuously been trying to shed light on various issues such as the mechanisms driving the spread of the virus, its environmental and socio-economic impacts, and required recovery and adaptation plans and policies. Given the high concentration of population and economic activities in cities, they are frequently spotted by COVID-19 infections. Changes in infectious disease transmission patterns are a likely major consequence of climate pollution. The population now lives in urban areas, we found a consistent negative association between urban green space exposure and mortality, heart rate, and violence, and positive association with wellbeing, attention, and physical activity. The built environment, natural and social environments have a significant effect on health and wellbeing. The design and construction of new communities provide an opportunity to explore neighborhood's' design and planning for human health. Neighborhood design can contribute to a sense of place and the health of residents by changing the ratios of the car lanes, pedestrian paths, cycle lanes, green spaces, and public spaces for people.

Urban Seismic Risk Assessment by Integrating Direct Economic Loss and Loss of Statistical Life: An Empirical Study in Xiamen, China.

The growing densities of human and economic activities in cities lead to more severe consequences when a catastrophe such as an earthquake occurs. This study on urban seismic risk evaluation is carried out from the perspective of the direct loss caused by disasters in urban areas, including the measurement of both the expected direct economic loss and loss of life in the face of characteristic earthquakes. Aiming to estimate, quantify and visualize the earthquake risk in each unit of urban space, this research proposes to assess urban seismic risk by integrating the direct economic loss and the loss of statistical life in a disaster, with consideration of diverse earthquake frequencies. Empirical research of the proposed assessment framework and corresponding models is then conducted to measure urban seismic risk in Xiamen, China. Key findings of the case study include the expected direct economic losses and the expected number of deaths in three characteristic earthquakes, their estimated spatial distributions, the average loss of the value of a statistical life (VSL) of one average local resident and the overall seismic risk distributions in Xiamen.

Mapping of Public Space for Cultural Celebration Chinese Ethnic in Chinatown Semarang

Chinatown, often called Chinezen Wijk, is one of the centers of the city's economic activity. This area is developing very fast, plus the characteristics of worship activities and cultural celebrations that use public space in the form of roads, so that the area becomes crowded. Based on these problems, this study aimed to map the celebration of Chinese ethnic culture in the public space of the Semarang Chinatown. The research method is quantitative descriptive with GIS to map cultural celebration activities in the public space. The analysis results show that cultural celebration activities in the public space are influenced by the duration of the event, location selection, smooth traffic, parking conditions, and road conditions. The results of this study are expected to contribute to better spatial planning policy.

Ranking places in attributed temporal urban mobility networks.

Drawing on the recent advances in complex network theory, urban mobility flow patterns, typically encoded as origin-destination (OD) matrices, can be represented as weighted directed graphs, with nodes denoting city locations and weighted edges the number of trips between them. Such a graph can further be augmented by node attributes denoting the various socio-economic characteristics at a particular location in the city. In this paper, we study the spatio-temporal characteristics of “hotspots” of different types of socio-economic activities as characterized by recently developed attribute-augmented network centrality measures within the urban OD network. The workflow of the proposed paper comprises the construction of temporal OD networks using two custom data sets on urban mobility in Rome and London, the addition of socio-economic activity attributes to the OD network nodes, the computation of network centrality measures, the identification of “hotspots” and, finally, the visualization and analysis of measures of their spatio-temporal heterogeneity. Our results show structural similarities and distinctions between the spatial patterns of different types of human activity in the two cities. Our approach produces simple indicators thus opening up opportunities for practitioners to develop tools for real-time monitoring and visualization of interactions between mobility and economic activity in cities.

Conceptualising and measuring the location of work: Work location as a probability space

There is currently considerable interest in workers performing tasks from a variety of workplaces, such as co-working spaces, transport-networks and cafés. However, it remains difficult to ascertain the extent to which this workplace mobility is altering urban economic geography, since most analyses of the location of economic activity in cities are based upon census-type data that assume a unique place of work for each worker. In this paper I propose a framework that extends the concept of place of work: work is probabilistically assigned to different types of workplace according to the proportion of work time spent in each. The limitations of census data are discussed and illustrated, after which the framework is operationalised in an exploratory survey. Census data suggest a modest increase in workplace mobility, with most work still taking place either at home or in a fixed workplace. The paper’s principal contribution is to explain these data’s limitations and show how work location can be operationalised as a probability space.

Do We Need To Promote Public Transport For Sustainable Development With Reference To Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS)?: A Case Of Jaipur Metro Rail Project In Rajasthan

Population of our country is growing at alarming rate. Population of urban areas are growing faster than rural areas given the emerging of economic activities in cities. With the migration of rural population to urban areas for various reasons resulting into increase in lots of issues and problems in urban areas. Although, our governments at Centre level and State levels are putting lots of efforts and trying their best to resolve many of the issues of growing urban areas but somehow it seems that their efforts are falling short to solve those problems. On other hand, with continuous increase in population of urban areas, some of those problems are becoming worsen and leading to emergence of another problems. It is said that if something will not be done on urgent basis to save those urban areas and cities, it will be too late to achieve national goals especially relating to sustainable development. Therefore, to make our cities and urban areas to sustain for long run especially for future generations, it is need of hour to look at those specific issues such as transport, infrastructure, pollution, housing, sanitation, congestion, illiteracy, migration, etc. very carefully and try to resolve as early as possible. But among those mentioned issues, transportation problem (which include congestion, pollution, traffic mix, fuel consumption, high travel time, low productivity, slow traffic movement, etc.) is one of the major problem of cities in today’s context and putting financial burden on national economy in many ways.