City Of Bursa Research Articles

Okul öncesi dönem çocuklarının okula uyum sürecine ilişkin anaokulu öğretmenlerinin ve annelerinin görüşleri

Bu araştırmada anaokullarında görev yapan öğretmenlerin ve bu kurumlarda öğrenim görmekte olan çocukların annelerinin, çocuklarının okula uyum süreçleri ile ilgili görüşlerini değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemi, Bursa ilinde dört resmi anaokulundan görev yapmakta olan 39 öğretmen ve bu anaokullarında öğrenim görmekte olan 142 çocuğun annesinden oluşturmaktadır. Çocukların öğretmenlerinin ve annelerinin okula uyum sürecine ilişkin görüşlerini belirlemek amacıyla araştırmacı tarafından ilgili literatür taranarak iki anket formu hazırlanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda annelerin çocuklarını okula anne-baba beraber bıraktıkları, çocuklarını özellikle ilk hafta bekledikleri belirlenmiştir. Öğretmenler üç yaş grubu çocukların, alt sosyo-ekonomik düzeyden gelen çocukların ve ilk çocukların daha fazla uyum sorunu yaşadıklarını belirtmişlerdir. Ayrıca öğretmenler okula uyum sürecinde en çok tercih ettikleri etkinliklerin öncelikle oyun etkinlikleri olduğunu da ifade etmişlerdir.

Investigation of Teachers’ Self-Efficacy Beliefs, Locus of Control and Intercultural Sensitivities from the Perspective of Individual Differences

The purpose of this study is to examine the correlation between Teachers' Self-efficacy beliefs, locus of control and intercultural sensitivities and to analyze these variables based on various demographic variables. The data of the study were collected through teachers’ locus of control scale developed by Sadowski, Taylor, Woodward, Peacher, & Martin (1982) adopted into Turkish by Buluş (2011), teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs scale developed by Dellinger, Bobbett, Olivier, & Ellet (2008) adopted into Turkish by Taşkın & Hacıömeroglu (2010) and Intercultural Sensitivity scale developed by Chen & Starosta (2000) adopted into Turkish by Bulduk, Tosun, & Ardıç (2011). The research is a descriptive study in relational screening model. 237 volunteer teachers who worked in different schools all of which are in the city of Bursa participated in the research. According to the results of the research, the self-efficacy beliefs of the teachers participating in the research differ significantly from the variables studied in the scope of the research according to the branch and seniority variables. The intercultural sensitivity of the teachers differed significantly only according to the seniority variable. It has been determined that the level of locus of control of teachers is not significantly different from the variables studied in the scope of the research. It was determined that there was a statistically significant relationship between teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs; intercultural sensitivity and locus of control levels. It was also found that self-efficacy beliefs and intercultural sensitivity variables together account for 30% of change in locus of control.

Initial Results of Testing a Multilayer Laser Scanner in a Collision Avoidance System for Light Rail Vehicles

This paper presents an application to detect and track obstacles using a multilayer laser scanner. The goal of the detection system is to develop collision avoidance for the Light Rail Vehicle (LRV). The laser scanner, which is mounted in front of the tram, collects information in a four-scan plane. The object recognition and tracking module, which is composed of a three sub-modules segmentation, classification, and Kalman Filter tracking, was carried out on the raw data. Thus, data were provided for collision avoidance module. The proposed system was applied to a tram named “Silkworm” which is manufactured by Durmazlar Machine Inc. (Bursa, Turkey) and initial experimental tests have been conducted at the facilities of Durmazlar Machine Inc. in the city of Bursa, Turkey. This study aims to illustrate parts of the possible tests that can be carried out and to share with the scientific community an important application of multilayer laser scanners, although in the initial implementation phase, in urban rail transportation.

