City Users Research Articles

EXPRESSION OF SOCIAL DIMENSION: THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SERVICES FACEBOOK AND INSTAGRAM IN TERNOPIL REGION

The intensive development of new information and communication technologies (ICT) has led to major changes in society. The widespread use of smartphones and mobile communications has allowed today to create new programs and services to improve human life. This development changes the established habits of human communication, the relationship between society and the environment. A social networking service (SNS) is a service (on a website or through a mobile application) that allows users to share a personal profile and establish contacts with other users. Social networking services affect the territorial organization of society and can be used for the development of both settlements and entire territories to make their development more sustainable and balanced.
 The study of social networking services is currently on the rise. The joint efforts of many sciences (sociology, psychology, geography, mathematics, statistics, computer science, etc.) are needed to understand the subject essence of the phenomenon and to analyze data.
 Approaches to the study of social networking services can be divided into three large groups: 1) in terms of human relations and relationships; 2) in terms of content distributed on the network; 3) in terms of spatial aspects of the functioning of the social network. In Ukraine, there are no detailed studies of the spatial aspects of the spread of social networking services at the local level.
 In the Ternopil region, there is a pattern of concentration of the majority of Facebook and Instagram users in the largest cities, namely Ternopil, Chortkiv, Berezhany, Kremenets. Buchach, Borshchiv, Zalishchyky, Terebovlya, and Shumsk districts stand out among the districts by the number of users.
 An important indicator that characterizes the spread of social networking services is the penetration rate of the social network, which is calculated as the ratio of the number of users in a certain territory to the population living in it. Cities of regional subordination differ in terms of the penetration rate of SNS. The highest values were observed in Chortkiv, Ternopil, Kremenets cities. The penetration rate of social networking services in the administrative districts of Ternopil region is much lower. A relatively high rate (over 30%) was recorded in Buchach, Berezhany and Shumsk districts. Extremely low penetration rate (less than 5%) is in Zbarazh, Chortkiv, Zboriv districts which are adjacent to the cities of regional subordination.
 The social networking service Instagram is inferior to Facebook in level of development, and its main users are mainly young people. However, in the territories where the rate of Facebook penetration is the lowest in the region (Ternopil, Zbarazh, Chortkiv, Zboriv districts), the predominance of Instagram is noted.
 Thus, the main patterns of spatial distribution of SNS’ Facebook and Instagram in Ternopil region are: concentration of users in the largest cities, especially in the regional center Ternopil City (half of Facebook and Instagram users in the region); the number of users is proportional to the population in the territorial unit; small number of users and low penetration rate of the SNS’ in the administrative districts adjacent to the cities of regional subordination Ternopil and Chortkiv; among administrative districts, higher indicators of social network development are typical for northern and southern districts in comparison with central ones.
 Key words: social networking service (SNS), penetration rate of the SNS, Facebook, Instagram, Ternopil region.

URBAN LIFE IS NOTHING IF NOT THEATRICAL: THE ROLE OF ART IN THE REGENERATION OF THE MEDINA OF TUNIS CITY

Arts are the main human expression encouraging man to expose his practices, ideas, and fears. This in turn affects and shapes his environment, an environment which keeps evolving into cities. Nowadays, human expression through art is playing a major role in the development of the urban landscape by shifting the old-fashioned paradigms of the rigid and static urban structuring and development, especially with the new urban trends floating on the surface. The case study of the Medina of Tunis is a paradigmatic example that illustrates the bottom- up approach of social participation in urban life through art. The research question asked here is to what extent has the artistic practices been influencing the urban development of the city's user experience? Can this be regarded as a necessary tool for the regeneration of the historical urban landscape? First, a general overview of urban development and the influence of the artistic practices have been presented. Issues such as urban transformation are highlighted. The second part exposes specific examples of artistic manifestations influencing public spaces and urban life in the studied example of the Medina of Tunis. The next step is about elaborating the main examples in their context in the form of case studies. The analysis of these case studies directs towards the outcomes and conclusions regarding the impact of artistic practices in changing the way a city is perceived, used and designed. Keywords: Art, Public Space, Urbanism, Transformation, Social Participation, Medina of Tunis, Urban Heritage

