City Network Research Articles

EFFECT OF DEICING AGENTS ON THE WATER STABILITY OF ASPHALT CONCRETE UNDER FREEZE-THAW CYCLES

Asphalt concrete pavement, as the main form of high-grade roads today, occupies an important place in modern road construction due to its advantages such as low noise level, ease of repair and short construction period. This road type is widely adopted worldwide and provides a reliable foundation for road networks in cities and villages. In cold regions, snowy weather tends to cause ice on the road surface, posing a serious safety hazard for vehicle travel. The problem of road accidents in winter is relevant both for regions with extremely cold climatic conditions and for the temperate continental climate that prevails almost throughout Ukraine. To solve this problem, deicing agents are widely used to improve the safety of road travel. The application of deicing agents effectively reduces the impact of snow and ice on roads and ensures the safe passage of vehicles in adverse weather conditions. However, while deicing agents play an important role in improving traffic flow, their widespread use has also brought some problems that should not be ignored. The chemicals in deicing agents may have adverse effects on pavement materials, especially on asphalt concrete roads. For studying the effect of deicing agents on asphalt concrete, this paper presents an experimental investigation of the effect of deicing agents on the water stability of asphalt concrete under the conditions of freeze-thaw cycle test. The impact of deicing agents and freeze-thaw cycles on asphalt concrete was investigated by evaluating the variation patterns of three key parameters: stability, residual stability and air void content. The experimental results showed that the stability and residual stability of asphalt concrete showed an overall decreasing trend with the increase of the number of freeze-thaw cycles, indicating that the asphalt concrete was damaged or degraded under the conditions of freeze-thaw cycles. The higher concentration of the deicer solution corresponded to the more pronounced changes in the test parameters, indicating a significant effect of the deicer on the asphalt concrete. At the end of 27 cycles, the average loss of stability, residual stability and void ratio were 29%, 22% and 73%, respectively. This indicates that the combined effect of freeze-thaw cycles and deicing agent is more significant for air void content.

EXPLORING SECTORAL REACH IN AGE-FRIENDLY COMMUNITIES

Abstract There is increasing interest in better understanding the sectoral reach of age-friendly community practice. Action across a wide variety of actors is central to achieving age-friendly societal change according to the World Health Organization and an explicit goal for governmental participation in its Global Network of Age-Friendly Cities and Communities. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the scope of sectoral reach by age-friendly communities. We used qualitative inquiry to assess sectoral efforts reported by American age-friendly communities that completed a five-year cycle of participation (n=40). We employed directed content analysis using a priori indicators by sectoral actors: public (i.e., government), private (i.e., business), and civil society including nonprofit organizations and volunteers. We classify sectoral actions by type (i.e., intersectoral, multisectoral) and by clustered domain community foci (i.e., built, social, service). Our study identifies the extent and types of sectoral actors and actions reported by age-friendly communities with the greatest efforts reported in the public sector, and while similarly distributed across all the domains, slightly more efforts were noted in the built environment. We also found greater intersectoral efforts (i.e., explicitly working towards shared goals) than multisectoral (i.e., not necessarily in collaboration on shared goals), particularly across government. While our study substantiates the breadth of actions towards age-friendly change, additional research is needed to examine the ways in which the public and other sectoral actions are further linked to outcomes in communities in the United States and in other countries.

Synergistic ecological network approach for sustainable development of highly urbanized area in the Bay Bottom region: A study in Chengyang District, Qingdao

