Aligarh City Research Articles

Spatio-temporal analysis of urbanization effects: unravelling land use and land cover dynamics and their influence on land surface temperature in Aligarh City

ABSTRACT Rapid urbanization causes significant changes in land use and land cover (LULC), contributing to Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) and environmental challenges. This study analyzes two decades of Landsat satellite imagery to examine LULC changes and their impact on Land Surface Temperature (LST) in Aligarh City, India. Supervised classification using maximum likelihood techniques produced LULC maps with 85% accuracy. The results show a 21.10% increase in built-up areas, from 2338.83 hectares in 2001 to 2832.66 hectares in 2021, alongside a 24.55% decline in vegetation, from 620.28 hectares to 467.91 hectares. LST increased by 11.35°C, with a total maximum rise of 10.70°C between 2001 and 2021. Regression analysis revealed strong correlations between LST and spectral indices, with NDVI showing a negative correlation (R² = 0.89, 0.83, 0.78) and NDBI a positive one (R² = 0.87, 0.89, 0.79). The Aligarh main city area consistently recorded higher LST values than the AMU campus, with 88.60% of the city area in the 40–45°C range by 2021, compared to 52.87% for the campus. This study underscores the need for sustainable urban strategies to mitigate UHI effects and promote climate resilience.

GENDER INEQUALITY AND HEALTH: A STUDY OF ELDERLY IN ALIGARH CITY

Women are more susceptible to unjust treatment, discrimination, and denial of fundamental human rights such as survival, education, health, inheritance, etc. due to social factors such as male domination and their subordinate status. Women experience two distinct disadvantages in the aging population due to gender-based roles and stereotypes. As a result, they are treated poorly in society. While aging is unavoidable, its gendered inequalities are not. Gender greatly impacts both mens and womens health in India. This in turn affects a persons susceptibility to illness and likelihood of experiencing health problems. The present study is both primary and secondary in nature. This paper tried to analyse the social and health issues faced by the elderly and examine gender-based inequalities in healthcare among the elderly in a selected area of Aligarh City in India and suggest ways to promote gender equality among the elderly by challenging the established pattern of inequality in health. KEYWORDS: Elderly, Gender, Health, Aging

Urban climate change assessment in case of Aligarh City, North India

Urban climate change assessment in case of Aligarh City, North India

Comparative analysis of different rainfall prediction models: A case study of Aligarh City, India

This research paper delves into creating and comparing rainfall prediction models, employing diverse machine learning algorithms, including Logistic Regression, Decision Tree Classifier, Multi-Layer Perceptron classifier (neural network), and Random Forest. The study aims not only to predict rainfall patterns but also to evaluate the performance of each model through metrics such as Accuracy, Cohen's kappa coefficient, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Additionally, the relevance of the predictors employed in each model is thoroughly assessed. The results of extensive experimentation and analysis reveal that the Logistic Regression (Accuracy = 82.80 %, ROC = 82.45 %, Cohen's Kappa = 65.05 %) and Neural Network model (Accuracy = 82.59 %, ROC = 81.94 %, Cohen's Kappa = 64.40 %) has emerged as the most promising approach, achieving the highest percentage of accuracy, ROC and Cohen's Kappa metrics; among the models considered. This outcome underscores the effectiveness of Logistic Regression and Neural Network architectures in capturing intricate patterns and relationships within rainfall data.

Impact of Topography on Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Air Temperature in Aligarh City, Uttar Pradesh, India

Impact of Topography on Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Air Temperature in Aligarh City, Uttar Pradesh, India

Assessment of the environmental risk factors associated with traumatic dental injuries among WHO index-aged children and adolescents

