City Water Supply Research Articles

The efficiency of using ductile iron water pipes in soft soil

At the present stage of reforming the housing and public services, toughening the requirements for the life and reliability of pipelines of the municipal life support systems, the issues of developing the requirements for choosing the material and type of pipes in relation to specific operating conditions of urban water supply systems become very relevant. The reliability and safety of the public water supply have been the main requirements applicable to these systems as the most important components of public health and one of the main priorities of the state social policy [1,2]. Of great importance in providing for the reliability of water pipelines is the expert choice of the pipe material. The paper states that for many years the main pipe materials used in the public water supply of Russian cities have been steel and cast iron. In recent years, ductile iron pipes widely used abroad and in Russia, in particular in the Moscow water supply system, have been competing with steel pipes (among metal ones). The paper presents the information on the condition of the water pipelines in the Russian cities, on the characteristics of ductile iron pipes and their use in soft and subsiding soils.

Clean Water Demand Estimation and Forecasting in Palopo City South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia

Life is not possible without water, so we need to supply enough water to sustain well in life. Insufficiency of clean water is a major problem for urban communities today. For this reason, it is necessary to estimate the required amount of water. Thisissue will be slowly reduced by planning clean water supply in cities. This study was conducted as a case study in Palopo City, South Sulawesi. The population data is used as a reference when calculating domestic water requirements. The main objective of this study is to measure the clean water needs of community in Palopo City over a forecast period of up to 20 years. As a result of this study, the city of Palopo's water demand in 2027 is 29,510.37 m3/person/day for domestic use and 10,773.95 m3 for non-domestic use including water loss due hydrants and leaks. 31,685.72 m3/person/day for households in 2032, 13,493.76 m3/person/day for ordinary households, 33,744.08 m3/person/day for ordinary households in 2037, 13,884.27 m3/person/day for ordinary households, 35,741.65 m3/person/day for households and 14,183.00 m3/person/day for non-households. The city of Palopo's water production from multiple sources is 65,664.00 m3/day. At the end, it can be concluded that water needs in Palopo City will be quantitatively met by 2042.

Composition of the social urban water shortage vulnerability index (SUWSVI) applied to São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil

Mining dams within urban areas are a technological risk because, in the event of an accident, theyaffect water security. For example, a sand mining dam accident caused an interruption in the watersupply in the downstream city of São José dos Campos. Thus, the social vulnerability of the populationthat suffered from a failure in the drinking water supply was evaluated. A water shortage indicator,the Social Urban Water Shortage Vulnerability Index – SUWSVI, was composed. Variables that bestreflect the socioeconomic condition were used: Average Income of Head of Household, Female Headof Household, and Children and Elderly Dependent Ratio. The sensitivity analysis considered the cityby geographic regions and zoning classes, considering infrastructure supply and lot size. The resultsshowed that although there are full water supply and sewerage infrastructure (99.6%), the access towater was unequal (39% of the population in the medium SUWSVI range).

Plasma bisphenol a and phthalate levels in children with cerebral palsy: a case-control study

ABSTRACT The case-control study aimed to evaluate potential sources of exposure and the plasma concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates in prepubertal children having cerebral palsy (CP) and healthy control. Blood samples of 68 CP and 70 controls were analyzed for BPA, di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), mono-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (MEHP), and dibutyl phthalate (DBP). BPA and DBP levels were similar in groups. The median DEHP and MEHP levels of the children with CP were significantly lower than those of the controls (p = 0.035, p < 0.001, respectively). Exposure to plastic food containers/bags, personal care hygiene products, household cleaners, wood/coal stove heating, and city water supplies were associated with increased odds of higher BPA and phthalate levels in children with CP. In conclusion, potential exposure sources for BPA and phthalates differ in children with CP and healthy controls, and children with CP are not exposed to higher levels of BPA and phthalates.

Http://ukrbiochemjournal.org/2022/12/changes-in-the-activity-of-phosphatases-calcium-and-phosphorus-in-rats-with-the-different-courses-of-gingivitis-under-correction-by-anti-inflammatory-gel.html

