City Of Paris Research Articles

PUBLIC TRUST IN THE BRAND OF THE TERRITORY: GENDER, AGE AND EDUCATIONAL DETERMINANTS

The key to ensuring sustainable economic development of the regions is the functioning of enterprises and organizations physically or legally located in its territory and the effective use and identification of hidden business and tourist opportunities of the parts. Unlocking such community potential is one of the key tasks of local governments, whose responsibility for their well-being has increased significantly with the start of the decentralization process. Financial decentralization and redistribution of tax revenues inevitably led to the growth of local budgets, which in turn formed the need for proper redistribution of expenditures, including the development of attractiveness of the territory for its own population, to reduce the outflow of able-bodied people and attract stakeholders. To this end, most cities and regions of Ukraine have begun to create their own brands. Today, Kyiv, Lviv, Vinnytsia, Ivano-Frankivsk, Sumy, and others have their own brands in Ukraine. However, the level of public confidence in economic efficiency and the need for such an approach is quite low because among the successful cases of brand implementation in the country can be clearly called only - Lviv. While the brand of the city of Sumy created in 2019 was perceived quite ambiguously by both the community and the media community. Therefore, the question arises of identifying determinants that directly impact the formation of perception and trust in the brand. Thus, a number of existing methods of assessing the effectiveness of the brand contain elements in the structure related to its perception. But for the most part, the ratings of local and national brands focus on the perception of external stakeholders, while the issue of taking into account internal satisfaction is almost unexplored. Thus, the article attempts to analyze the correlations between perception, trust in the local brand and subjective assessment based on gender, age and educational distribution of internal stakeholders in the community. The analysis was based on the dynamics of the cities of London and Paris in the Anholt-Ipsos Brand Index in 2017-2020.

Geografii teatrale pe firul istoriei și al râului (II): Sena la Paris

The Antique settlement of „Lutèce“ (Lutetia Parisio- rum, lat.) became, under the name of Paris, a center of medieval civilization which will be later named “The City of Light“ under the Sun King. This nickname has two reasons. The practical one consisted in the fact that in 1667 Louis XIV ordered the city of Paris to be lighted by gas street lamps (the first city in the world ); the intellectual one came from its statute of a cultural classicist hub and later, that of the city of enlightenment. An important aspect of these developments was the local theatrical civilization. Our study is interested in determining the evolution and the geography of the theaters like Bourgogne, Marais, Guénégaud (…) on the two banks of the Seine river in the times of Corneille, Racine and, especially, Molière.

Detecting turbulent structures on single Doppler lidar large datasets: an automated classification method for horizontal scans

Abstract. Medium-to-large fluctuations and coherent structures (mlf-cs's) can be observed using horizontal scans from single Doppler lidar or radar systems. Despite the ability to detect the structures visually on the images, this method would be time-consuming on large datasets, thus limiting the possibilities to perform studies of the structures properties over more than a few days. In order to overcome this problem, an automated classification method was developed, based on the observations recorded by a scanning Doppler lidar (Leosphere WLS100) installed atop a 75 m tower in Paris's city centre (France) during a 2-month campaign (September–October 2014). The mlf-cs's of the radial wind speed are estimated using the velocity–azimuth display method over 4577 quasi-horizontal scans. Three structure types were identified by visual examination of the wind fields: unaligned thermals, rolls and streaks. A learning ensemble of 150 mlf-cs patterns was classified manually relying on in situ and satellite data. The differences between the three types of structures were highlighted by enhancing the contrast of the images and computing four texture parameters (correlation, contrast, homogeneity and energy) that were provided to the supervised machine-learning algorithm, namely the quadratic discriminant analysis. The algorithm was able to classify successfully about 91 % of the cases based solely on the texture analysis parameters. The algorithm performed best for the streak structures with a classification error equivalent to 3.3 %. The trained algorithm applied to the whole scan ensemble detected structures on 54 % of the scans, among which 34 % were coherent structures (rolls and streaks).

Mirando hacia el pasado para entender el presente: la medicina ante el azote de las epidemias

To understand what is happening it is often enlightening to direct our attention to the past. From this perspective, I do in this essay an approach to the history of the epidemics which occurred in particular in the city of Paris. From this, I intend to draw conclusions that could help us understand the situation created by the COVID-19 epidemic, as well as various options to face its consequences socially and medically.

