City Chief Research Articles

Izbiratel'nye tekhnologii na gorodskih vyborah v Rossijskoj imperii nakanune p eresmotra Gorodovogo polozheniya 1870 g. (po materialam provincial'noj periodicheskoj pechati)

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of electoral technologies in city elections in the Russian Empire. Th e materials of the provincial periodical press show the mechanisms of working with voters, ways of forming public opinion about candidates for deputies of city dumas and city chiefs, the participation of mass media in the formation of the image of city self-government bodies.

Equity and the Chief Resilience Officer in the era of 100 Resilient Cities: A qualitative comparative analysis of US resilience strategies

This research analyzes resilience strategy documents for United States cities that participated in the Rockefeller Foundation's 100 Resilient Cities (100RC) program. The empirical subjects of this study are the 22 United States cities where resilience strategies were completed as of May 2021. Using fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), this research investigates whether there is a relationship between: 1) a city's Chief Resilience Officer's (CRO) professional training; 2) the threats identified in each city's resilience strategies; and 3) whether or not the strategies emphasize equity priorities. Because of the focus on a joint causal system, the fsQCA method allows interaction effects among each characteristic, rather than holding constant a set of independent variables to ascertain the effect of a cause on a dependent variable. This research therefore seeks to ascertain whether certain types of identified threats, in combination with a CRO's professional background, relate to the prioritization of equity in resilience strategy documents. The results of the analysis by intermediate solution shows two causal condition combinations (or recipes) relating to equity as a priority. First, equity was more likely to be a priority in places with a CRO who was not trained in the social sciences. Second, equity was also more likely to be a priority in cities that identified climate and natural hazards as well as infrastructure and non-environmental challenges. Our analysis suggests that analyzing both the contents of resilience strategies and the leadership involved in the development of said plans is an important contribution to the field, especially as we collectively grapple with how best to confront myriad and evolving challenges of the 21st century.

City‐chief turnover and place‐based policy change: Evidence from China

AbstractThe linkage between political turnover and policy change has attracted considerable attention, but little empirical evidence and its impacts on regional development have been provided directly. In this study, we develop a set of indicators to directly quantify the within‐city place‐based policy changes in China between 2007 and 2017, based on the spatial distribution of city governments' industrial land supply. The results show city‐chief turnovers lead to significant changes in place‐based policies. A successor city chief typically gives up some previous place‐based policies immediately after taking office and implements new policies about 1 year later. In particular, successor chiefs with stronger promotion incentives make larger policy changes, to win more points in the competition with their predecessors. We also provide evidence that the place‐based policy discontinuity caused by political turnovers generates negative economic‐development impacts.

Local Elites as State Capacity: How City Chiefs Use Local Information to Increase Tax Compliance in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

This paper investigates the trade-offs between local elites and state agents as tax collectors in low-capacity states. We study a randomized policy experiment assigning neighborhoods of a large Congolese city to property tax collection by city chiefs or state agents. Chief collection raised tax compliance by 3.2 percentage points, increasing revenue by 44 percent. Chiefs collected more bribes but did not undermine tax morale or trust in government. Results from a hybrid treatment arm in which state agents consulted with chiefs before collection suggest that chief collectors achieved higher compliance by using local information to more efficiently target households with high payment propensities, rather than by being more effective at persuading households to pay conditional on having visited them. (JEL D73, D83, H24, H26, H71, O12, O17)

The misleading simplicity of designing an intelligent city

ABSTRACT Today’s designers of intelligent cities have successfully been able to communicate a conceptual model for the technology requirements that fulfil a city’s ambitions. The increasing popularisation of intelligent cities has driven this behaviour and populations are now starting to experience the gap between their expectations and reality. This paper considers the new generalist roles that are necessary to deliver broad and complex intelligent city systems. Furthermore, new inanimate users are discussed as well as the ways that standardisation in nomenclature, processing and management are essentials to reduce initial delivery and operational risk. The paper presents an example intelligent city design whose initial stack diagram unravels to present billions of permutations of system interactions. It is concluded that city Chief Information Officers (CIO) have teams that they need to build in order to manage the coming challenges in their operational purviews.