Nitrate pollution of groundwater has been increasing in recent years. The aim of this work was to study the morphological features of the bone marrow of rats at the consumption of drinking water with varying nitrate content. The experiment was performed on 2 groups of white female rats of different ages (mature and immature) with 30 individuals each. Both groups were divided into 5 subgroups that differed in the quality of drinking water consumed by rats on their own. In the 30 days study, nitrate was given to rats in drinking water in doses of 50, 150, 250, 500 mg of sodium nitrate per liter. Animals of the control group drank water from the city water supply. The effect of nitrates on the bone marrow of rats was evaluated by morphological analysis. It was found that the consumption of drinking water with nitrates affected erythropoiesis and leukopoiesis, as evidenced by the growth of blasts, lymphocytes, pronormocytes and normocytes, megakaryocytes and eosinophils, displacement of erythrocyte sprout cells. An increase in the neutrophil maturation index indicates delayed neutrophil maturation, increased yield of mature cells from the bone marrow and depletion of the granulocyte lineage. The more pronounced changes were observed in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the components of the erythrocyte sprout. These disorders were dose-dependent with increasing hematotoxic effect of nitrates at doses of 250 and 500 mg/l in the group of immature animals and resulted in changes in the bone marrow, which may further cause the development of pathological processes in an organism. Keywords: bone marrow of rats, drinking water, nitrates, Van Gieson’s stain

Intermittent water supply in Indian cities: considering the intermittency beyond demand and supply

Abstract Intermittent water supply (IWS) is a typical characteristic of cities in developing countries like India. One of the factors responsible for IWS is unaccounted for water (UFW). Factors like increase in population, upward trends in water demand, water scarcity due to climate change, and asymmetric distribution of water resources are also equally important. However, social relations of water are poorly understood and camouflaged under technicalities associated with IWS. Thus, in this paper, we examine IWS in Indian mega cities and secondary cities with an ethno-economic framework by bringing the data together from various administrative sources like government agencies, allude to its parameters from logistical perspectives, e.g. distances, capacities, population strength, etc., and try to position the water issue with challenges associated with caste, class, gender, religion, region, and governance. The ethno-economic perspective is an attempt to not only complement but also supplement the scientific studies from other disciplines by understanding the real nature of demand and supply problems in urban water management. This paper demonstrates IWS as a multi-dimensional problem and stresses the human drivers of intermittency.

Provisión y disposición de agua en 243 ciudades argentinas: Servicios ecosistémicos en el continuo territorio-ecosistema acuático-centro urbano

Cities depend on different ecosystems that provide them with services. In the case of water supply and effluent disposal in Argentine cities, its recognition is still incomplete and fragmented. Here is presented a first database that maps and classifies the water supply sources and effluent destinations of all Argentine cities &gt;20000 inhabitants (in 2010). Utilizing existing reports, journalistic news and satellite information, water intake and discharge points were recorded, along with other associated infrastructure in 243 cities. It was found that 30.5, 17.5 and 12.6% of the population is exclusively supplied by large transboundary rivers, groundwater and internal rivers and streams, respectively, with 25.2% supplied by mixed sources. The cities that are connected to the public sanitation networks resort mainly to internal rivers and streams (26.6%) for their disposal; however, of the urban population that is not connected to the sewage network, a high proportion discharges into free aquifers. Most Argentine cities do not return sewage water to the same system that supplies it, predominantly transfers from underground sources to internal rivers and streams. The database evidences the contrasting ‘effluent pressure’ (population/flow rate of the receiving system) between cities linked to large rivers (e.g., Paraná basin, 273 inhabitants.m-3.s-1) and internal basins (e.g., Mar Chiquita, 16141 inhabitants.m-3.s-1). This database, open for consultation and updating, makes visible the spatial and hydrological connection between cities and the hydrographic network, helping to improve water security and prioritize efforts to protect aquatic ecosystems that guarantee it from all levels of management.

Cities back to the river: the neglect of urban PPAs in the Cuiabá River Valley Metropolitan Region - RMVRC/MT

This research studied the process of irregular urban occupations that occurred along the Cuiabá River Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs), as a key to understand its importance for urban sustainability. Its objective was to study the dynamics and socio-environmental impacts resulting from irregular occupations along the banks of the river that cuts through the two largest cities in the Metropolitan Region of the Cuiabá River Valley - RMVRC/MT, the state capital Cuiabá, and Várzea Grande. Considering that this river is responsible for the water supply of both cities, and a Pantanal Mato-Grossense affluent, which have a fundamental relevance for the local and regional ecosystem, it became important to identify the contradictory relationships between socio-environmental issues and the application and surveillance of urban legislation, by mapping the APPs, in order to verify the degradation of the Cuiabá River. The methodology was based on bibliographic, documental and empirical research. The results showed the importance of its continuity in new research, and may also subsidize decision-making processes, formulation of urban and environmental legislation, public policies aimed at socio-environmental protection of vulnerable areas, relevant to improving the quality of life and the environment.