Consequences of logistics sprawl: Order or chaos? - the case of a parcel service company in Paris metropolitan area

Logistics sprawl is the phenomenon driving warehouses and freight terminals further and further away from city centers, for reasons that are mostly dependent on urban planning, field price and economies of scale. In the past, studies have already described logistics sprawl in Paris Metropolitan area. These studies have concluded that logistic facilities far from Paris city center increased the distance travelled, and by extension, CO2 emissions. This study does not question logistics sprawl in Paris metropolitan area but questions its consequences.This study presents a point of view on the location of cross-docking terminals. One main parcel service carrier was studied through a database strong of 600,000 inputs including pick-ups and deliveries for two months in the Paris metropolitan area. This study is not intended to be representative of all merchandise flows but makes it possible to understand the running of one significant actor. This project aims at determining the optimum terminals location according to two criteria: minimization of the total distance as calculated by the Euclidean distance (as the crow flies) between terminals and points of pick-up/ delivery, and the number of authorized terminals. The number of terminals is modified to study its relationship with the spatial distribution of its clients.Interestingly, we found that optimized locations for this parcel service carrier are located outside of Paris city center. Those locations minimize the total distance to the clients, and thus, are the best places to limit pollution. The reason is that the carrier manages this perimeter through a polycentric organization. Paris Metropolitan area is viewed as several sectors and not as a whole for this carrier. It is therefore unknown how the carrier's performance has evolved over time, but its current organization is close to the optimal situation.

Killer Stories: 'Globalizing' the Grotesque in Alain Mabanckou's African Psycho and Leïla Slimani's Chanson douce

Focusing on Leïla Slimani's Chanson douce (2016) and Alain Mabanckou's African Psycho (2003), this article traces a grotesque aesthetics that draws on other globally circulated texts, such as North American crime fiction, the literary trope of the serial killer and the 'evil mother', as well as on the recognition value of the city of Paris to appeal to a global, and in particular Western readership. While this new aesthetics is clearly informed by previous generations of African literature, such as the texts that have served to illustrate Achille Mbembe's articulation of the grotesque, the 'commandement' in Slimani and Mabanckou's novels is exercised by less tangible dynamics of transnational capitalism, class differentiation, gender stereotypes, and social marginalisation. The article considers the ways in which both Slimani and Mabanckou's narratives place a new importance on, and instrumentalize the role of the audience — as readership — by making them a central element of their representation of the grotesque. The writers' public performance of their identities as celebrity literary authors then serves to better understand how their re-configuration of the grotesque as a 'globalized' aesthetic extends to a re-thinking of what African literature in French and its authors are today on the world literary market.

Evaluating the potential health benefits associated with the air quality alerts system in Paris: a difference-in-differences analysis.

Background: In order to fight against air pollution and attenuate adverse health effects, many big cities in different countries adopt public policies based on a system of air quality alerts, triggered when air pollution forecasts predict a day with one or more pollutants concentrations beyond the regulatory standars. These programs focus exclusively on reducing emissions on days when air pollution warnings exceed the threshold level and, despite the large investment on this kind of measures, their effectiveness and their benefits on the population health have never been verified. The potential health benefits associated with air quality alert policies implemented in the city of Paris is assessed herein. Methods: Data of daily mortality for non-accidental, cardiovascular and respiratory causes were obtained from the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research for the period going from 2000 to 2015. Data of mean daily PM10 concentrations were collected from the local air quality monitoring networks. A quasi-experimental design was used by combining a propensity-score-matching method with Difference-in-Differences models. The difference in mean daily PM10 concentrations and in daily mortality was compared between eligible and non-eligible days before and after the definition of regulatory standards for PM10 concentrations (2000-2007 versus 2008-2015) and before and after the implementation of lower thresholds values (2008-2011 versus 2012-2015). Results: A significant reduction associated to the implementation of the air quality alerts system in Paris was detected in PM10 concentrations but no evidence was found for an impact on mortality. Conclusions: By capitalizing on natural experiments, this study addresses the question of the pertinence of local public health policies with regard to air quality and health issues and its findings suggest that investing on long-term interventions could be preferable to emergency measures concentrate exclusively on acute-air polluted days.