Determinants of collective transport mode choice and its impacts on trip satisfaction in urban tourism

The continuous growth of tourism has important environmental impacts and transports account for a large proportion of the CO2 emissions generated by tourists. Understanding the motivations and characteristics of collective transport users in contemporary cities may contribute to promote more sustainable forms of tourism. Based on an extensive questionnaire to international tourists in Barcelona, this study employs a multinomial logistic regression to explore the links among visitors' characteristics, motivations, and means of transportation, while an ordinal logistic regression is applied to investigate whether the preference for collective transport has an impact on the satisfaction with the trip. The novelty of our approach is testing the hypothesis that the choice of collective transports is more related to trip motivations (professional, leisure, or personal) than to socio-demographic or personal characteristics of tourists. The results show that professional travelers are more oriented to the use of private cars, but they prefer collective transports when the length of stay is higher and combined with other trip motivations. Also, using collective transports is linked to high satisfaction with the visit for the tourists using this form of transportation. This study puts forward policy implications and suggestions for future research directions, in particular regarding the utilization of non-motorized forms of transportation cities.

Classification of users\u2019 transportation modalities from mobiles in real operating conditions

The modern mobile phones and the complete digitalization of the public and private transport networks have allowed to access useful information to understand the user’s mean of transportation. This enables a plethora of old and new applications in the fields of sustainable mobility, smart transportation, assistance, and e-health. The precise understanding of the travel means is at the basis of the development of a large range of applications. In this paper, a number of metrics has been identified to understand whether an individual on the move is stationary, walking, on a motorized private or public transport, with the aim of delivering to city users personalized assistance messages for: sustainable mobility, health, and/or for a better and enjoyable life, etc. Differently from the state-of-the-art solutions, the proposed approach has been designed to provide results, and thus collect metrics, in real operating conditions (imposed on the mobile phones as: a range of different mobile phone kinds, operating system constraints managing Applications, active battery consumption manager, etc.). The paper reports the whole experimentations and results. The solution has been developed in the context of Sii-Mobility Km4City Research Project infrastructure and tools, performed with the collaboration of public transport operators, and GDPR compliant. The same solution has been used in Snap4City mobile Apps with experiments performed in Antwerp and Helsinki.

Evaluation of Urban Images: The Case of Adana

The image is a formation of momentary perceptions, past experiences, and memories. From this point of view, the perception of images is not merely visual; it has sociology and history that it represents. In this context, the city of Adana, which has a multicultural history of 8000 years, hosts a wide variety of elements in terms of architectural imagery depending on its historical background, industrialization, and development process. In the study, the historical and new architectural images on the banks of the Seyhan River, which is an important historical, economic and sociological region of the city, were examined with an aim to question how the images related to Adana were interpreted by the public. In line with this objective, the data obtained from photo archives, survey techniques, and the results of statistical analysis performed using the SPSS software package were analyzed together to question the architectural image components. Within this framework, conducted with 60 individuals, the followings were questioned and answers were sought for the city users: - Primary images of the city, - The reasons that have created the images, in other words, the values that have been effective in transforming these buildings into images, - The reasons for the differentiation of the selected historical and new images in their imagery values. The results of the statistical analyses revealed that the urban element/building that has not been utilized actively could not establish the relationship of belonging with urbanites, therefore, the building's imaginative effect has been weakened, and particularly the historical buildings have been the most influential factors that make up the imaginative value due to their traces in urban memory. Therefore, the present study and similar studies on retaining urbanites' relationship with the residential areas are considered valuable in terms of both shedding light on future studies and using them as data in the practices.