BACKGROUND: Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) are becoming a worldwide phenomenon owing to their variable prevalence, and their etiology is considered multifactorial and complex in interactions among various risk factors. These are preventable if risk factors are analyzed and interpreted in all possible scientific manners. The objective of this study was to assess the various environmental risk factors (places of occurrence of TDI) among World Health Organization (WHO) index-aged children and adolescents (12 and 15 years). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was the epidemiological cross-sectional study conducted in Aligarh City, Uttar Pradesh, India, in the year 2018, with a sample size of 1000. Multistage random sampling technique was employed. Study data were collected by doing dental examination and structured interview with self-prepared pro forma in ten randomly selected sampling sites (schools) from different regions of the city. Subsequently, data were entered in an Excel sheet and then analyzed with the Chi-square test using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. RESULTS: Overall, school (63; 46.7%) was found to be the most prevalent environmental risk factor for TDI followed by home (37; 27.4%), roadside (10; 7.4%), and playground (9; 6.7%). Fifteen (11.1%) affected individuals were not able to recall the place of the TDI incident, while 0.7% (1) had TDI occurrence in other places. Among 12-year index-aged children, home (15; 34.1%) was the most common place of TDI in rural regions, while school (27; 67.5%) was the most frequent place of TDI in urban regions. Among 15-year index-aged adolescents, school (19; 59.4%) was found to be the most common place in rural regions, whereas school (9; 47.4%) was the most frequent place of TDI in urban regions. CONCLUSION: Environmental factors, especially school premises, infrastructure, and playing facilities, need to be upgraded and built with an emphasis on a safer environment for children. Teachers, parents, and school children should be educated and made aware of the preventive measures for dental injuries in schools and homes. Appropriate safety gears should be mandatory to use among children and adolescents during outdoor sports and recreational activities.

Effects of socio-economic status and daily variation on municipal solid waste composition: a preliminary analysis for sustainable planning and development in Aligarh City.

In the context of developing countries such as India, with great differences in people's living standards and different communities, municipal solid waste (MSW) management is one of the most promising problems in front of municipal organizations. Unlike every city in India, Aligarh City also faces the same problem of municipal solid waste management. This problem not only affects the esthetic view but is also hazardous to people nearby health. Currently, solid waste collected is either dumped in landfill unscientifically or partially treated by A to Z waste management (limited) by composting. In the present study, an effort was made to know about the per capita waste generation and variations in the quantity of different components of the MSW in five different regions of the city with dissimilar living standards. Also, weekly variation was analyzed in the study. One-way ANOVA analysis using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences is performed to investigate the variations in the mean composition of different components. The per capita solid waste generation in Aligarh City was found to be 0.42 kg/person/day. From the analysis, we came to know that compostable component (35.4%) is the highest, then inert (24.6%), plastic (12.2%), paper (10%), textile (9.2%), and sand (8.6%). After analysis, the results can help sort out the problem of MSW management in the city by selecting appropriate units as per the composition of MSW.

Hydro-geochemical assessment of ground water for drinking and agricultural purposes and potential human health risk in Aligarh city, India

Health effects are related globally to water quality. The residents of Aligarh city are solely rely on groundwater for drinking and domestic purposes. The aim of the study was to find out association between ground water quality and water borne diseases. For this purpose, the present study evaluated physicochemical quality of drinking water. The water quality was evaluated for both pre-monsoon (PRM) and post-monsoon (POM) seasons based on samples collected from 19 stations. To find the potential health risk and waterborne diseases vulnerability, questionnaires-based survey was carried out. Although most of the samples range slightly above the Bureau of Indian Standard's (BIS) permissible limit, the results revealed the sign of contamination from the surface of the earth. According to result of water quality index, the city is classified as having well to moderate water quality throughout the year. The correlation, HCA, and Trilinary plot demonstrate that natural pollution sources, human activities, and geographical factors affecting water quality in the study area. During PRM, 84.21% area falls under slight to moderate sodium hazard category where as the result gets better during POM where 68.42% area falls under the same category. Overall, the water was fit to be used for irrigation purposes. The accuracy of WBD's susceptibility maps was assessed by RMSE. During PRM, chemical parameters in groundwater, WQI and WBD's RMSE were found to be 0.1483, 0.3157 and 0.212 whereas during POM the results were 0.1822, 0.3172 and 0.1966, respectively. The results obtained from susceptibility assessment shows that drinking water will not have any major waterborne diseases. However, the result revealed that POM season is more vulnerable to some waterborne diseases than the PRM season.

