City Of Damascus Research Articles

Effect of Teaching with Six-Dimensional Strategy in Mathematics to Developing Creative Thinking among Sixth Grade Students

The research aimed to identify the effect of teaching with the six-dimensional strategy (PDEODE) in mathematics in developing creative thinking among a sample of sixth-grade students in the city of Damascus for the academic year (2022-2023 AD). The researcher used the quasi-experimental approach through an experimental design with two experimental and control groups, and tested Students on Torrance’s formal creative thinking scale in the two stages before and after the lessons. The sample of students in its final form consisted of (72) male and female students, who were divided into (36) male and female students for the control group who studied according to the followed teaching methods, and (36) male and female students for the experimental group who taught according to the dimensional strategy. Hexagram. After analyzing the results, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference between the scores of the answers of the students of the experimental and control groups on the post-application of the creative thinking scale, and the presence of a different effect size according to its components (fluency, originality, flexibility, and details), which indicates the positive impact of teaching according to the six-dimensional strategy in developing creative thinking. The researcher recommended using the six-dimensional strategy in the basic education stage in various academic subjects, introducing the strategy into teachers’ manuals, and suggested conducting studies on the six-dimensional strategy and building a measure of creative thinking. Keywords: Basic learning, Constructivist Teaching, Fluency, Flexibility, Authenticity, Detail.

A study of the administrative water loss in the drinking water network: a case study in the seventh sector in the city of Damascus

A study of the administrative water loss in the drinking water network: a case study in the seventh sector in the city of Damascus

Opposition Movement Against the Umayyad Dynasty's Rule (661-750)

The Umayyad dynasty or better known as the Umayyad dynasty was the first Islamic caliphate after the end of the Khulafaur Rashidin caliphate. The duration of the reign of the Umayyad dynasty lasted from 661 to 750 ruled in the Arabian Peninsula and around the city of Damascus, then its reign in Spain from 756 to 1031 stood as the Caliphate of Cordoba. The term Umayyad dynasty refers to Umayyah bin Abdu Shams great grandfather of Muawiyah bin Abu Sufyan. In the political realm, the term "opposition" is defined as a party that opposes the representative council and opposes and criticizes a political policy of the ruling group. The name opposition is absorbed from the translation of Opposition. So in this article, we will discuss about the groups that intensified the opposition movement against the Umayyad Daulah, these groups include; The Si'ah, Mawali, Sunni, Abbasid groups.

РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ И СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЙ ЗАСТРОЙКИ СИРИЙСКИХ ГОРОДОВ (на примере г. Дамаск)

. In the modern period, the cities of Syria are faced with unprecedented destruction of historical buildings due to military operations in the country. In this regard, the historical cities of Syria need to study the current state of the urban environment in order to determine the promising directions and principles for its restoration, considering regional characteristics. The article discusses the specifics of the planning structure of the historical cities of Syria and their modern urban planning problems on the example of the city of Damascus. The authors of the study carried out a retrospective analysis and identified the main stages of the historical development of the central part of the city of Damascus (Roman, Islamic, French and modern), conducted a comparative analysis of the development stages of the historical Syrian cities of Aleppo and Latakia. The planning structure of the historical city center, its current location in the city structure, the state of cultural heritage sites, as well as transport and pedestrian accessibility are analyzed. The analysis revealed a number of urban planning problems, including: the spread of destruction in the structure of the city, the destruction of cultural heritage sites, the formed illegal residential development, the insufficient number of green areas in the central part of the city, problems associated with transport infrastructure, etc., promising directions for their solutions

Muawia Barazangi (1941–2022)