Six Sigma in Urban Logistics Management—A Case Study

A city as a system that constitutes one of the most important areas of human activities. The significant role to fulfill their expectations pay the goods transport and deliveries. These issues are the subject of urban logistics. In broad terms, urban logistics may be construed as a number of processes focused on freight flows, which are completed in cities, including deliveries, supply, goods transfer, services, etc. Due to the different urban logistics stakeholders’ expectations, these systems generate many challenges for managers, especially in the context of city users’ needs and their quality of life. Today, there is a lack of broadened approach and methodology to support them from the processes’ efficiency perspective. To fulfill this gap, the purpose of this paper is to apply the Six Sigma method as a support in last mile delivery management. Six Sigma method plays important role in production systems processes management. However, it could be useful in much wider perspective, including transport and logistics processes. The Authors emphasize that the Six Sigma method could be efficient approach in the last mile delivery processes’ analysis in the context of their efficiency. It helps positioning the customer satisfaction level and quantify the delivery processes defects, related to the undelivered goods. Following that it could improve significantly the last mile delivery processes efficiency. The concept is illustrated by a sample evaluation of one of the urban logistics processes: completion of deliveries. To this end, urban logistics processes were defined. In particular, the delivery completion process was mapped, and the process client was defined along with their expectations. The defects that occurred in the process were identified and analyzed. A DPMO (Defect per Million Opportunities) indicator was established for three randomly selected months. In addition, a root cause analysis of errors was performed. The sigma level for the studied process ranged from 2.61 to 2.89. The factor that had the greatest impact on the number of defects defined as failed deliveries was customer’s absence. The obtained results indicate that the delivery process should be examined in more detail.

Anomalies in Transport Data

Over time, the analysis of traffic data has come down to predicting traffic flows. Building correspondence matrices describing traffic flows, forecasting traffic flows at a specific point and at a specific time interval is what transport analytics did. However, the development of technology and the economy has led to the fact that the penetration of mobile phones and the efforts of telecommunications operators provide complete information about the movements of mobile devices (their users) in modern cities. This means, in particular, that predicting flows is no longer a task. Other issues come to the fore. And one of them is just an analysis of anomalies. This is necessary, first of all, at the stage of operation of Smart City systems.

Systematic literature review on the security challenges of blockchain in IoT-based smart cities

PurposeSecurity is the most important issue in Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart cities and blockchain (BC). So, the present paper aims to detect and organize the literature regarding security in the IoT-based smart cities and BC context. It also proposes an agenda for future research. Therefore, the authors did a statistical review of security in IoT and BC in smart cities. The present investigation aims to determine the principal challenges and disturbances in IoT because of the BC adoption, the central BC applications in IoT-based smart cities and the BC future in IoT-based smart cities.Design/methodology/approachIoT) has a notable influence on modernizing and transforming the society and industry for knowledge digitizing. Therefore, it may be perceived and operated in real time. The IoT is undergoing exponential development in industry and investigation. Still, it contains some security and privacy susceptibilities. Naturally, the research community pays attention to the security and privacy of the IoT. Also, the academic community has put a significant focus on BC as a new security project. In the present paper, the significant mechanisms and investigations in BC ground have been checked out systematically because of the significance of security in the IoT and BC in smart cities. Electronic databases were used to search for keywords. Totally, based on different filters, 131 papers have been gained, and 17 related articles have been obtained and analyzed. The security mechanisms of BC in IoT-based smart cities have been ranked into three main categories as follows, smart health care, smart home and smart agriculture.FindingsThe findings showed that BC’s distinctive technical aspects might impressively find a solution for privacy and security problems encountering the IoT-based smart cities development. They also supply distributed storage, transparency, trust and other IoT support to form a valid, impressive and secure distributed IoT network and provide a beneficial guarantee for IoT-based smart city users’ security and privacy.Research limitations/implicationsThe present investigation aims to be comprehensive, but some restrictions were also observed. Owing to the use of some filters for selecting the original papers, some complete works may be excluded. Besides, inspecting the total investigations on the security topic in BC and the IoT-based smart cities is infeasible. Albeit, the authors attempt to introduce a complete inspection of the security challenges in BC and the IoT-based smart cities. BC includes significant progress and innovation in the IoT-based smart cities’ security domain as new technology. Still, it contains some deficiencies as well. Investigators actively encounter the challenges and bring up persistent innovation and inspection of related technologies in the vision of the issues available in diverse application scenarios.Practical implicationsThe use of BC technology in finding a solution for the security issues of the IoT-based smart cities is a research hotspot. There is numerable literature with data and theoretical support despite the suggestion of numerous relevant opinions. Therefore, this paper offers insights into how findings may guide practitioners and researchers in developing appropriate security systems dependent upon the features of IoT-based smart city systems and BC. This paper may also stimulate further investigation on the challenge of security in BC and IoT-based smart cities. The outcomes will be of great value for scholars and may supply sights into future investigation grounds in the present field.Originality/valueAs the authors state according to their knowledge, it is the first work using security challenges on BC and IoT-based smart cities. The literature review shows that few papers discuss how solving security issues in the IoT-based smart cities can benefit from the BC. The investigation suggests a literature review on the topic, recommending some thoughts on using security tools in the IoT-based smart cities. The present investigation helps organizations plan to integrate IoT and BC to detect the areas to focus. It also assists in better resource planning for the successful execution of smart technologies in their supply chains.