Evaluation of Water Quality in Eutrophic Shallow Lakes: Case Study on Lake Uluabat, Turkey

Lake Uluabat is one of the most important shallow lakes in Turkey. The lake is located 15 km south of the Marmara Sea and 30 km west of the city of Bursa. The lake is very important in terms of biodiversity, but knowledge of its water quality is somewhat limited. The objective of this study was to assess water quality in Lake Uluabat and provide information for future management decisions. The temperature (T), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), alkalinity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen species, phosphorus species, and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations were monitored monthly at ten sampling points in the lake between August 2013 and July 2014. As a result, it was determined that the lake water has the characteristics of class 4 waters according to the Turkish Surface Water Quality Management Regulations (SWQMR). Also it was determined that Mustafakemalpaşa Brook carries significant amount of pollution loads into the lake. According to qualitative and quantitative observations, the effects of human impact and current status of the lake were determined. The physical and chemical characteristics of the lake water have changed according to human activities and nutrient loadings. According to the trophic level values and concentration values, the Lake exceeded the regulation limits.

High levels of tolerance between nestmates and non-nestmates in the primitively eusocial sweat bee Halictus scabiosae (Rossi) in Turkey (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Eusocial sweat bees with variable intra-colony relatedness due to multiple foundresses and/or worker drifting may express high levels of tolerance among non-nestmates. We used circle-tube arenas to test hypotheses related to this phenomenon in Halictus scabiosae (Rossi), an obligately eusocial species with frequent inter-nest worker drifting. We conducted experiments in mid-July with bees from a nest aggregation found on the Uludag University campus, near the city of Bursa, in the Republic of Turkey. We recorded high frequencies of tolerant behaviors in both nestmate and non-nestmate trials. Among tolerant behaviors, mutual passing was more common in pairs of nestmates while non-aggressive contacts were more common in non-nestmate pairs. Moderate levels of aggression were frequent, particularly in nestmate trials, and avoidance was more common in non-nestmate pairs. Except for the moderate levels of aggression, our results are similar to those on Lasioglossum malachurum Kirby, another obligately eusocial species with strong tolerance for conspecifics and with nests that often include a mixture of related and unrelated workers. Thus, our observations support the hypothesis that reduced intra-colony relatedness, resulting from multiple foundresses and/or drifting among conspecific colonies of eusocial sweat bees, is correlated with high levels of tolerance among nestmates.

A Novel urban transformation criteria from a Geosciences perspective: As case study in Bursa, NW Turkey

Urban transformation in Turkey occurs in a rapid and disorganized form that causes major problems during disasters. In countries such as Turkey, where natural disasters occur frequently, sensitivity to urban planning and natural disasters should be addressed using geophysical, geotechnical and microzonation maps. This paper aims to show the results of seismic microzonation maps that define soil problems and interpret results with appropriate approaches that use multiple parameters, including shear wave velocity soil amplification, soil fundamental frequency and electric resistivity, from a series of geophysical measurements made on a 540-ha area in the city of Bursa, NW Turkey. In urban transformation studies, non-destructive techniques generated by geophysical applications have been considered to be a first step when monitoring the ground surface in archaeological buildings and old residential areas, such as in Bursa, which was once the capital city of the Ottoman Empire. In this study, a flowchart in five basic steps, developed for the organization of a successful urban transformation study, based on microzonation. These steps include 1- general properties of the study area (regional tectonic and seismotectonic), 2- characteristics of earthquakes and soils, 3- site characterization and type of soil problems, 4- data availability and quality, and 5- evaluation of results and decision-making. The results are re-organized to achieve systematic criteria for urban transformation. Remarkably, no standard criteria currently exist. This study illustrates that geophysical data provide a useful basis for land-use planning in cities at risk of earthquakes.

The Dynamic Properties of Historic Timber‐Framed Masonry Structures in Bursa, Turkey

Timber‐framed masonry structures are known as an effective earthquake load resisting system in high seismicity regions such as Bursa, Turkey. Intense earthquakes have occurred throughout history; however, many of the traditional timber structures have been able to survive without significant damage until the present day. In this study, six historic two‐storied timber‐framed masonry structures dating from the nineteenth century in Bursa City are investigated by using laboratory and in situ structural health monitoring tests. Although the houses have the same construction techniques, different masonry infill materials are used inside the timber frames. Stone, adobe, and brick are used as infill materials. Mud and lime mortars are used as binding materials. Mud mortar is used with stone and adobe materials. Lime mortar is used with brick material. The physical, mechanical, and dynamic parameters such as density, specific gravity, porosity, elastic modulus, frequencies, mode shapes, and damping ratios of the studied structures were investigated and the results were comparatively discussed. It is understood that the use of different infill materials affects the dynamic behaviors of these structures.