Rapid urbanization has put the marine environment under great threat, and cities in the Bay Bottom area are more likely to cause a large number of ecological problems in urban development and construction due to their special land-sea interaction environment. Ecological network is an effective solution to coordinate regional ecological protection and sustainable urban development. This study focused on Chengyang District, one of the highly urbanized areas at the bottom of Jiaozhou Bay in Qingdao, China, was using Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) to initially identify ecological source areas and extracting important ecological source areas in conjunction with the landscape connectivity assessment, and was determining ecological resistance values based on the importance of ecosystem services, and was optimizing ecological network by the minimum cumulative resistance model (MCR) and network structure analysis. The results indicated that: (1) the habitat in Chengyang District is severely fragmented, and the ecological network structure has significant features in terms of source area, type and corridor distribution, with a low percentage of source area, identification of characteristic source types such as reservoirs, wetlands, and aquaculture ponds, while the corridors are concentrated in the area of rivers and bays, and there is fragmentation in the inland areas of the city. (2) Preliminarily, 15 ecological source sites were identified, mainly distributed in the vicinity of Jiaozhou Bay Wetland, Jihongtan Reservoir and Laoshan Mountain, among which, Jiaozhou Bay Wetland is the most important ecological source in Chengyang District. Thirty-two ecological nodes and 24 ecological corridors were constructed. (3) By increasing the inland ecological sources in Chengyang District, the optimized ecological network forms a spatial pattern of “four cores, three belts, and four districts”, and proposes and formulates targeted ecological protection and management strategies to promote the sustainable development of the urban areas in the bottom of the bay. In addition, this study provides a new reference for the global ecological protection of cities in the bay area by improving the ecological network of cities in the Bay Bottom area.

SPATIAL PARTITION FOR HETEROGENEOUS CITY NETWORKS COMPOSED OF FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE MACROSCOPIC FUNDAMENTAL DIAGRAM

Using a Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD) to implement partition control is effective in improving mobility in heterogeneous city networks. As one of the most complex issues in partition control, accurate sub-region partition is critical for control effectiveness. Current partition methods focus on the link density and precondition of existing MFD and disregard the factors that influence MFD distribution. To overcome this drawback, this study uses the characteristic value of the link and the intersection connected to the link as the analysis object and proposes an MFD sub-region partitioning method for large-scale networks. Firstly, the influences of road state parameters on MFD distribution are classified into traffic flow parameters, network physical properties, network operation mechanisms and emergencies. Simulation experiments are conducted to determine the degree to which these classifications affect MFD distribution. Secondly, a partition method combined with the link density and influence parameters of MFD is developed. The method is used for a preliminarily division of a road network through Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) and depth partition by the Normalised Cut (Ncut) algorithm. Finally, a case study is conducted in an actual city centre network, and results show that the developed method is superior to the single method based simply on link density.

Multi-RAT-enabled edge computing for vehicle-to-everything architectures

The accelerating deployment of vehicular networks in smart cities sparked a demand for a wider diversity of on-board applications, extending their performance requirements. Higher computation needs and stricter delay constraints provide new challenges for edge computing vehicular architectures, especially regarding urgent data and high-priority tasks. In that regard, QoS-provisioning appears as imperative, along with optimized resource requesting at RSUs. To this end, we propose CAVTOMEC, a multi-RAT location-aware, context-aware task offloading solution with QoS provisioning for MEC vehicular networks. Three concurrent mechanisms are at play: traffic classification, CAM-beacon-enhanced location awareness and long-range V2N resource polling. Three-tier traffic classification identifies task priority, while location and resource awareness participate in the selection of the most appropriate offloading destination depending on these priorities. The resource awareness mechanism is developed in two phases: immediate available resources and prospective resources based on edge server queue state. Experimental results corroborate the gains of our scheme compared to a standard offloading scheme, especially for high-priority tasks, with success rates increased by up to 14%, and offloading delays reduced by up to 24%.