Factors Influencing Adoption of IoT and Its Impact on CRM in Banks: Examining the Moderating Role of Gender, Age, and Bank Ownership Type

Internet is becoming a part of our lifestyle; however, the usage rate and application of the Internet are disparate in different parts of the world. In many emerging countries, the Internet is yet to penetrate ordinary households. The present study focuses on how IoT adoption impacts the banks’ customer relationship management (CRM) in an emerging market context. Furthermore, the moderating roles of gender, age, and bank ownership type on the relationship between the adoption of IoT and CRM have also been tested. Cost, convenience, social context, and privacy were studied as the predicting variables of IoT adoption, while IoT adoption was investigated as the antecedent of CRM. The CRM variable has been operationalized as a second-order latent construct consisting of three first-order latent variables: responsiveness, satisfaction, and assurance. A cross-sectional, non-probability-based survey was conducted from 467 bank customers of three public and three private sector banks in Aligarh city of India. Two CFA models were run to ensure reliability, validity, and model fit. Hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) on AMOS software, while PROCESS Macro v4.0 by Hayes (2009) was used to test the moderating effect of gender on the relationship between IoT adoption and CRM. The results indicate that cost, convenience, social context, and privacy are positively influencing IoT adoption, which in turn positively affects CRM. Gender and age were found to have a negative moderation effect on the path between IoT adoption and CRM, while bank ownership type positively moderated this link.

Analysis of a City's Heat Island Effect on the Micro-Climate Parameters within Cities

The Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a micro-climatic phenomenon that influences the urban areas by elevating its temperature. UHI not only causes the thermal discomfort but also exert serious health issues along with aggravation of urban microclimate. Although a lot of research has been done on this phenomenon but UHI effect on micro scale is still less explored. This paper attempts to make a contribution in UHI studies of micro-climate. It consists of examination of UHI impact on microclimate of Aligarh city areas using mobile traverse method. This study determined the presence and extent of UHI’s microclimate variation within urban communities of different environmental layout and functional uses. The UHI effect started to appear from early afternoon and continue to rise with maximum UHI intensity recorded at early night. The highest recorded UHI intensity was 3.1 °C (at 21:00 hrs.), and the lowest was 0.6 °C (at 09:00 hrs.). A comparison of two districts of the same city located at a distance of 3 km and differing in population density, the number of buildings and landscaping showed that in the L1 area with more dense population and low landscaping, the temperature was consistently higher during the daily period; also in the L1 region had less humidity, which, combined with the already high temperature, makes it difficult to breathe and control the microclimate. These findings can be used for consideration for the future sustainable development of the affected area in regard of thermal comfort, environmental health and urban planning.

Social Mobility Among Muslims: A Study of Aligarh City

Social Mobility Among Muslims: A Study of Aligarh City

Health issues of women migrants in slums of urban Aligarh

Globally and nationally, women are migrating in a similar pattern as men, although they are differently affected by migration. Female migrant workers face a new set of challenges in the host states. The neglected and deprived women in slums often suffer from physical and mental health issues along with exposure to poor sexual and reproductive health, maternal morbidities and risk of infectious and non-communicable diseases. The present study has used a qualitative research design to highlight the mental, sexual and reproductive, maternal and general health-related perspectives and issues faced by migrant women in the slums in Aligarh city. The qualitative data were collected using a purposive sampling design from women in slums using open-ended interviews to understand the plight and vulnerability. The study found the health of migrants to be in a highly deteriorated state and recommended the need for the state to streamline the provisional care needs of women migrants in slums.

Making Roads Safer and Congestion-free in Aligarh city for Pedestrians and Two-wheeler users

Abstract: We Indians live in a developing country due to this reason we face lots of issues related to road congestion and safety on road for pedestrians as well as for 2-wheelers and motor vehicles due to which accidents happened for this, we need to make our infrastructure and planning in a good manner. In this paper, I will suggest ideas that can change the existing road infrastructure with a few changes and additions that will result in a reduction in trip time, congestion and road accidents. These changes will increase the LOS (Level of Service). Civil engineering branches deal with safe and efficient movements of people and goods along roadways in a multimodal system. This study will help us to make our existing roads safer for two-wheelers as well as for pedestrians.