Obituary| March 23, 2023 Muawia Barazangi (1941–2022) Matthew E. Pritchard Matthew E. Pritchard * 1Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. *Corresponding author: pritchard@cornell.edu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3616-3373 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Matthew E. Pritchard https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3616-3373 * 1Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. *Corresponding author: pritchard@cornell.edu Publisher: Seismological Society of America First Online: 23 Mar 2023 Online Issn: 1938-2057 Print Issn: 0895-0695 © Seismological Society of America Seismological Research Letters (2023) https://doi.org/10.1785/0220230045 Article history First Online: 23 Mar 2023 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Matthew E. Pritchard; Muawia Barazangi (1941–2022). Seismological Research Letters 2023; doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220230045 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietySeismological Research Letters Search Advanced Search Muawia Barazangi, professor emeritus of earth and atmospheric sciences at Cornell University and pioneering seismologist, died on 30 March 2022. Muawia was born to Badeah Sukkar and Muhamed Nor Al‐Deen Barazangi on 14 September 1941. He grew up in the city of Damascus, Syria, and graduated in 1965 from the University of Damascus with a bachelor’s degree in physics and earth sciences with distinction. Subsequently, he received a scholarship from the University of Minnesota to earn a master’s degree in applied geophysics in 1967, working with Harold Mooney. Following graduation, he received a scholarship from Columbia University, Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory... You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

‘Abdurrahman ad-Dakhil (Superman in Islamic History: 756 CE-788 CE)

This article aims at discussing the struggle of one of the Umayyads’ descendants who was able to escape from the Abbasid army from the city of Damascus (Syria) to Andalusia (Al-Andalus). He managed to re-establish the power of the Umayyads in Andalusia after the collapse of their power in Damascus, due to the Abbasid army attack. A qualitative method with library research-based was used in conducting this study, the data were analyzed by using qualitative descriptive approach, technical descriptive analysis, and content analysis. The results showed that ‘Abdurrahman Ad-Dakhil had great talent and strong influence with the result that Islamic Spain could be united under his rule. He was very instrumental in building a government in Andalusia in such a way that the Andalusian State could compete with the influence of the Abbasid Daulahh’s power in Baghdad. Thus, he is one of the most important figures in Islamic history. He became an inspirational figure because of having persistency, intelligence, thorough struggle, and upholding Islamic law.

Assessment of Heritage Preservation Projects in The Old City of Damascus from The Perspective of International Conventions and Standards

تمتاز مدينة دمشق القديمة باحتوائها على العديد من الأسواق والاحياء العريقة والمساجد والكنائس والخانات والشوارع المرصوفة، وتمتاز بأوابدها وابنيتها التي تعكس أسلوب العمارة الدمشقية، لذلك تهتم الجهات السورية المسؤولة بحمايتها وإقامة مشاريع لحفظها. وعلى الرغم من تنفيذ الدولة للعديد من مشاريع الحفاظ على الموروث الثقافي في دمشق القديمة الا انه لم يتم إجراء أي دراسة لتقييم مدى توافق هذه المشاريع مع توجيهات وأسس المواثيق والمعايير الدولية. لذلك جاءت هذه الدراسة كرسالة ماجستير لتناقش بعض مشاريع الحفاظ على التراث العمراني في مدينة دمشق القديمة، وتقييمها من منظور المواثيق والمعايير الدولية لمعرفة المشاكل الناتجة عن الأساليب والمنهجيات المتبعة في عمليات الحفظ وتوفير قاعدة بيانات معلوماتية حول تقييم أساليب الحفظ المتبعة في دمشق القديمة. وقد تم اختيار مجموعة من المشاريع وهي مشروع دمشق القديمة بدون سيارات، ومشروع ترميم سوق مدحت باشا، ومشروع ترميم بيت القوتلي، وبيت السباعي، وبيت نظام، وتم اعتماد مجموعة من معايير التقييم التي تناولت بعضها التدخلات الفنية والمواد المستخدمة وبعضها الآخر التدخل والحفاظ. وقد توصلت الدراسة بعد التقييم وفقاً للمعايير إلى نتائج عدة، أهمها الحاجة الى الحفاظ على العلاقة بين دمشق القديمة داخل الاسوار ومحيطها. ويوصي البحث بضرورة الربط بين المديريات المسؤولة عن دمشق القديمة، ووضع خطة إحياء شاملة ومتكاملة مبنية على المعايير الدولية.