Solar on-grid power plant and its connection to the electric network

The network solar power plant and its connection to the electric network are considered. This system of autonomous alternative power supply belongs to the network type. The main focus of the system is the supply of generated electric power to the consumer's network and the transfer of the surplus to the city network according to the “Green Tariff”. The expected electrical capacity of the solar power plant is 860 kW. The system is a multi-branched star consisting of the following elements: solar batteries; network inverters; systems for monitoring network solar power plant mode parameters; electricity meters; power lines. The necessary number of solar panels to cover the power of consumers has been determined. The distribution of energy generated by solar panels is uniform between phases. Solar panels are placed on special metal ground structures. Inverters are selected to connect the panels to the three-phase alternating current network. Three-phase inverters are installed at this electrical station. The inverter is equipped with additional protective devices to guarantee safe operation in any conditions. Fuses are installed in the inverters to protect the equipment from short circuit and overvoltage. Inverters are installed on metal structures that are placed under tables with solar panels. All direct current wiring is made of specialized solar single-core cable with double polyvinyl chloride non-flammable insulation. The cross-section of the cables is selected according to the permissible current loads and checked for voltage losses. Tiles are laid in metal trays and open on structures. The connection of the solar power plant to the 10 kV network is transferred using a complete transformer substation of the external installation.

Connecting world cities through sports events: Insights from international sports tours

ABSTRACT This paper tried to advance the theory of world city networks (WCNs) by uncovering the distinct spatial patterns and network structures of WCNs based on three common types of international sports tours (ISTs), namely the Tours of Tennis, Athletics and Marathon. We identify the distinct spatial trend of the “universalization of particularism.” The spatial features range from regional/domestic for ISTs in which everyone can participate, to global Northern for highly professional ISTs, and global for ISTs in which athletes represent their countries. The spatial pattern indicates that particularism takes place at the regional/global scale due to sports diversity. Also, our exploration reveals a unique city network composed of three subnetworks with both stable and unstable structures because of the domination of multiple actors. The pluralized spatial pattern and complicated network structure expand the research field of WCNs and provide a multiscale perspective for global-local interaction studies in the sports context.

The benefits of the 15-minute city – a logistical approach

The human desire to increase one’s comfort while traveling has become one of the guidelines for designing transport networks in cities. Space in cities is limited, and city authorities, residents, entrepreneurs, and other users compete for it. Contemporary urban development concepts assume the pursuit of sustainable development, which is not easy as it often requires reconstructing the existing urban structure. The aim of the article is to present the benefits of the concept of a 15-minute city in terms of logistics (i.e., transport infrastructure solutions). Among the main benefits – from the city’s perspective – from the implementation of the model the following can be distinguished: fair planning decisions, reduction of traffic, improvement of air quality, increase in car-free space, and stimulation of the local economy. The benefits directly noticeable by the residents are also important: greater availability of goods and services, reduced dependence on cars, better health and well-being, a stronger sense of belonging to the local community, and an increase in the value of real estate. Implementing the 15-minute city model requires careful planning, investment, and time, but given the benefits listed above, it is an investment that will start to pay off almost immediately.

Research on urban economic centrality in the perspectives of knowledge stocks and flows

In light of the profound advancements in information and communication technologies ushering in the knowledge economy, the urban space is undergoing a transformation from the traditional “space of places” to the emerging “space of flows.” This shift poses questions about the influence of knowledge flows on urban economic centrality. This paper seeks to address this knowledge gap by introducing a theoretical framework that elucidates how knowledge contributes to urban economic centrality. Our analysis focuses on both intra-city knowledge stocks and inter-city knowledge flows. Empirical findings in China highlight that knowledge stocks based on R&D and education levels, along with knowledge flows, significantly and positively influence all four dimensions of centrality. In contrast, knowledge spatial agglomeration within the knowledge stocks exhibits a significant positive correlation solely with power centrality. Additionally, although the knowledge stock structures don't yield significant results in the diffusion centrality model, for agglomeration and power centralities, a combination of specialized knowledge and telecommunications enhances urban economic centrality, while face-to-face communication strengthens the positive impact of diverse knowledge on urban economic centrality. The results suggest implementing knowledge-based policies tailored to different nodes in the city network is expected to promote sustainable competitiveness in the urban system.

