City Managers Research Articles

The impact of urban soccer events on carbon emissions: Panel threshold analysis for Chinese cities

The holding of soccer events has an important impact on modern urban activities, which is conducive to the economic development, social harmony, cultural integration and regional integration of cities. However, massive energy is consumed during the event preparation and infrastructure construction, resulting in an increase in the city’s carbon emissions. For the sustainable development of cities, it is important to explore the theoretical mechanism and practical effectiveness of the relationship between soccer events and urban carbon emissions, and to adopt appropriate policy management measures to control carbon emissions of soccer events. With the development of green technology, digitalization, and public transportation, the preparation and management methods of soccer events are diversified, and the possibility of carbon reduction of the event is further increased. This paper selects 17 cities in China from 2011 to 2019 and explores the complex impact of soccer events on urban carbon emissions by using green technology innovation, digitalization level and public transportation as threshold variables. The results show that: (1) Hosting soccer events increases carbon emissions with an impact coefficient of 0.021; (2) There is a negative single-threshold effect of green innovation technology, digitalization level and public transportation on the impact of soccer events on carbon emissions, with the impact coefficients of soccer events decreasing by 0.008, 0.01 and 0.06, respectively, when the threshold variable crosses the threshold. These findings will enhance the attention of city managers to the management of carbon emissions from soccer events and provide guidance for reducing carbon emissions from soccer events through green technology innovation, digital means and optimization of public transportation.

Toward Smart Urban Management: Integrating Geographic Information Systems and Geology for Underground Bearing Capacity Prediction in Casablanca City, Morocco

To effectively manage the sustainable urban development of cities, it is crucial to quickly understand the geological and geotechnical attributes of the underground. Carrying out such studies entails significant investments and focused reconnaissance efforts, which might not align seamlessly with large-scale territorial planning initiatives within a city accommodating more than 3 million inhabitants, like Casablanca in Morocco. Additionally, various specific investigations have been conducted by municipal authorities in recent times. The primary aim of this study is to furnish city managers and planners with a tool for informed decision-making, enabling them to explore the geological and geotechnical properties of soil foundations using Geographic Information Systems (GISs) and geostatistics. This database, initially intended for utilization by developers and construction engineers, stands to economize a substantial amount of time and resources. During the urban planning of cities and prior to determining land usage (five- or seven-floor structures), comprehending the mechanical traits (bearing capacity, water levels, etc.) of the soil is crucial. To this end, geological and geotechnical maps, along with a collection of 100 surveys, were gathered and incorporated into a GIS system. These diverse data sources converged to reveal that the underlying composition of the surveyed area comprises silts, calcarenites, marls, graywackes, and siltstones. These formations are attributed to the Middle Cambrian and the Holocene epochs. The resultant geotechnical findings were integrated into the GIS and subjected to interpolation using ordinary kriging. This procedure yielded two distinct maps: one illustrating bearing capacity and the other depicting the substratum. The bearing capacity of the soil in the study zone is rated as moderate, fluctuating between two and four bars. The depth of the foundation remains relatively shallow, ranging from 0.8 m to 4.5 m. The outcomes are highly promising, affirming that the soil in Casablanca boasts commendable geotechnical attributes capable of enduring substantial loads and stresses. Consequently, redirecting future urban planning in the region toward vertical expansion seems judicious, safeguarding Casablanca’s remaining green spaces and the small agricultural belt. The results of this work help to better plan the urban development of the city of Casablanca in a smarter way, thus preserving space, agriculture, and the environment while promoting sustainability. In addition, the databases and maps created through this paper aim for a balanced financial management of city expenditures in urban planning.

Navigating urban risks for sustainability: A comprehensive evaluation of urban vulnerability based on a pressure–sensitivity–resilience framework

Cities are important symbols of civilization in human society. The vulnerability to cities caused by human activities and natural disasters has become increasingly evident. How to reduce the vulnerability of cities is an important topic in the research of urban public safety and sustainable development. In this study, a comprehensive evaluation of urban vulnerability is conducted on the basis of the pressure–sensitivity–resilience framework from a complex systems perspective, integrating three subsystems—the resource–environment, economic, and social subsystems. On the basis of data from 18 cities in Sichuan Province, China, from 2006 to 2021, this study analyzes vulnerability in terms of its scores, spatial and temporal evolution, and obstacles. The results reveal that the overall vulnerability of the Sichuan Basin has shown a fluctuating downward trend over the past sixteen years, and the spatial distribution has evolved into a large “low-vulnerability” agglomeration. The obstacles affecting urban vulnerability are also changing dynamically and include factors such as the harmless treatment rate of household waste and industrial smoke dust emissions. Drawing from these insights, this study enables the identification and diagnosis of urban vulnerability and, further, provides city managers with tailored recommendations for crafting policies that aim to mitigate risks and promote sustainable development.