A Monument to Medieval Syrian Book Culture: The Library of Ibn ‘Abd al-Hadi

A Monument to Medieval Syrian Book Culture: The Library of Ibn ‘Abd al-Hadi

الوجود الكردي في دمشق ودور الوجيه علي آغا زلفو

تضم مدينة دمشق العديد من الترب والأضرحة والمقامات التي تعود لشخصيات كردية متنفذة استقرت في تلك المدينة طوال قرون كما هو معلوم، ويمكن القول: إن أشهر الأضرحة تعود إلى السلطان صلاح الدين الأيوبي، ومولانا خالد النقشبندي والأمير بدرخان بك، فضلاً عن الكثير من الآثار تركها الشخصيات الكردية في مختلف العهود، والتي لاتزال تزخر بها دمشق حتى وقتنا الحالي. وبسبب ما تقدم، كانت دمشق محط اعتزاز الكرد على الدوام، والذين هاجرت أسر وقبائل منهم إليها في مراحل عدة، ومنها أسرة علي آغا زلفو، التي استقرت في الحي الكردي بدمشق وكان لها دور مهم في المجتمع الدمشقي على الدوام. برز دور علي آغا زلفو في الكثير من المواقف الوطنية السورية، إذ كان من أوائل السوريين الذين شاركوا في الثورة السورية الكبرى وحارب قوات الانتداب الفرنسي في سوريا بشجاعة، وشارك في محاولة الجنرال غورو المسؤول الفرنسي الأول في سوريا وقتذاك. كما عرف عن علي آغا زلفو استقباله لإخوته الكرد المهاجرين إلى دمشق في العشرينيات من القرن الماضي، حيث خصص لهم قصره في دمشق، واعتنى بهم أحسن اعتناء، وبذل لهم أمواله الخاصة، وهذا الأمر ذكره نورالدين زازا في مذكراته بالتفصيل، وأبدى إعجابه الشديد بمواقفه وأفعاله الخيرة لصالح إخوته في كل مكان. لقد حظي علي آغا زلفو نتيجة كل ما سبق، بالإحترام والتقدير من السوريين كلهم بسبب وطنيته المعروفة وخدمته للشأن السوري العام، وكذلك من قبل الكرد السوريين، الذين بدورهم وجدوا فيه الشخصية التي تستحق الاحترام والعرفان على الدوام.

Assessing the impact of the envelope’s dynamic thermal transmittance on dwelling’s cooling performance with respect to the occupants’ thermal comfort

Regarding the constantly increasing cooling demands in the building sector due to climate change effects, strategies for reducing the cooling demands are vital. Among the major strategies is thermal insulation, however, overheating phenomenon during the summer months is a frequent problem in over-insulated buildings. In this study, a typical dwelling was examined in ten Mediterranean regions concerning the influence of the envelope’s thermal transmittance on its cooling performance. A passive dynamic insulation system was also developed and implemented, while its cooling performance was optimized through a rule-based control strategy for the cooling period of each region. Regarding always the occupants’ thermal comfort perception, increased cooling loads were recorded for most of the regions with the highly insulated envelope, which reached up to 12% for the city of Damascus, while in the hot-desert regions the picture is reversed. The dynamic insulation system displayed great potential, as its efficiency was maximum with the super-insulated envelope, resulting in up to 61% less cooling demands for the city of Seville. Finally, by disregarding the occupants’ interference in the cooling system, as most of the national legislations do, higher cooling needs are calculated, that in our study reached up to 49% for the super-insulated envelope.

Dietary Patterns and Their Association with Metabolic Syndrome and Their Components in Middle-Class Adults from Damascus, Syria: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Prior to the 2016 crisis in Syria, a study conducted in Aleppo found the prevalence of metabolic syndrome to be 39.6%, which is known to be favoured by age and poor lifestyle (including physical inactivity and the consumption of hypercaloric foods, rich in saturated fats, concentrated carbohydrates, and salt), so the objective of this study was to identify the association of different dietary patterns with metabolic syndrome and their components. A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in 104 adults aged 40 to 65 years who did not suffer from previous diseases. The sample was chosen from middle-class citizens of the city of Damascus who were contacted by telephone; they were explained about the study, the information that would be collected, and the studies that should be carried out in the clinical analysis laboratory of the Private University of Syria. A nutritional and food study was carried out using previously validated forms containing 62 items in which the food intake of the participants was studied. We apply principal component analysis and factor analysis to detect nutritional components and dietary patterns. Dietary pattern 3 (foods with simple carbohydrates and saturated fat) increased glucose levels, while dietary patterns 1 (high intake of calories, protein, and saturated fat) and 5 (fast food) increased serum triglyceride levels. In addition, pattern 1 (carbonated beverages, grains, chicken, and meat) was associated with elevated LDL cholesterol levels and the presence of the metabolic syndrome. The study findings suggest that the presence of metabolic syndrome and its components are associated with dietary patterns high in calories, protein, simple carbohydrates, and saturated fat.