Partition’s First Generation: Space, Place, and Identity in Muslim South Asia By Amber H. Abbas

Partition’s First Generation starts with the author’s family connections to the city of Aligarh in the western part of the largest and most populous Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (UP). Her ancestral family home was located on Amjad Ali Road, named in honour of her great-great grandfather, a leading lawyer in Aligarh. The narrative starts in 2009 with her trying to locate the road and the ancestral home, where her grandmother and father were born, only to discover that Amjad Ali Road no longer existed. Following the destruction of the sixteenth-century Babri Masjid in Ayodhya, eastern UP, on 6 December 1992, many Muslims neighbourhoods across the state were targeted by emboldened Hindu nationalists, including this area. Despite this erasure, Abbas managed to locate the property, which now belonged to a Hindu family who had fled Lahore in 1947 and received this as refugee property. This personal opening to the book frames its broader institutional focus, which is to examine the history of the iconic Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), est. 1875, and situate this history in the ‘before, during and after’, of Partition (p. xiii). It highlights the continuum of violence straddling 1947, the ways in which it affected the people moved between places, and whether their movements had been voluntary or forced.

The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health Among University Going Students in Aligarh City

Abstract: The stresses and restrictions associated with the pandemic COVID-19 have increased the risk of university students developing mental health issues, which may have a significant impact on their academic success, social interactions, and future career and personal opportunities. The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of university going students aged 18 to 24 in Aligarh City. The data was collected from 100 domestic Aligarh University student’s (18-24) years of age through self - prepared questionnaire created by using Google Form and shared on social media sites, the data was analysed statistically. The results indicate that students faced anxiety (60.8%), (54.1%) feel loneliness, and depression (59.8%). About (20%) of them reported worries for the health of loved ones most impacted their mental health status. Almost (46.7%) of students engage themselves in physical activities to take care of their mental health. While (36.5%) did not have strained familial relationships, (60.9%) found it harder to complete the semester at home and (70%) spent time during the pandemic watching television. Due to the long-lasting pandemic situation and onerous measures such as lockdown and stay-athome orders, the COVID-19 pandemic brings negative impacts on higher education.

BENZENE AND TOLUENE CONCENTRATION AT DIFFERENT TRAFFIC INTERSECTION DURING PRE-MID-POST WINTER SEASON, IN AMBIENT AIR OF ALIGARH AND ITS IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH

In current scenario, pollution in environment, is a big problem for all living species at around the world.We know that, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in presence of sunlight and oxides of nitrogen in atmosphere are considered as precursors for ozone production at the layer of Troposphere.Concentration of Benzene and Toluene (BT) in ambient air was measured near three major traffic sites in the city of Aligarh,India.All air samples were collected using for two times (in a month) during eight hours of normal working period time for in October – December 2020, and January - March 2021.The three selected sites used in this study represent traffic sites ( at Etah Chungi Chauraha, Quarsi Chauraha and Sootmil Chauraha, Aligarh ). In this study, real-time measurements of Benzene and Toluene concentration were performed the programmable compound specific PID detector designed to provide instantaneous exposure monitoring of a specific organic gas.It monitors a specific gas by utilizing a gas separation tube and the photo-ionization detector (PID) with a 9.8 eV gas discharge lamp (range- 50 ppb to 200 ppb) and whole data analyzed by SPSS software. The study the higher concentration 25.32 µg/m3 of Benzene in the evening shows at site 3 and lower concentration 10.22 µg/m3 of Benzene shows at site 2 in the morning.The higher concentration 22.22 µg/m3 in the evening of Toluene shows at site 1 and lower concentration 07.10 µg/m3 in the evening of Toluene shows at site 2, were observed respectively. Benzene and Toluene were widely used as a solvent in different products and petroleum. Exposure to a mixture of toluene and benzene in air led to an increase in the cytotoxic effect and DNA damage without any further repair and also its chronic effect on human health.The higher concentration of benzene and toluene co-exposure of benzene or toluene in this study.The relevance of these data on interactions for humans exposed at low benzene concentrations can be best assessed only when the mechanism of interaction is understood at a quantitative level and incorporated within a biologically based modelling framework for human health.

A GIS-based novel approach for suitable sanitary landfill site selection using integrated fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and machine learning algorithms.