Spatio-Temporal Relationship between Land Cover and Land Surface Temperature in Urban Areas: A Case Study in Geneva and Paris

Currently, more than half of the world’s population lives in cities, which leads to major changes in land use and land surface temperature (LST). The associated urban heat island (UHI) effects have multiple impacts on energy consumption and human health. A better understanding of how different land covers affect LST is necessary for mitigating adverse impacts, and supporting urban planning and public health management. This study explores a distance-based, a grid-based and a point-based analysis to investigate the influence of impervious surfaces, green area and waterbodies on LST, from large (distance and grid based analysis with 400 m grids) to smaller (point based analysis with 30 m grids) scale in the two mid-latitude cities of Paris and Geneva. The results at large scale confirm that the highest LST was observed in the city centers. A significantly positive correlation was observed between LST and impervious surface density. An anticorrelation between LST and green area density was observed in Paris. The spatial lag model was used to explore the spatial correlation among LST, NDBI, NDVI and MNDWI on a smaller scale. Inverse correlations between LST and NDVI and MNDWI, respectively, were observed. We conclude that waterbodies display the greatest mitigation on LST and UHI effects both on the large and smaller scale. Green areas play an important role in cooling effects on the smaller scale. An increase of evenly distributed green area and waterbodies in urban areas is suggested to lower LST and mitigate UHI effects.

Estudi de l´Obra de Miquel Mont i Xavier Escribà en Relació a la Novel-la de Ficció d´Edwin Abbott, Planilàndia

Although some art critics and historians predicted the end of painting during the 20th century, the evidence of the good state in which the medium is found has served to increase the meaning of painting and its expressive possibilities, expanding the limits of this field and combining it with different disciplines without any prejudice. In this article we approach the work of two artists who maintain close ties with the cities of Barcelona and Paris, Xavier Escribà and Miquel Mont. Our spirit is not to reflect the coincidences between the two artists but to claim the innovation of their own professional career.

Between heritage and the contemporary. Three paradoxes of the Minimes barracks, Paris

A few meters from Place des Vosges, the city of Paris launched a project in 2016 to rehabilitate a gendarmerie barracks as social housing and a space open to the public. The Paris-based Office of L...

How to assess ecodistrict resilience to urban heat stress under future heatwaves? A case study for the city of Paris

It is now well-known that the frequency, intensity and duration of heatwaves will strongly increase along the XXIth century, which introduces the urban built environment resilience as a new paradigm. In Paris, the intense 2003 heatwave demonstrated that warm urban temperatures could result in serious adverse health issues. Temperatures were particularly elevated during nighttime, due to the urban heat island effect. Since air-conditioning has not penetrated yet in residential French buildings, studying the potential of combined mitigation strategies at the district and building scale to increase the neighbourhood and buildings resilience in strong urbanized areas under future heatwaves is a key subject matter. The climate change aspect is integrated through a future heatwave weather file, re-assembled from dynamically downscaled multi-year regional climate change projections from the EURO-CORDEX project. The new ecodistrict Clichy-Batignolles in central Paris is chosen as a case study, recognized as innovative for low-energy and environmental solutions. It is composed of high-rise residential and commercial buildings, large green areas, cool surfaces, and reduced anthropogenic sources. We used an Urban Canyon Model (Urban Weather Generator) to model the neighbourhood and different design configurations (building height and density, green and cool surfaces). The designs and measures were evaluated through a sensitivity analysis to analyse their potential to mitigate the urban local microclimate air temperature during the heatwaves. We quantified the neighbourhood resilience and found that the ecodistrict is exposed to a strong urban heat stress under the future intense heatwave. These results highlight how outdoor overheating assessment can be used to evaluate the district mitigation and adaptation strategies. This approach can be used for urban planning, while the modelled future urban heatwaves can be used as an input for building simulations and evaluate the resilience of the buildings to urban heat stress.

Determination of journeys order based on graph’s Wiener absolute index with bipolar fuzzy information

Due to the existence of two opposite sided opinions in bipolar fuzzy graphs, the positive and negative communication between all pair of vertices always may not be strong. So, the connectivity sustain is one of the major important part in a bipolar fuzzy network system. First, Wiener index for a bipolar fuzzy graph is introduced and explained their properties. Second, the terms Wiener absolute index is created based on the total accurate connectivity between all the pair of vertices and in the whole bipolar fuzzy graph. Third, the behavior of Wiener absolute index is visualized in several bipolar fuzzy graphs like bipolar fuzzy forest, bridge, and tree. Fourth, a comparative discussion between connectivity index and Wiener index in bipolar fuzzy graphs are established. Finally, an application of all these thought is displayed in regular journeys from the city Paris to Brest.