COLLECTIVE BENEFITS AS AN IMPULSE FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT

The development of modern cities is subject to many influences. These include social and cultural inspirations, whose impact results from the local will to adopt new trends, such as the currently popular demands of the postmodern world. Among other things, they promote initiatives intended to integrate urban communities. Cooperation between inhabitants results in the development of urban communities and creation of urban common goods, offering specific types of benefits, such as collective benefits. The purpose of this article is to define and establish the concept of collective benefits substantively among the achievements of urban economy. It has to be stressed that economic relationships which arise in the processes of integrating city users deserve special attention, because the relationships connecting them contribute to the development of unique conditions for living and conducting business. They can be regarded as a broadly understood set of agglomeration economies.

Conceptual nexus of urban liveability and sustainability

The term “liveable cities” appeared in the literature during the 1980s in connection with the growing environmental concerns and the increasing competition among global cities to attract foreign investments and boost their economies. Also, the term sustainability emerged in the late 1980s as a warning to space and city users on the need to manage and regulate environmental resource consumption and utilization. While the concept of liveability seeks to utilize environmental resources for better living for urban dwellers, sustainable urban development on the converse tends to warn of the dangers of overuse and consumption of environmental resources. These concepts, much as they are closely related have also been adjudged to have certain intricate tensions in terms of their views on issues relating to utilization and consumption of environmental resources. This research, therefore, seeks to explore the conceptual relationships and tensions between urban liveability and sustainable development. The review of the literature reveals that, much as both concepts are related, they are critically diverse in their promotion of the use of environmental resources.

Service quality, satisfaction and behavioral intentions towards public transport from the point of view of private vehicle users

In order to attract car users towards the public transport services in an urban and metropolitan context, contributing to a sustainable mobility in cities, it is fundamental to improve our knowledge of service quality perceptions, satisfaction and behavioral intentions toward transit from the point of view of private transport users. This paper is based on the data from a single survey—carried out in two European cities (Madrid and Lisbon)—of regular private vehicle users that use public transport at least occasionally. The questionnaire gathers information about 14 attributes of service quality, four indicators for satisfaction and four indicators for behavioral intentions; as well as several sociodemographic variables that are used in the models (household location, gender, age, education, dependent members in the family and income). The study uses confirmatory factor analysis to identify the most important service quality attributes for the car users; structural equation modeling for investigating the relationships among the three factors; and multi-group analysis (MGA) and a multiple-indicator and multiple-causes (MIMIC) approach to identify heterogeneity in the models because of geographical context or sociodemographic characteristics. Regular private vehicle users in both cities agree that punctuality, frequency, information and intermodality are among the five most important service quality attributes. Residents in Madrid also emphasize speed, while service hours would be a priority in Lisbon. The models for both cities agree on a complete mediator role of satisfaction between service quality and behavioral intentions. The MGA and MIMIC approaches show that the models do not present important differences tied to the sociodemographic characteristics, although differences are identified between Madrid and Lisbon. The MIMIC approach identified differences associated with city, household location and education for the pooled data; while household location, age and education were significant in Lisbon.