Disposal of waste without treatment is the least preferable way of sustainable solid waste management (SWM). But most cities in developing nations still use open dumps, causing negative impacts on the environment and human health. This study offered a novel approach for selecting landfill sites and sustainable SWM in Aligarh city, India. This was done through data collection, selecting models for criterion weighting, and validation. In order to prepare a landfill site suitability map, a geographic information system (GIS)-based ensemble fuzzy analytic hierarchy process-support vector machine (FAHP-SVM) and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process-random forest (FAHP-RF) models were implemented. Considering the previous studies and the study area characteristics, eighteen thematic layers were selected. The result revealed that land value; distance from residential roads, hospitals and clinics, and waste bins; and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) have a fuzzy weight greater than 0.10, indicating significant factors. In contrast, land elevation, land slope, surface temperature, soil moisture index, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and urban classification have a zero fuzzy weight, indicating these criteria have no importance. The result further revealed that FAHP-RF with an area under curve (AUC) value of 0.91 is the more accurate model than FAHP-SVM. According to the final weight-based overlay result, seven potential landfill sites were identified, out of which three were determined as most suitable by considering current land cover, public opinions, and environmental and economic concerns. This research proposed a zonal division model based on landfill sites location for sustainable SWM in Aligarh city. However, the findings may provide a guideline to the decision-makers and planners for optimal landfill site selection in other cities of developing countries.

Vulnerability Assessment to COVID Pandemic in Urban Settlement: A Case Study from India

The COVID-19 pandemic has created worldwide devastation in every sphere of human life. It has led to the economy slowing down and has aggravated life, health, and livelihood vulnerabilities. It spreads across the globe, penetrating indiscriminately through the cities of global north and south and has a greater urban orientation. The physical, social, economic and environmental circumstances determine the susceptibility of an individual, a community or the system to the impact of this pandemic. The degree of vulnerability of any community strongly influences management decisions. The concept of societal vulnerability to hazards involves demographic and socio-economic factors that reflect community resilience. This study employed secondary data drawn from different sources, to understand the vulnerability of Aligarh city (India) in the COVID-19 period, the study produced a comprehensive dataset about natural vulnerability, built-up vulnerability, social vulnerability and economic vulnerability. This study focuses to present a comparative analysis of ward-wise vulnerability in Aligarh city for the COVID-19 pandemic. The study designed proxy variables to measure and compare different levels of vulnerabilities in Aligarh city. The study presented to provide a tool for ward-wise planning and response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Aligarh city. The present study indicates that the vulnerability index is the outcome of the interaction between physical, built-up, social, and economic environment. These environmental conditions are interrelated and have some bearing on each other also.

Factors influencing consumer satisfaction toward online shopping: a special reference to India context

The study aims at examining dimensions that may affect online shopping satisfaction of Indian customers. The proposed model describes website design, product information, security and privacy, perceived usefulness and perceived interactivity that may influence customer satisfaction in online environment. Online and offline surveys are coordinated and self-regulated for online shoppers in Aligarh, UP, India. The study included a total of 497 online shoppers. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied to check questionnaire validity and reliability. A structural path model applied to examine the study hypotheses. The empirical results indicated that product information, website design, security and privacy, perceived usefulness have significant and positive influence on the customer satisfaction toward online shopping in India. Also, the results revealed insignificant relationship between perceived interactivity and customer satisfaction toward online shopping. The findings of this study are limited to the customers in Aligarh City, UP, India. Future research can extend the geographical area of respondents. The results of this study will enhance and extend the online retailers' understanding of the roles of website design, product information, security and privacy, perceived interactivity, and perceived usefulness in enhancing online shopping and customer satisfaction in emerging markets like India.

Subaltern Urbanisation: Who will speak for slums women?

This paper goes to look at the impact of urbanisation on slums women. The phrase “subaltern urbanisation”, at one level, is probably, best seen as a literary device to focus attention on our space of enquiry, to extend the likelihood of discursive engagement, arguably in the tradition of another such phrase, viz, “global city”. This paper deals with the expertise of ladies and women living in slum communities in cities and domestic violence on these women particularly in Aligarh city. This study makes the project work all totally different from alternative as because the woman and girls share their personal struggles and experiences which they long faced, and still facing once they migrated from their native places to the slums of Aligarh, this shows the loopholes within the urban growth. However, this article is concerned with the limits of and alternatives of subaltern urbanism. Here, this analysis talks about the methodology of the work, realities behind the migration of woman and also the harsh realities they face in urban areas slums, which incident of violence against women and what attract women to the cities.” This report based on the research work which shows that how the women are subaltern in their families and the society simultaneously. First, I might wish to give thanks to those women who share their personal life experiences and I would also like to thank my friends who always being there with me during my survey and at the time of interview which helped me a lot in my task.