Qualitative and quantitative monitoring of drinking water through the use of a smart electronic tongue

Abstract. The aim of this work was to evaluate a smart electronic tongue device as an alternative for qualitative and quantitative monitoring of drinking water. The smart electronic tongue consisted of a voltametric polypyrrole sensor array, linked with a multi-channel electronic system (multipotentiostat) based on PSoC (programable system on chip) technology controlled by a smartphone with a data acquisition and control app. This device was used in the monitoring of drinking water from the Sincelejo city water supply system; also, water samples collected and analyzed by the public health agency were used. The voltammetric measurements carried out with the smart electronic tongue showed cross-sensitivity of the polypyrrole sensor array, which allowed the discrimination of the samples through of principal component analysis by artificial neural networks. In addition, the voltammetric signals registered with the smart electronic tongue allowed, through partial least square (PLS) by artificial neural networks analysis, estimating the concentrations of some important analytes in the evaluation of the physicochemical quality of drinking water with R2 values higher than 0.70. The results allowed to conclude that the smart electronic tongue can be a valuable analytical tool that allows, in a single measure, to perform qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis (alkalinity, calcium, residual chlorine, chlorides, total hardness, phosphates, magnesium, and sulfates), it is also a fast, portable method that can complement traditional analyzes.

Influencing factors of Legionella reproduction in secondary water supply operation and management

Objective: To analyze the pollution status and influencing factors of Legionella pneumophila in a secondary water supply facility in a city. Methods: From June to August 2020, a survey on the level of Legionella pneumophila in secondary water supply unit was carried out in a city in northern China, and 304 sets of secondary water supply facilities were included in the study. A total of 760 water samples were collected from the inlet and outlet water of the secondary water supply facilities and some water samples in the water tank were collected for the detection of Legionella pneumophila, standard plate-count bacteria and related physical and chemical indicators. Through questionnaire survey, the basic information of secondary water supply facilities and daily management of water quality were collected. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of Legionella pneumophila contamination. Results: Among 304 sets of secondary water supply facilities, most of them were located in residential buildings [57.24% (174/304)]. High and low water tank water supply, low water tank variable frequency conversion water supply and non-negative pressure water supply accounted for 26.6% (81/304), 36.8% (112/304) and 36.5% (111/304), respectively. About 25.7% of facilities (78/304) were positive for Legionella pneumophila. Among them, the positive rates of Legionella pneumophila in high and low water tank water supply, low water tank variable frequency conversion water supply and non-negative pressure water supply facilities were 38.3% (31/81), 29.5% (33/112) and 12.6% (14/111), respectively. The results of multivariate logistic regression model analysis showed that the disinfectant residue could reduce the risk of Legionella pneumophila contamination in water samples, and the OR (95%CI) value was 0.083 (0.022-0.317). The increase of the standard plate-count bacteria and conductivity might increase the risk of Legionella pneumophila contamination in water samples. The OR (95%CI) values were 3.160 (1.667-5.99) and 1.004 (1.001-1.006), respectively. Compared with the non-negative pressure water supply, the risk of Legionella pneumophila contamination of secondary water supply facilities was increased by water supply from high and low water tanks and variable frequency conversion water supply from low water tanks, with OR (95%CI) values of 4.296 (2.096-8.803) and 2.894 (1.449-5.782), respectively. Conclusion: The positive rate of Legionella pneumophila in secondary water supply in the study city is high. Disinfectant residue, conductivity and method of water supply are associated with the positive rate of Legionella pneumophila.

Examining governance and performance of utility companies after mergers: a case from a municipal water company in Greece

This study deals with the governance and performance of utility companies following mergers in local government organizations (LGOs). It is demonstrated by using the municipal water supply and sewerage company in city of Serres as a case study of how the reform initiative known as “Kallikratis” has impacted Greek municipal water and sewerage companies. As a result of the Kallikratis Program, the municipalities were merged, and new data were added to the map of local government in Greece. The methodological approach entails surveying the economic analysis of raw data using a number of financial ratios (financial statements of the municipal company). The study’s findings demonstrate that the municipal company of Serres was able to plan the actions that resulted in an improvement of the majority of the examined ratios after merger events, despite the extra responsibilities and geographic areas that the Kallikratis Program added to the municipal companies and the reduction of the extraordinary subsidies as a result of the Greek debt crisis. Eleven of the fourteen ratios perform better than they did before the merger, while three of them actually perform worse (2011–2018). However, various and contradictory results about the evolution of these ratios are seen over the crisis era, as some of them initially show a partial improvement (in the midst of the economic crisis period), but then they gradually deteriorate by the end of the crisis.