A human-centered artificial intelligence approach for privacy protection of elderly App users in smart cities

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning based Ambient Assisted Living systems play an important role in smart cities by improving the quality of life of the elderly population. Many Ambient Assisted Living systems are coupled with Android Apps for command-and-control purposes. Consequently, the privacy and security of Ambient Assisted Living systems depend on the privacy and security of the corresponding Android Apps, which follow a privacy self-management model. Unfortunately, the privacy self-management model ignores the decision-making abilities of the elderly and increases their cognitive loads, which put their privacy protection and wellbeing at stake. In this paper, we follow a Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence inspired approach for addressing these issues. This approach uses privacy as a shared responsibility model instead of the privacy self-management model. We have proposed two algorithms, the participatory privacy protection algorithm-I, and participatory privacy protection algorithm-II, for determining optimal privacy settings of an Ambient Assisted Living App and handling its runtime Permission requests, respectively. We demonstrated the working of these algorithms using a case study. We have also compared the proposed approach with state-of-the-art privacy management schemes for Android Apps. The proposed algorithms can improve the privacy protection of Ambient Assisted Living App users in smart cities and relieve them through cognitive offloading.

WSPÓŁCZESNE UWARUNKOWANIA PLANOWANIA STRATEGICZNEGO ROZWOJU SPOŁECZNO-GOSPODARCZEGO MIASTA – WYBRANE ASPEKTY


 
 
 In the times of quick and widespread changes, innovations and new ways of city management, new approaches to planning of strategic development of urban entities are expected. Therefore there is a continuing search for possibilities of acquiring new information about the city market and ways to shape it, residents’ participation and involvement, and also creating city openness. Urban centres are not closed entities but they have strong relations with the local, domestic and global markets. There is a search for new directions and priorities in strategic planning of social and economic development, while the established goals follow consultations, workshops and meetings of various groups of urban stakeholders. The consequences of long-term implementation of a city’s image as open is, on the one hand, its recognisability, yet – on the other one – the experience of positive and negative effects of the implementation. The purpose of the study is to identify selected contemporary conditions of strategic planning of a city’s social and economic development, emphasising – in particular – the bases for creating a city’s openness, including the related opportunities and hazards. Another intention is to highlight innovative ways of collecting market information about needs and aspirations of city users, as well as to form the residents’ attitude towards their involvement in the development of their living space. The applied research methods include literature studies, benchmarking and reasoning.
 
 

Using the Multilevel Random Effect Model to Analyze the Behavior of Carpool Users in Different Cities

The purpose of this study was to offer a comprehensive econometrical framework based on a multilevel random effect logistic model that could highlight important contributors to carpool users among different cities with various attributes. The data was collected from the three cities of Tucson, AZ, USA; El Paso, TX, USA; and Austin, TX, USA and was based on register-based travel trip data from the Metropia platform and American Community Survey information from 2016 to 2017. The empirical results indicated there were statistically significant differences among carpool users in different cities due to the transportation mode, number of vehicles available, total number of males driving alone, and number of single-parent households. The individual level result showed that incentives had a significant effect on the promotion of carpool passenger and driver behavior. In addition, the time of finding the parking space at work, living situation of the household, flexibility to change departure times, gender, and age could effectively increase the possibility of carpool usage. The results of this study give a better understanding of the events in the initial factors of carpooling behavior and can be used by the government or commercial company to design an effective solution for traffic congestion.