Cartographic Design of Cultural Maps.

Throughout history, maps have been used as a tool to explore cities. They visualize a city's urban fabric through its streets, buildings, and points of interest. Besides purely navigation purposes, street names also reflect a city's culture through its commemorative practices. Therefore, cultural maps that unveil socio-cultural characteristics encoded in street names could potentially raise citizens' historical awareness. But designing effective cultural maps is challenging, not only due to data scarcity but also due to the lack of effective approaches to engage citizens with data exploration. To address these challenges, we collected a dataset of 5000 streets across the cities of Paris, Vienna, London, and New York, and built their cultural maps grounded on cartographic storytelling techniques. Through data exploration scenarios, we demonstrated how cultural maps engage users and allow them to discover distinct patterns in the ways these cities are gender-biased, celebrate various professions, and embrace foreign cultures.

Characterization of SWOT Water Level Errors on Seine Reservoirs and La Bassée Gravel Pits: Impacts on Water Surface Energy Budget Modeling

The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) space mission will map surface area and water level changes in lakes at the global scale. Such new data are of great interest to better understand and model lake dynamics as well as to improve water management. In this study, we used the large-scale SWOT simulator developed at the French Space National Center (CNES) to estimate the expected measurement errors of the water level of different water bodies in France. These water bodies include five large reservoirs of the Seine River and numerous small gravel pits located in the Seine alluvial plain of La Bassée upstream of the city of Paris. The results show that the SWOT mission will allow to observe water levels with a precision of a few tens of centimeters (10 cm for the largest water reservoir (Orient), 23 km2), even for the small gravel pits of size of a few hectares (standard deviation error lower than 0.25 m for water bodies larger than 6 ha). The benefit of the temporal sampling for water level monitoring is also highlighted on time series of pseudo-observations based on real measurements perturbed with the simulated noise errors. Then, the added value of these future data for the simulation of lake energy budgets is shown using the FLake lake model through sensitivity experiments. Results show that the SWOT data will help to model the surface temperature of the studied water bodies with a precision better than 0.5 K and the evaporation with an accuracy better than 0.2 mm/day. These large improvements compared to the errors obtained when a constant water level is prescribed (1.2 K and 0.6 mm/day) demonstrate the potential of SWOT for monitoring the lake energy budgets at global scale in addition to the other foreseen applications in operational reservoir management.

AUTOMATIC DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GROUND OCCLUSIONS IN URBAN POINT CLOUDS FROM MOBILE LASER SCANNING DATA

Abstract. Occlusions accompany serious problems that reduce the applicability of numerous algorithms. The aim of this work is to detect and characterize urban ground gaps based on occluding object. The point clouds for input have been acquired with Mobile Laser Scanning and have been previously segmented into ground, buildings and objects, which have been classified. The method generates various raster images according to segmented point cloud elements, and detects gaps within the ground based on their connectivity and the application of the hit-or-miss transform. The method has been tested in four real case studies in the cities of Vigo and Paris, and an accuracy of 99.6% has been obtained in occlusion detection and labelling. Cars caused 80.6% of the occlusions. Each car occluded an average ground area of 11.9 m2. The proposed method facilitates knowing the percentage of occluded ground, and if this would be reduced in successive multi-temporal acquisitions based on mobility characteristics of each object class.

Evaporative mass loss measurement as a quality control tool for quality assurance in the manufacture of inks suitable for high speed (≥60 m min−1) printing

In any manufacturing environment, it is always important to be able to embrace a culture of traceability of any non-conformed product. For the case of ink manufacture, operator confusion, leading to the mixing-up of solvents, or connecting the incorrect solvent drum to solvent lines, can lead to disastrous consequences that are not trivial for a quality control/quality assurance team to unravel. Accordingly, simple methods for assessing whether the correct solvents were added in the correct ratios to products empower this QA/QC requirement. In this paper, we examine the use of a trivial measurement of evaporative mass loss as a protocol for validating the conformance of manufactured ink to specification. Inspired by the transport-limit that occurs at ultramicroelectrodes in electrochemistry, we develop theory to analyse evaporation rate measurements, and illustrate how vaporisation at the liquid | gas interface is dominated by a transport anisotropy, owing to natural convection for organic solvents, manufactured resins and commercialised inks that have been used, inter alia, for the underground transport tickets in the cities of London and Paris. We further demonstrate that the use of incorrect solvents is readily seen through evaporation rate transients, thereby enabling this measurement for human factor mitigation during the ink manufacture process.