Developing the Educational Program in Kindergartens in the Syrian Arab Republic in Light of the European Model (An Empirical Study on Female Kindergarten Directors and Teachers in the Damascus Education Directorate)

The study aimed to develop the education program in kindergartens in Syria in light of the European model. The sample of the study consisted of female kindergarten directors and teachers who were selected randomly from kindergartens in the city of Damascus. Also, the study used the descriptive analytical method in the study, in addition to building a tool to measure the development of educational programs in kindergartens in Syria. Where the questionnaire consisted of 19 items distributed on one axis: the first axis includes "the development of kindergarten in the light of the relationship of female teachers with children and their families." The study revealed that the development of education programs in kindergartens in the city of Damascus from the point of view of kindergarten female kindergarten directors and female teachers was generally large. The study also found that there are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α = 0.05) between female kindergarten directors and female teachers’ evaluation of their awareness of the areas of developing educational programs in kindergartens according to the work variable.

The Kurdish presence in Damascus, and the role of the notable Ali Agha Zalfo

The city of Damascus includes many ancient Kurdish shrines that belong to the Kurdish personalities who settled in that city for centuries, since the era of Sultan Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi. that city. As a result of the foregoing, Damascus has always been a center of pride for the Kurds, who migrated to it in several stages, including the family of Ali Agha Zalvo, which settled in the Kurdish neighborhood of Damascus and has always played an important role in the Damascene society. The role of Ali Agha Zalvo emerged in many Syrian national positions, as he was one of the first Syrians to participate in the Great Syrian Revolution and bravely fought the French Mandate forces in Syria, and participated in the attempt of General Gouraud, the first French official in Syria at the time. The role of Ali Agha Zalvo also emerged in the field of receiving his Kurdish brothers who immigrated to Damascus in the twenties of the last century, as he allocated to them his palace in Damascus, took good care of them, and gave them his own money. Ali Agha Zalvo and his good deeds for the benefit of his brothers everywhere. As a result of all of the above, Ali Agha Zalvo has been respected and appreciated by all Syrians because of his well-known patriotism and service to the general Syrian affairs, as well as by the Syrian Kurds, who in turn found in him the person who always deserves respect and gratitude.

Psychological stress and its relationship to assertive behavior: A field study among a sample of employees of the Syrian Trust for Development: الضغوط النفسية وعلاقتها بالسلوك التوكيدي: دراسة ميدانية لدى عينة من موظفي الأمانة السورية للتنمية

The study aimed to identify the relationship between psychological stress and assertive behavior among a sample of employees of Syria Trust for Development in the city of Damascus and its countryside, and to identify the differences between the mean scores of the sample members on the psychological stress scale and the affirmative behavior scale according to the variable of gender and educational level, and the study also aimed to identify the difference between the averages of high and low degrees of affirmative behavior in the face of psychological stress, the researcher chose a sample of (100) male and female employees who were chosen by random method, and the researcher used the descriptive approach. The results concluded that there is a statistically significant inverse correlation between psychological stress and affirmative behavior in the study sample, where the value of t was (-0.318) and the absence of statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the research sample on the affirmative behavior scale according to the gender variable, and the value of t was (1.881). In addition to the absence of statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the sample members on the psychological stress scale due to the gender variable, the value of t was (0.150), and there were no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the research sample on the scale of affirmative behavior according to the educational level variable, and the value of t was ( 0.363), and there were no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the research sample on the psychological stress scale according to the educational level variable with a value of (1.079), and finally there were statistically significant differences on the psychological stress scale according to the variable of affirmative behavior in favor of a sample of high affirmative behavior, so the value of t reached (3,690). The most important recommendations of the research were that Syria Trust for Development should develop training programs on life skills, especially the skill of affirmative behavior, in order to make the employees more able to face the psychological pressures they are exposed to, and that these trainings should be for both males and females, due to the absence of differences in the level of affirmative behavior between both genders, in addition to the fact that the administration of Syria Trust for Development offers recreational programs in managing pressures for its staff, whether male or female, because they work in the same environment, due to the difficult working conditions in light of the crisis that Syrian people are going through, and to highlight the negative role of psychological stress in the lives of individuals working in organizations through the conduct of awareness lectures, workshops and seminars, and finally the need for a psychologist in organizations to take care of the psychological affairs of employees, due to the high work pressure and its impact on the psychological state of employees and thus its reflection on performance.