When social movements collaborate with the state towards the right to the city: Unveiling compromises and conflicts

The right to the city represents a critique of the city as a place and an object of capitalist accumulation, in which priority is given to exchange value over use value. This critique references an ongoing and collective struggle for urban production to be radically democratic, as the expanded participation of city users would lead to appropriation, with social movements occupying a central role. This paper discusses the practices of urban social movements that cooperate with governmental institutions participating in and influencing the design and implementation of public policies. We focus on the possibilities of transformation towards the right to the city as well as the conflicts and contradictions that social movements face when partnering with the State. We carry out an in-depth investigation of two social movements involved in building housing units in Brazil as part of a federal government programme. By conceptually translating the right to the city into the economies of worth, we propose an original theoretical approach. Our study contributes to advance the understanding of the role of social movements that collaborate with governments without abandoning the goal of struggling for the right to the city. We add a pragmatic perspective to the radical conception of the right to the city by showing how different logics of action enable or hinder the possibility of the right to the city horizon. We propose that the prominence of the civic common world might transform operational processes mainly through self-management.

In search of bluer skies: Would people move to places of better air qualities?

This study examines the statistical relationship between people's movements and difference in air quality between the origin and the destination, using computational social science approach. We put forward an important environmentally driven human movement question: Would people move to places of better air qualities? Utilizing Twitter Streaming API, 39,928,132 randomized geo-coded tweets posted by 8,551,557 individual users during the period of 01/01/2016 – 31/12/2017 were extracted to examine the movements of Twitter users. Coupling Twitter users’ international movements with air quality data, our results have shown that Twitter users tend to move to places of better air qualities in general. We find that in most countries, the net move-out rate tends to be positively correlated with the monthly PM2.5 concentration in the origin country, and the number of international movements to the destination country is negatively correlated with the decrease in PM2.5 concentration in the origin country. For domestic movements, our results have shown that Twitter users in Indian cities, including Mumbai, one of the largest and highly polluted cities, tend to move to other Indian cities of better air qualities. Our results confirm that people across different parts of the world tend to move to places of better air qualities.

A Methodological Approach on Disused Public Properties in the 15-Minute City Perspective

Accessibility and Walkability represent, today, some of the most striking challenges contemporary cities are facing, particularly in light of the goals from UN Agenda 2030, aimed at a sustainable city, and particularly in terms of a livable, healthy and inclusive city. This can be also performed thanks to a set of high quality public services and a set of important and central services and infrastructures. These principles, however, are constrained by an overall, general fragmentation affecting many urban areas, particularly as an outcome of the vehicular accessibility needs. Scholars have debated through the years on the nature of cities and on the preference for centrality of services compared to the distribution of services towards dispersed neighborhood units. Recently, a need for a wider, minimum set of services that is easily reachable to most citizens is filling the scholars and city mayors’ agendas in order to improve urban performances. This is also coupled with a huge surge in the heritage of abandoned urban items coming from previous periods of time and alternative uses. The aim of this research is to evaluate the role of abandoned urban assets—particularly big-size buildings and compounds and their areas—to facilitate the implementation of the concept of a 15-minute city, a city that is capable of granting a wider social equality and access to main urban services to citizens and city users. To do this, we developed a set of indexes, capable of detecting porosity, crossing and attractiveness. This latter index in particular represents a combined index that can be used to improve the accessibility of pedestrians in urban central locations. In the present research, we decided to limit the analysis to a subset of disused public buildings in the historic center of a sample city, as Cagliari (Sardinia, Italy). This was done in order to understand if and in which terms they can contribute, after their redevelopment, to the development of the 15-minute city, as well as reducing the “enclave–effect: they are, at present, playing in the historic urban fabric.

ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПОШИРЕННЯ СОЦІАЛЬНИХ ІНТЕРНЕТ-МЕРЕЖ FACEBOOK ТА INSTAGRAM В ІВАНО-ФРАНКІВСЬКІЙ ОБЛАСТІ

Purpose. The aim of the study is to identify the features of spatial differentiation of social networking services (SNS) in Ivano-Frankivsk region. The main task of the work is to analyze the spatial distribution of the number of users and the penetration rate of SNS Facebook and Instagram in terms of administrative districts and cities of regional subordination in Ivano-Frankivsk region. Methods. The advertising targeting engine function was used to determine the number of Facebook and Instagram users. The audience criterion was determined by the coverage of the territory. The main indicators of the analysis were the total number of users social networking service, the penetration rate of the social networking service. Results. In the distribution of users of SNSs in Ivano-Frankivsk region the following spatial features were revealed. Concentration of users in the largest cities, especially in the regional center Ivano-Frankivsk (about 40% of Facebook and Instagram users in the region). The number of users is generally proportional to the population in the territorial unit. Among the districts of Ivano-Frankivsk region, a large number of users have Nadvirna, Kosiv, Rozhnyativ, Sniatyn, Dolyna districts. The smallest population (less than 10 thous.) uses Facebook in Tlumach, Bohorodchany, Kalush, Tysmenytsia districts. Low development of social networking services in the administrative districts adjacent to cities of regional subordination. Instagram is inferior to Facebook in terms of development, and its main users are mainly younger people. The territorial users location of the Instagram SNS, in general, shows the same features that are characteristic of the Facebook. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the peculiarities of the spatial distribution of Facebook and Instagram social networking services users in context of administrative districts and regional cities in Ivano-Frankivsk region have been determined. Practical significance. The obtained results can be used to build programs of the socio-economic development of Ivano-Frankivsk region. The penetration rate of social networks can be a kind of indicator of the development of the territory.

Traffic Congestion Control Synchronizing and Rerouting Using LoRa

Recent growth of Automobile users in big cities leads to traffic congestion. Traffic congestion leads to more waiting time for the vehicle users to reach destination. To avoid this road congestion, Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) with proper allocation of spectrum, Bandwidth helps to divert the traffic at ease for the GPS enabled vehicle by applying Deep learning techniques. The proposed work introduces synchronization of two traffic signals using the Long Range (LoRa) module and concept of time division algorithm, that gives information about traffic by rerouting the vehicle to reach their destination with the shortest duration. Multi-level Traffic Monitoring Control (TMC) has the facility of sensing the information from the vehicle through transceivers (has the ability of gathering information and capturing the image of the road) receives the data from the vehicle and communicates to the server. The server processes captured image and communicates to the TMC. The TMC alerts vehicle users to divert their path by studying the multi-level TMC. The proposed concept helps vehicle users to take alternate direction by avoiding the congested traffic during peak hours. GPS enabled vehicle communicates the source and destination with live traffic to TMC, in turn receives the information with traffic free shortest route to reach destination.

Analysis of real experiences using different sized bike sharing schemes in Irish cities

The first Irish public Bike Sharing Scheme (BSS) was launched in Dublin in 2009. Dublinbikes has been internationally recognised as one of the most successful bike-sharing rental schemes in the world. For this reason, among others, the cities of Cork, Limerick and Galway launched their own BSSs at the end of 2014.The objective of this paper is to compare the performance of the four BSSs during the first two years of implementation in each Irish city according to endogenous factors, such as the physical design of the schemes, and exogenous factors, such as city size and population density. In terms of population, Limerick and Galway are small cities, Cork is a medium-sized city and Dublin is a large city. In consequence, the results cover the main relevant aspects of BSSs according to the size of the scheme, pointing out similarities and differences among BSS of different sizes. The main findings indicate that the number of daily rentals per bike is a good metric from the point of view of the transport operator. However, a higher density of bikes, stations and docking points does not imply greater usage, whereas the size of the deployment area could be a key factor in improving bike usage. Finally, a synopsis of the essential aspects to consider when designing a BSS deployment based on types of users in small cities is provided.