Interview With Joe Sargent, Director of Brand Marketing, Kansas City Chiefs

Interview With Joe Sargent, Director of Brand Marketing, Kansas City Chiefs

Global Responses to Local Conditions Sustainability and Resilience are Nowhere the Same

To manage the impact of climate change, a mixture of global mitigation (reducing the probability of catastrophes) and local adaptation (lessening their consequences) is needed. Alexandros Washburn – an urban resilience expert and former New York City Chief Architect who witnessed 2012's Hurricane Sandy first hand – presents three contrasting examples of how cities around the world have approached the latter, with varying degrees of success. From ensuring a potable water supply in Sáo Paulo and Singapore to flood prevention in New York, it is a mixed story that embraces everything from an exemplary large‐scale public construction project, to an ingenious community‐led proposal, to sheer luck.

La transformación de los campos de identidad como estrategia informativa: El caso de "La Jornada" y "Reforma" en el desafuero de Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO)

Los medios de comunicación buscan permanentemente influir en los temas que son prioritarios para las audiencias, por lo que es necesario estudiar cómo llevan a cabo estrategias que les permiten determinar la importancia y relevancia de la información. A partir de la teoría del Framing, en los campos de identidad de los movimientos sociales, es posible identificar y desvelar estrategias informativas de los mass media. Este artículo analiza la conformación y transformación de los campos de identidad de los actores involucrados en el desafuero del Jefe de Gobierno del Distrito Federal, Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO), por dos diarios mexicanos La Jornada y Reforma. Los periódicos analizados hicieron uso de herramientas periodísticas para influir en la percepción de sus audiencias, por lo que no fueron simples transmisores de la información

Lydia Maria Child's Legacy to the Twenty-First Century: The Law of Love versus Religious Bigotry, Anti-Immigrant Hysteria, and Mass Incarceration

Lydia Maria Child's Legacy to the Twenty-First Century:The Law of Love versus Religious Bigotry, Anti-Immigrant Hysteria, and Mass Incarceration Carolyn L. Karcher [F]ar back in my early years, I remember an intense desire to be enough acquainted with some intelligent and sincere Mohammedan, to enable me to look at the Koran through his spectacles. Lydia Maria Child, Letter 6, Letters from New-York, 1843 So wrote Lydia Maria Child in Letters from New-York, and she expressed much the same sentiment in the preface of The Progress of Religious Ideas, Through Successive Ages (1: vii), her encyclopedic, three-volume comparative history of the world's various creeds. Child's effort to combat religious bigotry and promote tolerance toward non-Christian faiths did not strike me as the most compelling aspect of her legacy while I was working on The First Woman in the Republic. At the time, I viewed her research on religion as pioneering for its own era but dated for ours, and her account of visiting a Jewish synagogue—her first venture "beyond the pale" of Christianity—as marred by the very anti-Semitic assumptions she was seeking to challenge (Letter 6: 24). Now, however—amid the rampant Islamophobia propagated by the media with the blessing of synagogues and churches, acted on by governmental agencies and private vigilantes, and terrorizing whole communities through espionage, police sweeps, imprisonment, and even murder—I find Child's youthful desire to meet a Muslim who could enable her to understand the Koran from his point of view extraordinarily moving. Not only does it typify the intellectual curiosity and sympathy that impelled Child to push against the limits of her culture and to embrace her society's Others, but it also illustrates with wonderful clarity how relevant her writings remain for us today. Deeply rooted in Western culture, Islamophobia currently takes the form not merely of religious bigotry but of anti-immigrant hysteria directed at brown-skinned people. Until the Paris and San Bernardino massacres of November and December 2015, Latinx rather than Muslim immigrants were the main targets of this hysteria in the United States. They remain targets [End Page 8] despite the shift of animus toward Muslims. In any case, perceived physical similarities among them often cause Latinx, South Asians, and Arabs (whether Muslim or not) to be mistaken for each other. Whatever their country or region of origin, brown-skinned immigrants arouse the hostility of white Americans largely because they embody a future in which whites will become a minority among US citizens. Child's contemporaries likewise greeted immigrants from Ireland and Italy with hostility, regarding them as a threat to Anglo-Saxon Protestant dominance. In response, Child celebrated the religious and ethnic diversity of New York as the city's chief attraction. "Almost without effort," she writes in Letter 10 in Letters from New-York, "one may happen to find himself, in the course of a few days, beside the Catholic kneeling before the Cross, the Mohammedan bowing to the East, the Jew veiled before the ark of the testimony, the Baptist walking into the water, the Quaker keeping his head covered in the presence of dignitaries … and the Mormon quoting from the Golden Book which he has never seen" (43). The list breaks down the barriers between Catholic and Protestant, Christian and non-Christian, by juxtaposing representatives of three dissident Protestant sects (one of which, the Mormons, was then undergoing vicious persecution) with a Catholic, a Muslim, and a Jew, and by analogizing the different forms of prayer in which each engages. Elsewhere, Child sympathetically portrays the immigrants who practice these non-Protestant faiths. In Letter 6 she notes that a new synagogue has just been "consecrated," bringing the number of synagogues in New York to five, serving "about ten thousand of this ancient people." The new synagogue, she adds, was built by immigrants who have succeeded financially in their adopted country after being "driven" out of Bavaria by "oppressive laws" and who have devoted the first fruits of their prosperity to "the erection of a place of worship" (27). The majority of immigrants Child encountered in New York, however, were not models...