Spatial equilibrium-based multi-objective optimal allocation of regional water resources

Study regionGuangdong Province in China. Study focusWater shortages due to the spatially uneven distribution of water resources have become the main obstacle to the sustainable development of regional society and the economy. To alleviate this problem, this study developed a framework including prediction, optimization, and decision-making models to allocate available water resources among the different sectors of the cities in the region. The framework was advantageous in efficiently predicting future water demand and supply for multiple cities, quantitatively reflecting the level of the spatial equilibrium of water allocation (SEWA) through coupling coordination degree (CCD), and achieving a higher level of SEWA rather than just the equitable water distribution. New hydrological insights for the regionThe results indicated that: (i) by 2030, the deficit of water supply and demand of Guangdong Province would be further aggravated, with a water shortage rate of 4.18%; (ii) by optimal water allocation, the water shortage rate of Guangdong Province decreased to 1.56% and the level of SEWA improved significantly from moderate equilibrium to good equilibrium; and (iii) from 2018 to 2030, key water-saving sectors in different cities were identified, while the industrial sector had a higher water-saving intensity than other water use sectors. This study could provide references for integrated water allocation strategies to realize the coordinated development of socioeconomic and environmental systems in other regions of the world.

‘Water Sensitive Cities’: Planning and Evaluation of Its Theoretical Application in a Mexican City with High Hydric Stress

Cities can be viewed as a source of solutions to environmental problems. The Water-Sensitive Cities (WSC) model is part of the solution when trying to transform the current negative relationship between water and cities, since it has remained at the conceptual level, without evaluating the implications of its application in cities from developing countries. The primary aim of the article is to analyse a potential scenario under the WSC model, seeking an alternative solution to the problems of water availability and supply in cities in semi-arid environments with prominent levels of water stress from the Global South. We selected Aguascalientes City, Mexico, as a case study, and through geospatial analysis, it was possible to generate and assess urban planning strategies for stormwater harvesting and alternative sustainable infrastructure for urban and peri-urban areas. The results show that this analysis would imply a considerable reduction in groundwater extracted for urban consumption in the city, reducing local water stress; however, the various political and social implications intrinsic to the implementation of this model should be considered, as they may represent an obstacle to its execution.

Research on the Influence of Groundwater in Coastal Areas on the Stress and Deformation Characteristics of Integrated Pipe Gallery

With the high demand for basic resources such as electricity, communication, water supply, and gas in cities, most cities in my country are vigorously developing underground integrated pipe gallery. When constructing pipe gallery in coastal areas, it is necessary to consider the impact of groundwater level on structural calculations. There is still a lack of systematic research in domestic and foreign literature. Relying on the Qingdao West Coast New Area Project, this paper uses a combination of laboratory tests and MIDAS GTS/NX numerical simulation to study the influence of groundwater in the coastal area on the stress and deformation characteristics of the integrated pipe gallery. The results show that (1) the Mises stress on the roof and bottom of the integrated pipe gallery increases continuously with the rise of the groundwater level. Due to the effect of the effective stress, the Mises stress on the side wall shows a decreasing trend. (2) Due to the influence of the construction form of the cross-section interface, the maximum principal stress of each part of the M side is always smaller than that of the N side; with the continuous increase of groundwater level, the maximum principal stress at each part of the N and M sides of the pipe gallery structure joint gradually increases. (3) The overall structure of the pipe gallery floats up. Under the action of the buoyancy force, the bottom plate moves upward, and the surface displacement rises continuously with the rise of the groundwater level. (4) When the groundwater depth is the same, the analysis of the test results and the numerical simulation calculation results are basically consistent, which further verifies the validity of the numerical simulation calculation and has reference value. (5) The engineering example shows that in order to reduce the service life of the integrated pipe gallery, the impact of groundwater on the integrated pipe gallery cannot be ignored.

Attributes of Domestic Water Supply in Aizawl City, Mizoram

The present study aims to understand the availability and distribution of public water supply in Aizawl city of Mizoram state (India) among 15 out of 83 local councils. About 50 sample households selected from each of the sampled local councils are fifty households, thus data gathered via questionnaire administered to 750 respondents mainly female household heads. Most of the households depend on multiple water sources because their principal source is not fully reliable. A domestic water source for households was determined by the availability of water sources in their respective area and households’ economic. The water consumption in the study area is well below the standards set by the Indian Bureau of Standards.