An E-scooter route assignment framework to improve user safety, comfort and compliance with city rules and regulations

The rapid expansion of dockless shared micromobility systems, particularly dockless e-scooters, presents major opportunities along with challenges that have led some cities to ban these services within their jurisdiction. The safe reintroduction of dockless shared micromobility services requires support through enhancement of e-scooter service implementation, improvement of rider behavior, and enforcement of rules and regulations. This paper develops the micromobility guidance tool (MGT) that guides a shared micromobility user going from a defined origin to a defined destination to a route that meets multiple criteria, including safety, comfort, and compliance. Thus, this tool emphasizes two network features, the type of infrastructure and the condition of infrastructure. Moreover, the tool locates shared micromobility parking that is closest to a user’s destination and sends alerts to avoid prohibited infrastructure types. For each trip, the proposed tool uses a shortest path routing algorithm to assign its route and the Euclidean distance to assign closest parking. A generalized cost function was developed to estimate the time needed to cross a link while considering e-scooter accessibility, user routing preferences, and ordinance restrictions. The effectiveness of MGT was tested through a case study of tens of thousands of dockless shared e-scooter trips within the City of Dallas, TX. As a validation step, several experiments were carried out to examine the developed tool under various scenarios. Routes generated by MGT were compared to actual routes taken by users and to scenarios corresponding to models previously published in the literature. When compared to actual routes taken by riders, case-study findings showed a notable increase in the use of preferred types of infrastructure (bike lanes, sidewalks, one-way roads, etc.), the use of bike infrastructure (bike lanes and bike trails), and the use of better conditions (i.e., less deficient infrastructure). Additionally, a marked reduction in regulatory violations was exhibited. The methodological approach presented here could be generalized to any city network or shared micromobility system. The proposed tool could be required by cities and adopted by shared micromobility providers seeking to improve rider safety, comfort, and compliance. This tool could be integrated into the provider application guiding the user to micromobility-friendly routes and designated parking, a feature not yet available to micromobility users. Finally, this paper has offered policy recommendations and guidance for practice, where the reintroduction of shared e-scooters is being considered by cities and expansion considered in new markets.

Evaluation of the Transport Environmental Effects of an Urban Road Network in a Medium-Sized City in a Developing Country

A decision support model (DSM) involving a combination of five different prediction models for the environmental effects of transport and the powerful HMADM approach was introduced for the first time to assess the multiple criteria environmental effects of transport in an urban road network of the Khon Kaen Metropolitan Municipality (KKMM) in Khon Kaen City, Thailand. Five mathematical models were adopted to quantify the CO2 emissions (CO2Es), PM2.5 concentration (PM2.5C), CO concentrations (COCs), noise levels (NOLs), and pedestrian accident risk (PAR) values of all road segments in the study area. The FAHP, FSM, and TOPSIS were integrated into the HMADM to estimate the composite transport environmental effect scores (CTEESs) of each road segment. The FAHP was applied to determine the relative weights of each environmental criterion for three land use types, and the FSM was utilized to transform linguistic (fuzzy) scores into numerical (crisp) scores. Both the FAHP and FSM are principally used to deal with uncertain, incomplete, and ambiguous (fuzzy) information that appears during decision-making processes. Finally, TOPSIS was used to estimate the CTEESs of each road segment. An integrated DSM was applied to comprehend and evaluate each individual environmental criterion and the combined environmental criteria for each road segment in the study area. The DSM was employed to rank the problematic locations of all road segments. For instance, the ranking of the top 12 road segments with the greatest CTEESs was 75, 80, 48, 89, 76, 5, 64, 59, 60, 16, 65, and 62. In addition, this DSM can also be used to identify the possible causes of such locations and allocate limited government budgets for the implementation of appropriate remedial measures for resolving such environmental problems due to transport in an urban road network in the study area.