Health Care for NFL Players: Upholding Physician Standards and Enhancing the Doctor-Patient Relationship.

Beginning my third year with the Kansas City Chiefs and being also a medical student at McGill University, I was at first a little reluctant to comment on Glenn Cohen etal.'s critique of the National Football League's structure involving player health and team doctors, but the opportunity to provide a perspective as both a football player and a medical student was too much to forgo. Because of my athletic and academic background, I am often asked what I think about injuries in professional sports and about the role of sports medicine physicians, and Cohen etal.'s article demands a thoughtful reaction. I want to suggest that the fundamental principles concerning the medical profession and the doctor-patient relationship provide additional arguments for some of the solutions that Cohen etal. discuss. The professional self-regulation that the proposed medical committee could provide and the reliance on a doctor who was not hired by the player's employer-the club-for a second opinion are both good ways to minimize conflicts of interest.

Hong Kong After the Umbrella Movement

(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.)An uncertain future for One Country Two SystemsBefore police riot gear fired rounds of tear gas at unarmed protesters on September 28, few could have expected that the siege of the government headquarters would turn the scripted Occupy Central (zhanling zhonghuan...) into Hong Kong's biggest and most unprecedented pro-democracy movement amidst its electoral reforms.(1) In the next twoand-a-half months, protesters of what became the Umbrella Movement (yusan yundong????)(2)would occupy major roads the city's busiest districts, set up tents, stock up supplies, and protect their territories with makeshift barricades, sometimes with human chains, to stop police incursion and opposing groups. Across the encampments, they would press on for a focused goal - genuine universal (zhen puxuan???) for election of their Chief Executive, the city's top leader - until police officers cleared the last occupied site on December 15. This article assesses the implications of the Umbrella Movement as it drew to a close. It explains how the movement morphed from the Occupy Central movement, and reviews the controversy raised over the city's rule of law and constitutional relations with mainland China. Despite having amplified democracy supporters' yearnings for universal suffrage, the movement, which no compromise was offered by Beijing and the Hong government, will likely deepen social cleavages and send the city toward an uncertain future.From Occupy Central to the Umbrella MovementThe Umbrella Movement was set against a protracted debate over the electoral reform of the city's Chief Executive election. According to the National People's Congress ruling 2007, Hong may finally introduce universal suffrage for the election of the fifth Chief Executive 2017 - after it was twice denied by Beijing for its 2007 and 2012 elections.(3) If universal suffrage is implemented 2017, Chief Executive candidates would be elected by a popular vote instead of being selected by an election committee - but they must be selected by a nominating committee to ensure that the elected leader would not oppose the central government and that he/she would the country and love Hong Kong (aiguo aigang ????), a requirement set out by numerous Chinese officials. In addition, Hong Kong's Basic Law requires this nominating committee to be broadly representative and to operate in accordance with democratic procedures, but it does not clearly outline the composition of the committee or the nomination procedure.(4)The nomination process soon became the focal point of contention. Across the pro-democracy camp, there were widespread concerns that the nomination process will act as a safety valve to screen out candidates regarded unfavourably by Beijing. Fearing that the election might turn out to be fake universal (jia puxuan???), democracy supporters argued that they have not only the right to be elected but also the right to be nominated, and thus they deserve a more democratic and inclusive nomination process. (5) Many insisted on the introduction of civic nomination (gongmin timing ????), a mechanism that would allow the public to bypass the nominating committee and directly nominate Chief Executive candidates, but which has been rejected by the government as a contravention of the Basic Law. (6) Some would accept a more democraticallyformed nominating committee, as long as there was reform on its composition and/or a reasonably lower nomination threshold.The idea of Occupy Central was floated amidst the debate. In early 2013, law professor Benny TaiYiu-ting sketched the early vision of Occupy Central a series of newspaper articles and interviews.(7)Tai proposed a large-scale civil disobedience (gongmin kangming????) movement which participants would block traffic to petition for universal suffrage the CE election that would comply with international standards. …