Determination of Key Quality Indicators for Organization of Potable Water Source Monitoring under Changing Climatic Conditions

Background: In the context of deteriorating surface water quality, it is important to create a monitoring system to control constantly changing indicators that can affect the quality of both natural and potable water supplied to the population. Organic carbon is one of the key indicators reflecting the rate of production and destruction, climate change and anthropogenic impacts, safety and efficiency of potable water treatment. Objective: To study key indicators in the organization of potable water source quality monitoring. Materials and methods: In 2020–2021, monthly water sampling was carried out in a reservoir serving as the source of household and potable water supply of a large industrial city of the Sverdlovsk Region, and after water treatment. Water temperature, dissolved total, organic, and inorganic carbon, pH, the permanganate index (PI), hardness, and dry residue were measured. We then analyzed correlations between the indicators and assessed the efficiency of water treatment. Results: Maximum concentrations of Ctotal (54.3 mg/dm3) and Corg (36.0 mg/dm3) in the source water were found in January 2021. The predominance of Cinorg concentrations compared to Corg was mainly observed in warm months of the year. Water treatment generally decreased the content of Ctotal in potable water by 12–32 %, Corg by 12–47 %, Cinorg by 6–32 %, and PI by 28–68 %, except for a few months. In spring and summer 2021, we noted a decrease in PI in the reservoir; compared to other seasons, an increase in water pH was revealed in summer. We established a negative correlation between concentrations of organic carbon and water temperature. Conclusions: Monitoring studies of the surface potable water source have been organized. We revealed seasonal patterns of carbon changes and indicators of the mineral composition of water, and demonstrated the efficiency of water treatment.

Distribution of Aluminium in the Water Supply System of Sofia City, Bulgaria

Elevated concentrations of aluminium have been found at the outlets of the Drinking Water Treatment Plants (DWTPs) of Sofia city, Bulgaria and in separate sampling points in the water supply network. Cluster analysis is performed for multivariate data interpretation of the distribution of aluminium (Al) concentrations during 2019 at 19 water sampling points (2 DWTPs outlets and 17 points within the city water supply system). Although the concentration of aluminium in the outlet of the treatment plants differ significantly, both of them fall into the same cluster, as the concentrations during the year change in the same manner. The formed cluster of both the treatment plants and most of the studied sampling points indicate the mixed origin of the purified water and proves that the concentration of Al in tap water is dominated by the qualities and quantities from the different sources of the supplied water, rather than by the secondary processes in the network for areas with predominant steel and polyethylene pipes. A distinct exception are the areas with old asbestos cement pipelines where potential release of the metal from the cement affects the Al distribution in the water supply system.

Mapping vulnerability water supply in Rach Gia city due to saline intrusion on using analytical hierarchy process

Mapping vulnerability water supply in Rach Gia city due to saline intrusion on using analytical hierarchy process

Groundwater quality assessment and modeling utilizing water quality index and GIS in Kabul Basin, Afghanistan.

Groundwater stands as a unique source of water supply in Kabul city, Afghanistan. In this investigation, 35 samples of groundwater were comprehensively analyzed to determine its hydrogeochemical characterizations, quality, water types, and its acceptability as drinking sources. A portable digital multiparameter instrument (LAB MAN Scientific instrument) was used to measure the total dissolved solids (TDS), hydrogen potential (pH), and electrical conductivity (EC). Total hardness, chloride, and bicarbonate were examined via a titrimetric approach. Sodium, calcium, magnesium, and potassium concentrations were measured with aflame photometer. Fluoride was determined by using a digital portable multiparameter. UV-VIS spectrophotometers were employed to count sulfate and nitrate concentrations. The distribution pattern of measured parameters and the Water Quality Index (WQI) in groundwater were spatially modeled utilizing the ArcGIS tool. The findings provide insight into the main anions and cations, which are found in ascending sequence F < NO3 < SO4 < Cl < HCO3 and K < Ca < Na < Mg, respectively. Based on the measurements of ion concentrations, bicarbonate (71.4%), chloride (14.28%), nitrate (2.85%), magnesium (80%), sodium (82.85%), calcium (5.71%), and potassium (17.14%) were all determined to be over the World Health Organization (WHO) limits of drinking water. Using the Piper trilinear diagram, two significant hydrochemical facies (CaNaHCO3 and NaHCO3) were discovered. Based on the mathematical model of WQI outputs, 88.57% of the research region has excellent to good water, whereas 11.43% has poor to very poor water.

Water supply in Covid-19 times: the role of public operators, housing associations and informal providers in Arequipa, Peru

ABSTRACT We explore responses of water supply providers during the first stage of the Covid-19 pandemic in Arequipa, Peru, contrasting actions by the public water company, dominant in the city core, and by neighbourhood associations, dominant in the unplanned periphery. The water company implemented instalment payments, the suspension of water shutoffs and the distribution of free water giving priority to the core districts. On the periphery, neighbourhood associations continued to depend mostly on water trucks under irregular and expensive service. The pandemic made more evident the fragmented nature of water supply in cities of the Global South such as Arequipa.