Enabling Technologies for Next-Generation Smart Cities: A Comprehensive Review and Research Directions

The concept of smart cities, which aim to enhance the quality of urban life through innovative technologies and policies, has gained significant momentum in recent years. As we approach the era of next-generation smart cities, it becomes crucial to explore the key enabling technologies that will shape their development. This work reviews the leading technologies driving the future of smart cities. The work begins by introducing the main requirements of different smart city applications; then, the enabling technologies are presented. This work highlights the transformative potential of the Internet of things (IoT) to facilitate data collection and analysis to improve urban infrastructure and services. As a complementary technology, distributed edge computing brings computational power closer to devices, reducing the reliance on centralized data centers. Another key technology is virtualization, which optimizes resource utilization, enabling multiple virtual environments to run efficiently on shared hardware. Software-defined networking (SDN) emerges as a pivotal technology that brings flexibility and scalability to smart city networks, allowing for dynamic network management and resource allocation. Artificial intelligence (AI) is another approach for managing smart cities by enabling predictive analytics, automation, and smart decision making based on vast amounts of data. Lastly, the blockchain is introduced as a promising approach for smart cities to achieve the required security. The review concludes by identifying potential research directions to address the challenges and complexities brought about by integrating these key enabling technologies.

Construction and Optimisation of Ecological Networks in High-Density Central Urban Areas: The Case of Fuzhou City, China

Constructing and optimising ecological networks in high-density cities plays an important role in mitigating urban ecological problems. Our study uses comprehensive evaluation methods such as Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA), the Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI), and Connectivity to identify ecological source areas in Fuzhou City, and constructs and optimises the network using the Minimum Cumulative Resistance (MCR) model, current theory, and other methods. Meanwhile, the changes in urban landscape connectivity under different development scenarios were explored. The results show that the following: (1) the identification of ecological source sites based on the integrated approach is better than the single MSPA method; (2) the ecological network of Fuzhou City consists of 44 ecological source sites and 92 corridors; and (3) among the various development modes, transforming the top 30% of the bare land patches in Fuzhou City into green spaces improves the overall connectivity of the ecological network the most. The results can provide auxiliary decision-making for ecological construction in high-density cities.

Method of information technology for structure analysis of urban network fire-rescue units

The subject of this study is the process of analyzing the structure of the network of fire-rescue units of the city in the context of optimizing their spatial distribution. The purpose of this work is to increase the objectivity of decisions made while forming a city network of fire-rescue units by creating an information technology (IT) method for analysis of its structure based on the use of spatially distributed data. Objectives: to find ways to improve the level of fire safety, analyze existing approaches to the formation of a network of fire-rescue units, considering the peculiarities of building and organizing a network, and adapt the classical problem of placement; to propose a method for solving it to minimize the distance between the fire-rescue unit and the possible place of fire while ensuring maximum coverage of the territory by fire service; and to develop IT structure for its implementation based on the information flow model of the process of analyzing the fire-rescue units network using a geospatial approach. The following results were obtained. The study of the classical location problem and its adaptation to real problems arising from the analysis of the urban network of fire-rescue units made it possible to represent it as a set of independent complete bipartite graphs. To search the location of network nodes while solving an adapted problem, an IT method is developed, which, based on the p-median model, combines the author’s methodology for studying information processes and methods of geospatial analysis. Summarizing the requirements of the current legislation, a set of input and output IT data and a set of operations have been formed. The representation of the IT structure in the form of a data flow diagram explains how the set of factors is processed and generalized when making decisions on the creation and / or improvement of the existing city fire department. Conclusions. The results of the bibliographic search confirm the need to consider the spatial features of the area where it is planned to create a fire-rescue unit, as well as the spatial configuration of the urban network of existing fire stations, to evaluate its effectiveness using an integrated indicator. This requires the development of specialized methods focused on the use of geo-information systems for their implementation in decision support systems. Scientific and methodological support for IT has been developed, which gives local authorities a tool for analyzing fire safety in the city to create and / or improve the existing fire protection. An experiment to study the capabilities of the proposed method based on volunteered geographic information on Kharkiv city showed the effectiveness of its use for solving classical problems of placement, considering the accepted restrictions on the spatial availability of fire-rescue units. At the same time, additional opportunities appear in the formation of options for improving the network of fire-rescue units, considering their spatial distribution, workload, accessibility, and the resulting areas of coverage / non-coverage by the fire service. For example, the fire service coverage area of the existing structure of fire stations has been assessed. During the regulated time, it reaches 70% of the Kharkiv city area, and depending on the real road traffic, it can vary from 64.61% to 73.44%. It is illustrated that the creation of two additional fire and rescue units in the northern and southern parts of Kharkiv will increase the coverage area by approximately 5%, on average increasing it to 75.1%