Ear Raid

Ear Raid

What Do the Suicides of Fifty-Year-Old Men Reveal?

Over past decade of devastating recession and feeble recovery, there has been a sharp rise in suicides of men aged fifty and over--almost 50 percent, according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. From 1999 to 2010, rates of suicide overall have gone up, but steepest rise was for midlife men: those who used to be thought of as prime-age workers at peak of their experience and ability. In that decade, suicide rates for men aged fifty to fifty-four rose from 20.6 per 100,000 to 30.7 per 100,000. Click for larger view As unemployment rises, middle-aged men are increasingly turning to suicide. If we don't elect a government willing to address this crisis, younger people may lose prospect of valuing their own Illustration by Brian Stauffer. Although thousands of individuals ended their lives in such terrible circumstances (6,733 men aged forty-five to forty-nine in 2010 alone), over entire decade American media (including newspapers, magazines, and TV) reported only about thirty instances of startling self-slaughter, plus sensational murder-suicides in which an unemployed person killed a spouse and children. A number of reports did, however, point to high risk of unemployment and its consequences for this age group. A Baltimore man, aged fifty-nine, lost his job at steel mill at Sparrows Point where he'd worked for thirty years when it closed after cycles of downsizing. He took a class to improve his prospects but couldn't get into a retraining program. He felt he was a failure. According to a 2013 article in Baltimore Sun, His wife said, 'The system is failure,' but she couldn't convince him, and he shot himself. A Petaluma man, aged fifty-five, city's chief building official, shot himself week before his employment would have ended. A hedge-fund manager, aged fifty, killed himself soon after his fund lost 43 percent in collapse of stock market. Economic Despair Even taken together, these reports provide little information about deep sources of this public health emergency. Few describe people who were depressed before their economic troubles began. And most depressed people do not commit suicide. scholars believe that rising unemployment and its consequences--not prior mental health conditions--are responsible for a large share of excess deaths. (Excess deaths means those above what would have been expected if suicides had continued to rise at same rate as before 2006.) One blogger, Susie Madrak, writes sarcastically to those who don't get economics of suicide for baby boomers, saying, Yes, losing your job, your house, your life savings, your health insurance and any semblance of economic security might have something to do with it. Click for larger view Many people don't know about midlife discrimination, which means they blame themselves rather than capitalism, Gullette writes. We should fear ageism, not aging. Illustration by Fiona Ostby. Suicide rates are rising in other countries suffering economic downturns, including some countries with higher rates than ours. (Japan's male suicide rate rose rapidly in 1990s and again after 2009, as economic turmoil hastened loss of practice of lifetime jobs.) American rates are higher than those in Western Europe, a culturally comparable region, in part because our safety nets are weaker. According to a multinational team of public health, sociology, and suicide prevention experts writing in respected British journal, The Lancet, for each percentage point rise in U.S. unemployment, there is an almost full 1 percent increase in U.S. suicides. The rate of unemployment between 2007 and 2010 increased 3.8 percent, up to 9.6 percent. Suicide is now fourth leading cause of death among men in their middle years. According to a study published by Kerry L. Knox and Eric D. Caine in American Journal of Public Health, it's responsible for greater premature mortality than other important and well-funded public health problems, like heart disease. But the substantial burden faced by this group has not been translated into a. . . public health priority. Men... Language: en