Lower Cretaceous Clay in Anti-Lebanon Mountains, Syria And Their Importance in Ceramic Manufacturing

Lower Cretaceous rocks are exposed only in the mountain regions of Syria, such as the Anti Lebanon mountain on the western side of Damascus. The lower cretaceous sequences are made up of different rocks. The upper and middle parts of the section are composed mainly of carbonate sediments and less frequently gypsum and anhydrite. The lower beds are mainly composed of sandstone, conglomerate and clay. Clay samples were collected from the study area, which is located about 45 km west of the city of Damascus, near the border village of Kfer Yabous and to the left of the Damascus -Beirut International Road, within the lower Cretaceous upper Aptian deposits. The properties of clay were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Thermal Analysis (DTA-TG-DSC) techniques. The studied clay samples are mainly composed of kaolinite, quartz, mica-illite and same feldspar. Chemical analysis shows a content of SiO2 that varies from 46.06 to 73 % and Al2 O3 between 14.55 and 26.56 %. Total content of staining oxides (Fe2 O3 + TiO2 ) is between 4.3 and 12.5 %. The physical properties were determined by studying their behavior before and after firing. They showed low bending strength values (22.5 kg/cm²) after drying, and after firing at 1180°C (about 247 kg/cm²). Water absorption value at 1180 °C was about 10 %. The coefficient thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) at 1140°C was 2,137 x 10-5 All obtained results confirm the suitability of this clay for the ceramic industry

THE TRADITIONAL ARAB ISLAMIC CITY: THE STRUCTURE OF NEIGHBORHOOD QUARTERS

This paper is concerned with the structure of quarters in traditional Arab Islamic cities. Previous studies have stressed the idea of an urban structure that corresponds to social groupings, in that it is seen as a collection of neighborhood quarters. This spatial model has often provided the rationale for the design of new housing layouts. The purpose of this study is to examine this issue and to argue that the structure of these cities presents a global whole. To achieve this purpose a general and a specific question are addressed. The general question is about the physically sub-areas within the city, and the specific question is about the issue of social groupings and the kind of relation that space has to society. The proposition thus invokes the idea of a physical structure which appears to correspond to a social pattern. The city of Damascus is used as a model of analysis in which the urban structure is described and characterised. The argument is advanced that the traditional Arab Islamic city has a sub-area structure which is historically generated, but whose morphological combination is fine-tuned and adjusted so that the whole comes to dominate and unify the parts.

Mapping Damascus during the First World War. A German-Ottoman Cooperation of Cartography, Archaeology and Military?

Abstract. In 1916, the German museum director and archaeologist Theodor Wiegand travelled to the Near East and became “Inspector General of Antiquities in Syria” as head of the 19th Bureau within the IV Ottoman Army under Ahmed Cemal Pasha. In the post-war period the formation was called “German Turkish Commando for Monument Protection”, though it consisted mainly of German archaeologists and architects who dedicated themselves to the preservation of antique sites and the collection of antiquities. To investigate the region, the scientists also used Bavarian Flying-Detachments and had aerial photographs taken. The Commando enquired, preserved, and surveyed ancient sites. However, the scientists were also involved in mapping important sites and cities such as Damascus. For this purpose, the archaeologists not only conducted trigonometrical surveys but also used aerial photographs to complement the results taken on the ground.Against the background of the German-Ottoman cooperation and the involvement of experts such as archaeologists and architects, the paper analyses the – occasionally paradoxical – situation in which the actors dedicated themselves to map the city of Damascus. The contribution answers the question whether the map was developed to visualize ancient buildings and structures in Damascus for preservation purposes or was rather produced due to military objectives. In a helix of overlapping or rivalling aims and agendas of the German and Ottoman archaeology, military and politics it shows attempts, measures and intentions aiming at the production of maps during the First World War.