The logic of appropriateness of unity in diversity: the institutionalization of a city network in global governance

ABSTRACT Conceptualizing city networks as institutionalized organizations allows unveiling the internal dynamics beneath their increasing dynamism in global politics. The article taps into the insightful yet uncharted theoretical framework of sociological institutionalism to analyze United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG). The logic of appropriateness of unity in diversity drives the process of institutionalization of UCLG, constructing the common and unifying identity of the membership, while simultaneously controlling the potential multiple struggles deriving from the myriad of members’ self-interests in an organization fraught with diversity. The process of identity construction of UCLG members as global policy actors revolves around the legitimacy that stems from their governmental nature, democratic mandate, and proximity to their communities. Yet the call to unity in diversity cannot be upheld without the definition and implementation of rules that organize the interactions among members.

Technologies Related to Intelligent Grounding Box of High-Voltage Transmission Cable

The high-voltage cable line plays an important role in the transmission of electricity in the city network. The effective grounding of the high-voltage cable is of great significance to ensure the normal operation of the cable system. There is an increasing demand for the intelligence of grounding boxes of high-voltage transmission cables. In this paper, aiming at the heating problem of the grounding box, the overall design scheme and key technology of the cable intelligent high-voltage grounding box are proposed. The intelligent high-voltage grounding box has various electrical functions of the traditional grounding box. It also has cable circulation monitoring, waterproof, fireproof, anti-theft, and alarm functions. Remote control and management of intelligent grounding boxes can be realized through GPRS.

Motivation in teaching and related activities of lecturers of Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City

This research aimed to understand the level of enthusiasm among university lecturers for teaching and associated tasks like creating course materials, evaluating student performance, mentoring, and reviewing academic qualifications. The study used two approaches: a questionnaire survey and detailed interviews with lecturers from six universities within the Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City (VNUHCM) network. Findings indicate that lecturers are generally very motivated in their teaching and related duties, with an average score of 4.27 out of 5 on a motivation scale. However, this motivation varied across different activities. Specifically, enthusiasm was highest for teaching (average score of 4.50) and lowest for grading students (average score of 4.14). Statistical analyses, including T-tests and ANOVA, with a significance level below 0.05, revealed differences in teaching motivation based on the length of teaching experience and differences in grading motivation according to lecturers' academic positions, qualifications, and gender. The results offer valuable insights for VNUHCM administrators to formulate strategies aimed at enhancing lecturers' motivation in teaching and related areas.