A pricing-based location model for deploying a hydrogen fueling station network

We propose an innovative two-step Pricing-Based Location strategy for the rollout of new hydrogen fueling stations. A first model maximizes the profit of a new station with a price p∗ which corresponds to a design capacity supplying a given market share (n∗ customers). According to these findings and with the objective of deploying an extensive network, a second model searches for a suitable location as remote as possible from existing competitors, but as close as possible to just n∗ demand locations. This problem is solved by an agent-based model integrating the Particle Swarm Optimization metaheuristic and a Geographic Information System representing the geospatial distribution of customer demand. We apply this model to the city of Paris by locating additional stations across the city one by one to supply a growing captive fleet of taxis and other transport operators in the future.

Revealing Multiscale Segregation Effects from Fine-Scale Data: A Case Study of Two Communities in Paris

Fine-scale data is particularly important for the analysis of multiscalar segregation phenomena. Using dis-aggregated data from an EU data challenge, we show here how to apply a recently developed method that measures segregation at multiple scales and provides a visualization of the levels of segregation across scale and space. We illustrate the technique with results for two groups of citizen migrants in the city of Paris.

Blindness, deafness, silence and invisibility that shields racism in nursing education-practice in multicultural hubs of immigration.

This paper relies on data from the multilevel, sectoral discussions held among professional nursing and sociology individuals. To present the outcomes of a reflective process on racism in nursing education and practice in the cities of Toronto and Paris. The method used was a reflection on research conducted by eight individuals dealing with racism at distinct stages of their professional career. The reflections are organized as a systematic description of facts, noted feelings, appraisal of issues, analysis of learned lessons, and lead to recommendations for nursing education and practice. The promotion of social justice and social inclusion has become a matter of nursing practice, yet a lack of critical discussion about racism with racialized students may result in feelings of being silenced. Increased awareness of racial negligence within a clinical setting can instigate change and allow nursing professionals to advocate for more culturally-sensitive care for a multicultural clientele. Insight from nurses with different professional status and from different racial backgrounds will garner an understanding of how the experiences of racism are in some ways individualized. A collective reflection is required to understand the factors that underpin racism in nursing and can be used to elicit dialogue on a national and international scale in order to address racism in global nursing.

An overview of forensic operations performed following the terrorist attacks on November 13, 2015, in Paris

On the evening of November 13, 2015, the city of Paris and its surroundings was hit by a series of attacks committed by terrorist groups, using firearms and explosives. The final toll was 140 people deceased (130 victims and 10 terrorists or their relatives) and more than 413 injured, making these attacks the worst mass killings ever recorded in Paris in peacetime. This article presents the forensic operations carried out at the Medicolegal Institute of Paris (MLIP) following these attacks. A total of 68 autopsies of bodies or body fragments and 83 external examinations were performed within 7 days, and the overall forensic operations (including formal identification of the latest victims) were completed 10 days after the attacks. Over this period, 156 body presentations (some bodies were presented several times) were provided to families or relatives. Regarding the 130 civilian casualties, 129 died from firearm wounds and one died from blast injuries after an explosion. Of the 10 terrorists or their relatives who were killed, eight died from suicide bombing, one was shot by police and one died from crush injuries due to partial collapse of a building following the police raid against a terrorist’s hideout after the attacks. All mass shootings were perpetrated with AK-47 or Zastava M70 assault rifles using 7.62 mm × 39 mm cartridges. In the case of ballistic injuries, death was most often obviously caused by craniocerebral injuries, extensive organ lacerations and/or massive haemorrhage. Among the terrorists killed by bombing, the lesion patterns were body transection, multiple amputations, extreme organ lacerations and the presence of foreign bodies owing to the shrapnel load (steel nuts, glass fragments) or the explosive charge fastening system of the devices. This discussion highlights the particular difficulties of interpretation encountered within the framework of ballistic injuries, a conclusion that should lead to a modest and realistic approach in these exceptional situations where forensic operations involve a very large number of victims in a constrained time.