Determination of starting level of heat stress on daily milk yield in Holstein cows in Bursa city of Turkey

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de Marmara Bölgesinde yetiştirilen Siyah Alaca sığırlarda günlük süt verimi (GSV) için ısı stresinin başlangıç seviyelerini araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla Marmara Bölgesinde bulunan Bursa’da 2010-2012 yılları arasında yetiştirilen 212 baş Siyah Alaca ineğe ait toplam 68113 süt verim kaydı değerlendirilmiştir. Isı stresinin etkisini araştırmak için sıcaklık nem indeksi (SNİ) kullanılmıştır. Yıl, laktasyon sayısı, sağılan gün sayısı (SGS) ve SNİ’nin süt verimine etkileri önemlidir (P<0.01). GSV’nin en küçük, en büyük, ortalama değeri sırasıyla, 3.0, 72.1, 28.9±0.04, ve 305 gün süt verimi ortalaması ise 9435±156.12 kg bulunmuştur. En küçük düzeltilmiş GSV ortalama Ağustos ayında (24.0 kg) iken en yüksek Nisanda (31.5 kg) bulunmuştur. SNİ 2679 arasında değişirken, süt verimini olumsuz etkilemeye başlayan SNİ değeri 65, süt verimini geri dönülemeyecek şekilde etkileyen SNİ eşik değeri 70’tir. SNİ 70 ve üzerini, 3 yılda mayıs-eylül arasında toplam 268 gün aşmıştır. SNİ ve günlük süt verimi arasındaki korelasyon katsayısı -0.771 hesaplanmıştır. Ahır içinde sıcaklık ve nemin sürekli kaydedilmesi ve ahırlarda serinletme sisteminin SNİ’ne göre çalıştırılması ısı stresine karşı daha etkili olabilir

Why do patients with minor complaints choose emergency departments and does satisfaction with primary care services influence their decisions?

In this study, a self-completed survey called EUROPEP was given to 535 outpatients who were admitted to the Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital in Bursa and examined in the green zone in July 2015. Patients were asked about their complaints and why they preferred EDs as a first contact of care. EDs were the first contact of care in 87.8% of cases. In all, 9% of patients registered to family physicians who were working outside the city of Bursa. There was no relationship between patient satisfaction and the number of previous visits to EDs in last 12 months (P=0.09). The main reasons for admitting to the emergency services were feeling excessive pain (20.4%), perception of urgency (14.5%) and that the family doctor services were closed outside working hours (13.2%). The mean patient satisfaction with family practice offices was calculated to be 68.1%. The frequency of admission to EDs as a first contact of care was extremely high in the absence of a referral system. Patients who did not have family doctors in the settlement where they live put an extra burden on the EDs. Overall, patient satisfaction with their GPs did not influence the number of visits to EDs but accessibility remains a big challenge.

USING GIS AND AHP FOR PLANNING PRIMER TRANSPORTATION OF FOREST PRODUCTS

Abstract. Primer transportation is one of the most costly and time consuming forestry activities in extraction of timber from forest lands. Transportation methods are essentially determined based on terrain characteristics, especially ground slope. Besides, unsuitable machine selection and unplanned operations may cause ecological damages such as soil disturbance. Soil damage can lead to long term impacts on forest ecosystem. Thus, the optimum transportation methods should be determined by considering not only economic factors but also topographical factors and soil conditions. In recent decades, some of the advanced features of Geographical Information System (GIS) assist decision makers to solve such complex transportation problems with various constraints. In this study, it was aimed to plan forest transportation operation by using GIS integrated Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, considering ground slope, soil type, and available transportation equipment in the region. This method was implemented within the border of İnegöl Forest Enterprise Chief in the city of Bursa in Turkey. Alternative transportation method included cable system, chute system, skidder, and farm tractor. GIS-based method integrated with AHP found that skidder was the optimal transportation method for about 60% of the study area, while farm tractor was the second most suitable method with 25% ground cover. The results indicated that GIS-based decision support systems can be effectively used as rational, quick, and economic tool for forest transportation planning.