Leisure Time and Recreation Services in Municipalities (İzmir city example)

It is possible to name the time left aside after the things one bound to do is called leisure time and the volunteering activities people try to satisfy their bodies and souls in those free times are called recreative activities. In this frame the municipalities in local institutes are known to be the closest sufficient institutes to help individuals and society to spend their leisure times. The research’s aim is to investigate the municipalities’ situations in recreational sector. The research is applied on 190 participants who use those use those recreational zones in 3 big districts united to Izmir City Chief Municipality. As method, the previous literature is analyzed, aquestionnaire form is formed around the collected data and expert’s opinion is taken for the validity. The frequency and percentage values are calculated and analyzed in data statistics programme. In the lead of the data driven, it is determined that; individuals have at most 3-4 hours (% 38,4) of leisure time, people between 17-26 participate the recreative and leisure time activities (% 57,9), 107 (%56.3) of those people are male and 125 (%65.8) are single, 84 are students (% 44,2) and 124 (% 65,3) of the participants’’ average income is 0-1000. As a result; the participants reveal that the leisure time and recreational zones of the municipality is not enough and the personal for those services are insufficient. It is advised that the local administrations should develop new programmes to service young, child, old and handicapped all members and expectations of the society.

Citizen intervention in a religious ban on in-school HPV vaccine administration in Calgary, Canada

In 2008, Alberta Roman Catholic Bishops' discouraged in-school HPV vaccination because: “a school-based approach to vaccination sends a message that early sexual intercourse is allowed, as long as one uses ‘protection.’” The publicly funded Calgary Catholic School District Board voted against in-school HPV vaccine administration. In 2009, vaccine uptake was 70% in Calgary public schools and 18.9% in Calgary Catholic schools. To physician-citizens who requested in-school vaccination, the elected school trustees repeatedly responded that they were “directed” by the bishop. When trustees refused to hear from the city's chief oncologist, a citizen's group was created and held a June 2012 media event to help overturn the ban. The Board remained intransigent until the citizen's group threatened legal action, former senior administrators pressured the Board, Pediatrics reported that the HPV vaccine had no effect on sexual behavior, and the bishop told trustees that they could consult school councils. 87% (91/104) of school councils approved in-school HPV vaccine administration. On November 28, 2012, the Board permitted the HPV vaccine, four years after first requested by public health officials. This paper outlines a successful health campaign that may serve as a model for addressing unwarranted concerns about community health programs dedicated to improving public health.

Gastronomy as a tourism resource: profile of the culinary tourist

The aim of this paper is to explore the characteristics and motivations of culinary tourists whose destination is the city of Córdoba (Spain) while attempting to determine whether gastronomy is an important aspect of the trip or if it is perceived simply as a secondary activity. Fieldwork was carried out among a series of restaurant establishments in the city of Córdoba. A demand survey was conducted in 10 particular establishments that were selected among those offering local dishes and which are regularly visited by tourists and the questionnaire was distributed among clients obtaining 206 valid answers. Our results reveal the strengths and weaknesses of Córdoba's restaurant sector. While 10% state that the cuisine is one of the main reasons for visiting the city, 68% believe that the local cuisine is an important but not an essential aspect of their trip and the rest view it as being secondary. These three types of tourists exhibit different kinds of motivation. This suggests that strategies should be designed and developed to promote gastronomy as one of the city's chief tourist attractions. Good tourism management based on initiatives such as the creation of culinary routes could be an alternative for implementing strategies aimed at the social and economic development and promotion of particular areas, for example turning typical food from rural areas in certain regions into a marketable attraction.