THE USE OF AHP WITHIN GIS FOR DESTRUCTED AREAS IN DAMASCUS, SYRIA

Abstract. War This is a word that everyone fears as a result of the violence and devastation it leaves, as there have been many wars around the world that have greatly affected the lives of civilians. Infrastructure, homes, hospitals, and other public facilities have been damaged and partially or largely destroyed. Syria is a country in south-western Asia, located near the Mediterranean Sea, between Lebanon and Turkey. Syria is which suffered from war for more than 10 years and still. This is a study on the city of Damascus, the capital of the Syrian Arab Republic, many of its areas were destroyed by this war. throughout the war, more than 55% of the Syrian population in urban areas and rural areas were affected by the massive aerial bombardment and fighting inside towns, cities, and old neighbourhoods. This study aims to identify the most affected areas in the Syrian capital, Damascus, by analysing two satellite images from the satellite Sentinel using a program SNAP and determining the most appropriate areas for reconstruction in Damascus through the AHP analysis method using a program ArcGIS. Where 6 basic criteria were set to carry out the analysis it's elevation, slope, soil, water network, road network, and land use, land cover. The results were classified into five classes in terms of suitability for reconstruction, not suitability, low suitability, moderate suitability, high suitability, very high suitability, and to determine the percentage of each classification.

Risk Factors Associated with Multiple Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study in Damascus, Syria.

Objectives To assess the probable risk factors associated with Multiple sclerosis among Syrian patients in the city of Damascus. Method In a case-control study conducted from May to September 2020, 140 MS patients and 140 healthy controls were selected from two main hospitals in Damascus. Data regarding risk factors associated with MS was collected via a structured questionnaire and complementary laboratory tests. The statistical analysis was carried out by the SPSS Statistical Software Version 26. Results Factors such as smoking, family history of MS, migraine, and vitamin D deficiency were associated with a higher risk of developing MS: Smoking (OR = 2.275 95% CI (1.348-3.841) P = 0.002). Family history of MS (OR = 3.970 95% CI (1.807-8.719) P ≤ 0.001). Migraine (OR = 3.011 95% CI (1.345-6.741) P = 0.005). Vitamin D deficiency (OR = 4.778 95% CI (2.863-7.972) P ≤ 0.001). However, factors such as diabetes, hypertension, a surgical history of appendectomy, tonsillectomy, and being the first-born in a family were statistically irrelevant: Diabetes (OR = 0.652 95% CI (0.226-1.882) P = 0.426). Hypertension (OR = 1.445 95% CI (0.724-2.885) P = 0.295) Appendectomy (OR = 1.269 95% CI (0.486-3.317) P = 0.626) Tonsillectomy (OR = 1.280 95% CI (0.576-2.843) P = 0.544). First-born Child (OR = 0.933 95% CI (0.558-1.562) P = 0.793). Conclusion Our study suggests that smoking, vitamin D deficiency, family history of MS, and migraine are probable risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Therefore, engaging in outdoor activities and maintaining a healthy diet—for females in particular—is highly recommended.

The Relationship of Arabs with the Mawali and Their Role in Social Life from the Emergence of Prophet’s Mission until the End of the Rashidun Era through the Book The History of the City of Damascus by Ibn Asaker T 571 AH / 1175 AD

The Mawali was one of the most prominent elements of the society from the Prophet’s mission until the end of the Rashidun Caliphate, and they had relations with the Arabs that differed according to the interests that bind them, and according to the loyalty that unites them. The word also differed in its meanings and connotations, so it carried many meanings before Islam, and when Islam came they become more different and came to include other meanings, but at the time of the Rashidun Caliphate, a difference appeared in the concept of this word, and it was given to non/Arab citizens of the open countries, just as the saints had a role in the Arab Islamic community in all levels before the mission and until the end of the Rashidun era, and Islam gave the saints rights and duties The study tackles their situation, but equaled them with the rest of society.