DESTİNASYON DENEYİMİNİN ALGILANAN DEĞERİ ÜZERİNDE MOTİVASYON VE İLGİLENİMİN ETKİSİ

Bu araştırmanın amacı, Bursa il merkezini ziyaret eden turistlerin motivasyonlarının ve tatil yapmaya yönelik ilgilenim düzeylerinin tatil deneyiminden algıladıkları değer üzerindeki olası etkilerini tespit etmektir. Bu amaca ulaşmak için, Bursa il merkezinde yer alan 5 yıldızlı bir otelde konaklayan yerli turistler arasından seçilen 400 kişi üzerinde anket yöntemiyle bir uygulama gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma örneklemi kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, itici motivasyonel faktörlerden kaçış ve sosyalleşme boyutunun ilgilenim üzerinde pozitif bir etkisinin olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Buna ek olarak, motivasyonel faktörlerden rahatlama boyutunun ve ilgilenimin algılanan değer üzerinde etkili olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Applying fundal pressure in the second stage of labour and its impact on mother and infant health

ABSTRACTWe examine the prevalence of the practice of applying fundal pressure in the second stage of labour, the technique used, and its impact on mother and infant health. This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in a state hospital in the city of Bursa, Turkey with 350 women giving vaginal birth in gestational weeks 37–42. We found that fundal pressure is commonly applied but that this is done without a specific indication, that it is more associated with the performance of an episiotomy, and at the same time, the use of the technique does not have an adverse impact on maternal satisfaction or the health of the mother and infant.

Evaluation of hospital gardens from the point of landscape design: Bursa city sample

Hospital gardens, one of the urban public outdoors, are located in the active spots of the city and are important as the image of the city. Hospitals will also be effective in quality of patient health and urban environment with their services. A well-designed hospital garden helps patients feel good about themselves as well as shorten the healing process. Hospital gardens should be design comfortably according to the needs and desires of the users, create positive effects in physical and spiritual sense and create a social environment by saving both patients and employees from monotony. In this study, a total of 26 private and public hospital gardens in districts of Bursa city center (Osmangazi, Yildirim, Nilufer) were discussed in detail. The evaluation of the landscape designs of the hospitals were done by scored method, and the success status were determined by five categories; space use, comfort and image, transportation, equipment and maintenance. As a result, it was identified that the landscape designs were successul with a range of 65-85 % in hospitals in Bursa city center, but some deficiency about desgins, especially requirement of renovation and maintenance studies were detected. It was found that State hospitals were more successful than private hospitals. The landscape projects of hospitals should be absoluately needed and it was stated that creating spaces with landscape architects where patients and the staff can use are important.

Temporal variations of VOC concentrations in Bursa atmosphere

The levels and sources of VOCs in the atmosphere of Bursa have been investigated by measuring C2–C12 VOCs which include alkanes, alkenes, alkines, aromatics and halogenated hydrocarbons in two different campaigns. The first campaign was carried out between September 14 and November 6, 2005, and the second one between March 17 and May 10, 2006. The concentrations of 112 VOCs were detected in the collected samples. The median total concentrations of VOCs were 115 and 86 μg m−3 for the first and second campaigns, respectively. Alkanes (x− = 51.50 μg m−3) are the most abundant group in the Bursa airshed, which is followed by aromatics (x− = 49.38 μg m−3), alkenes (x− = 36.86 m-3) and halogenated compounds (x− = 13.07 μg m−3). In the present study, the VOCs showed well defined diurnal, weekday/weekend and seasonal variations. Diurnal variation of most of the measured organic compounds followed traffic rush-hours. On the other hand, some VOCs such as 1-octene, 1-nonene, 1-undecene, n-nonane, n-decane, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene, undecane and dodecane have displayed unusual profiles that do not follow the traffic pattern during the first campaign due to asphalting operations. Moreover, the average T/B ratio obtained in the first campaign was found to be significantly higher than the second one. This relatively high difference between T/B ratios is an indication of the availability of different sources rather than the traffic. Therefore, it can be suggested that there were additional VOC sources than traffic in Bursa city center.