Brand NFL: Making and Selling America's Favorite Sport by Michael Oriard

Brand NFL: Making and Selling America's Favorite Sport Michael Oriard. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2007. Although there have been many books written about National Football League, this study is unique in that author not only played for Kansas City Chiefs from 1970 through 1973 but currently is Distinguished Professor of American Literature and Culture at Oregon State University. Thus, he can view professional football as an insider and student of American culture. The study is composed of six chapters, an introduction, and conclusion. In chapter one Oriard devotes most of chapter to 1960s NFL Commissioner Alvin Pete Rozelle and his successful efforts to popularize game and expand its audience. Under Rozelle's leadership first national television contract was signed, NFL Properties were acquired, and a merger agreement with rival American Football League was negotiated. Two leagues were created, American and National Leagues, and championship game between two leagues evolved into a national cultural phenomenon, the Super Bowl. Rozelle, as a former director of public relations and then general manager for Los Angeles Rams, saw professional football as entertainment. Players and coaches became media stars, particularly icons such as old-school, successful coach Vince Lombardi of Green Bay Packers and 1960s' free spirit Joe Namath, successful quarterback of New York Jets. Oriard also details Rozelle's great public relations coup to team up with Roone Arledge of ABC to create popular television show for over a decade, Monday Night Football. Oriard's personal insights really are helpful in chapters two and three where he provides a balanced account of strife between NFL Players Association and management including strikes or work stoppages in 1974,1982, and 1987. Although strikes were unsuccessful, and alienated most of media and public, they started process of contract negotiations which led to a series of union and player victories against League in courts. Labor strife was Rozelle's weakness Oriard maintains and led to his resignation in 1989. His replacement, Paul Tagliabue benefited from labor conflicts, as he had been NFL's chief outside attorney. In Chapter Four author details 1993 labor contract modeled on player-management NBA contract which provided players with possibility of free agency after three or four years among a number of benefits. In same chapter he discusses Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones' successful efforts to obtain more revenues for his club by selling stadium seat licenses and luxury boxes, by expanding stadium and by signing separate licensing agreements with such corporations as Pepsi, Nike and American Express. The NFL sued Cowboys charging breach of contract with NFL Properties, but they soon realized they could not win in court and dropped suit after Cowboys countersued. …

Brand NFL: making and selling America's favorite sport

Professional football today is a $6 billion sports entertainment industry. In this astute field-level view of the National Football League since 1960, Michael Oriard looks closely at the development of the sport and at the image of the NFL and its unique place in American life. At the heart of this story is a question with no simple answer: has the extraordinary commercializing and branding of NFL football since the late 1980s ironically weakened the cultural power of a sport whose appeal for more than a century was fundamentally noncommercial? Oriard skillfully traces the evolution of the Super Bowl, the development of NFL Films and ESPN, the rise of the commissioner as corporate CEO, the management of player demands, changing attitudes toward race, and the roles of icons such as Vince Lombardi, Joe Namath, and Deion Sanders. As a former member of the Kansas City Chiefs (1970-1973) who lost his job at the end of the first players' strike, Oriard offers unique insight as both insider and historian. He details how the game is marketed as entertainment rather than sport, making the NFL ripe for popular consumption. This repackaging, Oriard warns, also risks alienating those passionate fans drawn to the game on the field and its larger-than-life heroes.

Where Did the Bodies Go? The Social Construction of Suicide Data, New York City, 1976–1992*

The number of suicides reported for New York City by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) fell precipitously in 1985 and remained extremely low until 1989, when it returned to pre‐1985 levels. The downturn in reported suicides from 1985 to 1988 occurred in all five of the city's boroughs but did not extend to the suburbs. The apparent drop in suicide rates was largely and perhaps completely an artifact of personnel and policy changes in the New York City Chief Medical Examiner's Office during a period in which the office engaged in defensive structuring in the face of severe political, economic, and journalistic pressures. During the downturn, suicides were “hidden” in reported deaths attributable to non‐motor‐vehicle accidents and, to a lesser extent, undeter‐mined external causes. The socially constructed trough in suicide rates between 1985 and 1988 affects the outcome of tests of theories of suicidal behavior using county‐level data for New York State.

God, Gandhi, and Guns: The African American Freedom Struggle in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 1964-1965

Previous articleNext article No AccessGod, Gandhi, and Guns: The African American Freedom Struggle in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 1964-1965Simon WendtSimon Wendt Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of African American History Volume 89, Number 1Winter 2004 A journal of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/4134045 Views: 46Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.