ANALYSIS OF THE MICROSERVICE ARCHITECTURE OF THE SMART CITY

Recently, the concept of “Smart Cities” has been significantly improved along with the growth and development of the Internet of Things as a new form of sustainable development. Smart cities rely on an independent and distributed infrastructure that includes information processing and management systems, a diverse network infrastructure, and a sensitivity that includes millions of information sources. However, due to the ever-increasing amount of data and the number of connected IoT devices, issues such as high latency, bandwidth barriers, security and privacy, and scalability are the result of the ongoing construction of a smart city network. Developing an efficient, secure, and scalable distributed architecture by bringing computer resources and storage closer to the endpoint is necessary to overcome the limitations of today’s smart city network. There are many types of smart services that aim to automate and perform repetitive routine tasks. In addition, they come in different forms depending on the city’s population, culture, including the level of awareness of citizens, geography, and schedule. Not to mention, on a micro-technical level, they tend to create large data sets with fast continuous execution, thus falling into the category of big data, and therefore can be a source of analytical data. Microservice architectures are born as a solution to this problem. By implementing a single small function that is confined to a running process, independent microservices can be deployed separately in a distributed system. In the context of mobility in a smart city, a service meets the need of a citizen who needs to move from one part of the city to another or provides useful information for the same purpose. In this article, we demonstrate how microservice architecture can be used to create IoT services for multimobility in a smart city.

An Evaluation of Savat Handicraft in Van in the Context of the Crafts and Folk Arts Theme of UNESCO Creative Cities Network

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Van’ın geleneksel el sanatlarından birisi olan Savat işçiliğinin Birleşmiş Milletler Eğitim, Bilim ve Kültür Kurumu (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation [UNESCO]) Yaratıcı Şehirler Ağı Programı’na Zanaat ve Halk Sanatları teması altında katılma durumunu tespit etmektir. Ayrıca, Savat işçiliğinin mevcut durumunu, yaşanılan problemleri, kamu ve özel sektöre ne gibi sorumluluklar düştüğünü belirleyerek birtakım öneriler getirebilmek amaçlanmaktadır. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden fenomenoloji (olgubilim) kullanıldığı bu araştırmada, amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden maksimum çeşitlilik örneklemesi tercih edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda araştırmanın evreni Van İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü, Van’da yaşayan profesyonel turist rehberleri, Van’da faaliyet gösteren seyahat acenteleri ve Van’da yaşayan Savat ustaları ile Van’da görev yapan akademisyenlerden oluşmaktadır. Araştırma soruları ilgili literatürün taranmasıyla oluşturulmuş ve veriler yarı yapılandırılmış mülakat formuyla elde edilmiştir. Verilerin analizi süresi boyunca, alınan cevaplar ayıklanmış, ardından betimsel analize tabi tutulmuştur. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgulara göre hammaddenin pahalı olması, ilgisizlik, tanıtım faaliyetlerinin yapılamaması, sivil toplum kuruluşlarına ihtiyaç duyulması, eğitim yönünden yetersizlikler, ürünlerin tek düze olarak yapılması, yurtiçi pazarlar olarak Türkiye’nin Batı bölgeleri, yurtdışı hedef Pazar olarka ise Rusya, Kafkasya, Avrupa ülkeleri olduğu ve UNESCO Yaratıcı Şehirler Ağına Van’ın girmesi durumunda, şehirde geceleme sayısının artacağı, Van’ın daha bilinir hale geleceğini ve yerel halkın yabancı dil öğrenmeye başlayacağı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Inflow and infiltration assessment of a prototype sanitary sewer network in a coastal city in China

Abstract A 16-month monitoring program was conducted on a prototype sanitary system in a coastal city in China. The groundwater infiltration (GWI) on dry weather days and the rain-derived inflow and infiltration (RDII) on wet weather days were quantified and analyzed. The proportion of monthly averaged GWI to total flow can be as high as 70% during the observation period mainly due to the high groundwater level. The results also show that the ratio of RDII volume to total rainfall volume (defined as R-value) reaches a limited value of approximately 10% for the studied system when the total rainfall depth increases. A reference indicator Rlim for the limited R-value was proposed for assessing the conditions of sewer systems in terms of RDII. The Rlim value depends on local sewer conditions and in general, a lower Rlim value represents a better performance on RDII and vice versa. This study enriches the case studies on the performance of a specific sanitary sewer system on inflow and infiltration in a typical coastal city with exceptionally high groundwater levels, excess rainfall events in the monitoring season and possible typhoon events, which addresses the unique locational and hydrological properties of a representative coastal city.