The Attribution Theory Of As a Psycho-Social Approach to the Perception of Occupational Health and Safety: A Focus Group Study Among Women Workers in Metal Industry

Nowadays, women involved in working life with the industrial revolution provide their labor as much as men and are affected by the risk factors in the workplace as much as men. Women are more affected by the psycho-social risk factors because of gender roles and they are also more affect society because of important central role in the family. Psycho-social risks that is one of the occupational health and safety risk factors affect employee attitude and performance to work at least as much as the other risk factors. In this study, researchers aim that reveal awareness’s about psychosocial risk factors in their workplace in metal industries in Turkey. In addition, negative attitudes of workers about occupational health and safety practices will be examined with attribution theories in social psychology. In this study, we used qualitative method. Data were collected with focus group study at eight different groups in two different days from woman member of Turkish Metal Union in Bursa city in Turkey. Totally 155 employees participated in the focus groups study. Job satisfaction, job stress, wellness, the relationship with coworkers and managers were evaluated in this study. This study was supported and funded (Project USIP (İ) 2014/7) by the Scientific Research Projects Commission of Uludag University cooperated with Turkish Metal Union. According to the obtained results, work stress emerges as an important psychosocial risk factor. In addition to, stress and lack of communication are important factors causing job dissatisfaction.

IMPORTANCE OF HEAT INSULATION FOR CREATING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN CURRENT BUILDINGS: BURSA, NILÜFER/TURKEY EXAMPLE

The majority of the current building stock in Turkey is composed of buildings that are not insulated. One of the most important items of the agenda is insulating these buildings in time to use energy efficiently (to create energy efficiency). Due to the increase of residential energy consumption related to heating and cooling, suggestions to speed up the transformation of uninsulated buildings to insulating buildings are needed. Similar to the rest of the world “Measures to Increase Energy Efficiency of Buildings” are among the future goals of administrational policies. Taking into consideration all the research in this area the residential Ataevler Quarter in the Nilufer district of the city of Bursa - the 4th largest city in Turkey - was selected for the analysis in the scope of this paper. There are a total of 2891 apartments in the research area, which is composed of 16 building complexes and 254 building blocks. The research will first analyze the current situation of the residential area. After the initial analyses CO 2 emissions (tons), heating energy need (kWh/m 2 ) and heat loss amount (kWh) that will have acquired after insulating uninsulated buildings will be presented. The analyses have shown that insulating walls and roofs of the current buildings will reduce CO 2 emissions and fuel consumption almost by 30%. The contribution of this savings to the national economy, budget of the users, and protection of the buildings and the environment is significant. It is believed that the data should be presented to and evaluated by relevant parties in order to contribute to the development of future strategies that aim to reduce energy consumption of current buildings to the minimum. Keywords : Energy efficiency, heat insulation, insulation of buildings

Bee visitors of Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae) in an urban environment in northwestern Turkey

Information on the pollination ecology and floral visitors of the noxious weed Centaurea solstitialis is available for several populations in its invasive range, but limited information is available in its native range, with most studies conducted on the Greek island of Lesvos. Herein, we document the visitation pattern of bees and explore the relationship of bee body size and nectar availability in weedy populations of C. solstitialis from an urban environment within its native range in northwestern Turkey. Studies were conducted at patches of C. solstitialis in abandoned lots at the Uludag University near the city of Bursa. A total of 41 species, including honey bees, belonging to five families and 19 genera were recorded. Small megachilid and halictid bee species were the most common visitors. Average nectar standing crop volume per floret was low (0.003–0.117 μL) and did not significantly vary throughout the day. Average bee head width significantly correlated with average nectar standing crop volume but did not significantly change throughout the day. Analyses of pollen loads as well as direct observations of bee foraging behavior indicate that a large number of bees visit C. solstitialis, primarily in search of nectar while carrying a large percentage of pollen grains of this plant species on their bodies. These results are similar to previous observations on a non-weedy population of C. solstitialis from the island of Lesvos.

USER SATISFACTION OF INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN STUDENT DORMITORIES

Dormitories are buildings that continuously provide accommodation to students. Many university students in Turkey prefer to stay in private or state dormitories. The purpose of this study is to understand the criteria that are seen important by students, who stay in dormitories, and to assist the fulfilment of necessary performance specifications of buildings. Another goal is to assist the development of design criteria for new buildings by collecting user opinions related to issues that create dissatisfaction. A hypothesis was developed believing that improvement of structural comfort conditions in dormitories would increase the efficiency of students. In the scope of this study a questionnaire was prepared and used to understand user satisfaction levels related to comfort in three state dormitories located in Uludag University Gorukle Campus in the city of Bursa, which is the 4th largest city in Turkey. The results of the survey were analysed under the following headings: Transportability, Accessibility, Ergonomics in the context of Design and Planning; Thermal Comfort, Audio Comfort, Visual Comfort, and Indoor Air Quality in the context Physical Environmental Control; and Service Areas in the context of Social Environment. Keywords : Structural Comfort, Comfort Conditions, Dormitories

Indirectness in Requests in Complaint Letters to the Higher Institution by Turkish EFL Students

Abstract One of the defining characteristics of pragmatic competence is the ability to use appropriate lexico-grammatical and syntactic indirectness strategies (Blum-Kulka et al., 1989) within a particular situation. Writing a complaint letter to an authority figure requires high pragmatic competence. However, even if learners have a good command of grammar, they fail to express and comprehend the intended illocutionary meaning. This study aims to examine request forms used by Turkish learners of English and NSs of English in complaint letters. The NS informants (N: 38) are mainly teachers teaching in the city of Bursa, Turkey and learners are all Turkish ELT teacher candidates (N:295) studying at UludaĿ University. Informants composed a letter where they asked the student registrar of UludaĿ University to correct their grade which appeared to be incorrectly entered as FAIL into the electronic records. Majority of NSs made ⿿conventionally indirect requests⿿ (Blum-Kulka et al., 1989) such as ⿿I⿿d be grateful if you re-check your records and amend this mistake⿿. Besides, quite many NSs did use the imperative form. But these are used to ask for notification about the result. On the other hand, NNSs used mainly three strategy types: Explicit Performative (I request from you to correct this mistake), Want Statement (I want you to correct control this mistake (please) and Suggestory Formula (If you can help in this matter, I would be really pleased). The results indicate that teacher candidates have difficulty in choosing the right verb form and using modal verbs to indicate indirectness appropriately.

BURSA ŞEHRİ OSMANLI MEZAR TAŞLARINDA AİLE, HASTALIK, İŞ, KİŞİ, TARİKAT, VAKIF, YAPI, YERLEŞİM ADLARI

We have detected 351 male, 205 female names on 1571 tombstones in Bursa city center, 3 of them are from the 14th century, 159 from 15th century, 309 from 16th century, 63 from 17th century 244 from 18th century, 547 from the 19th century, 191 from the 20th century of Ottoman and 55 from Republic periods. 81% of these are in Arabic, 04% are in Farsi and 03% are in Turkish. The first 10 male and female names in Bursa and the other centers we have compared are the same even though the ordering differs. Most of them are Arabic, some are Hebrew originated. Obviously this was the case happening since the 16th century. The use of more than one word as male and female name starts in 18th century and widespread in 19th. The ratio in Bursa is lower. The lowness of the use of the first five names in Bursa shows the name diversity in Bursa compared to the other centers. There are 8 foundation, 15 religious order, 18 mosque, 1 bazaar, 1 factory, 1 public bath, 1 military academy, 1 cultivation center, 2 forts, 6 madrasahs, 14 dervish lodge, 6 schools, 1 hotel, 2 mausoleum names are recorded in Bursa. There lived people from all over the Ottoman States, considering the 174 place names, which 80 of these are out from Turkey, 94 are from Turkey. Writing the reason for the death and the age of the deceased is rare, the ratio of this between Bursa and other centers are close. Writing the jobs of the deceased in Bursa is less than the other places. Still, with 147 different jobs, it is more than the others. These are mostly public officers. The low ratio of the 208 family names in Bursa shows the decay of the family name depending on urbanization. The use of titles such as aga, bey, efendi, hanim, hatun is common in Turkey in general. Bursa is one of the places where this ratio is lower.