Sustainable urban digital innovation: A socio-technical competency-based approach to evaluation

This study explores the leadership competencies required in practice by city planners and managers in smart city projects focusing on environmental urban sustainability. Although the literature notes that urban technologies and their capabilities can help address sustainability challenges in cities, there is a lack of studies exploring the competency requirements necessary to foster leadership capacity. This paper identifies leadership competencies within four real-world case studies in the urban built environment, guided by a socio-technical competency framework (DC2-CF). The selected case studies represent a diverse set of city planning purposes, geographic regions, various levels of spatial scale, and socio-technical elements of digital innovation. In these case studies, city managers exhibit specific competencies to develop digital innovation projects that uphold and advance urban sustainability. The study demonstrates the relevance and practical application of DC2-CF as a valuable tool to identify competency needs for local public, private, and community stakeholders throughout diverse stages of the urban digital innovation process. The findings suggest the complex relationship between competencies and project delivery, stressing variations in how they are utilised across various projects. Drawing from these key results, this paper provides practical recommendations for city professionals, guiding them in leading climate-friendly and sustainable urban digital innovation.

The Influence of Online Information Dissemination on Tourism Intentions: A Study of China’s Internet celebrity Cities

This study explores the pathways through which online information dissemination impacts tourism intentions in China’s internet celebrity cities. Through quantitative analysis, the study reveals how online information dissemination influences tourist attitudes and transforms them into tourism consumption intentions by enhancing city awareness, increasing information trustworthiness, and boosting online attention. The results indicate that city awareness, information trustworthiness, and online attention significantly and positively impact tourist attitudes, which in turn further strengthens consumption intentions. The study also finds that attitudes play a significant mediating role between these factors and consumption intentions. The research employs a questionnaire survey, along with reliability and validity analysis, regression analysis, and mediation effect analysis to ensure scientific and reliable results. The findings provide empirical evidence for city managers and tourism practitioners on how to enhance city tourism attractiveness through online dissemination, while also pointing out new directions for future research, with significant practical implications.

The Transition toward Smart and Sustainable Cities

Increasing population followed by uncontrolled city expansion neglected many essential criteria, resulting in management challenges, social service inequities, and worsened environmental conditions. However, this development is always ongoing and overshadows daily life. City administrators desire to implement smart cities to address a wide variety of prevalent issues in metropolitan areas. This study aims to take steps toward creating a smart city. Citizens' understanding and support for a project in a city are crucial to its success. The focus of this research is to examine citizens' awareness of smart cities and their importance in helping city managers, urban planners, and architects in improved planning to realize the vision of a smart city. This article comprehensively explains the smart city by compiling and evaluating relevant facts. Also, numerous smart cities throughout the world have been researched and compared to gain insight. Furthermore, being the most important part of a smart city, the level of public knowledge about "smart cities" in Iran through a survey distribution has been analyzed. This study has the potential to create new insight into city development. The findings offer novel perspectives that can be applied to the design and planning of intelligent cities.

The Role of Age-friendly City Indicators in Predicting Social Belonging in Older Adults Residing in Mohammadiyeh County, Qazvin, Iran

Objectives A strong sense of belonging is crucial for the physical and mental health of older adults and their social interactions. The age-friendly city offers various opportunities for social participation of older adults. The present study aims to determine the role of age friendly-city indicators in predicting social belonging of older adults residing in Mohammadiyeh County, Qazvin Province, Iran. Methods & Materials This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 300 older adults in 2022, who were selected by a cluster sampling method from six municipal districts of Mohammadiyeh County. Data were collected using a demographic checklist, an age-friendly city scale, and a social belonging scale. Data analysis was conducted in SPSS software version 23 using multivariate linear regression analysis. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results The mean age of participants was 67.55±6 years, ranging from 60 to 84 years. The majority of them were male (n=157, 52.33%), married (n=216, 72%), and illiterate (n=157, 52.33%). Among the age-friendly city indicators, the highest score was related to the safety/ease of transportation (16.86±4.51) and open public spaces (45.61±11.47) indicators. The results of multivariate regression analysis showed that marital status (β=-0.150, P=0.006), lower than high school education (β=0.170, P=0.003) and high school diploma (β=0.192, P=0.001), and the age-friendly city indicator of safety/ease of transportation (β=0.328, P<0.001) were predictors of social belonging in older adults. Conclusion The majority of older adults in Mohammadiyeh County are dissatisfied with age-friendly indicators. Those who feel safe and have easy access to public transportation are more likely to have a stronger sense of social belonging. The results of this study can effectively help policymakers and city managers in proper planning in order to develop an age-friendly city.

Creative City Brand Building on Social Media Platforms

With the advent of the digital age, social media has become an important tool to shape the image of a city's brand. This paper aims to explore how to use social media platforms to build creative city brands, so as to enhance the attractiveness and competitiveness of cities. Through the study of many successful cases at home and abroad, combined with the theory of social media communication and the theory of urban brand image, this paper analyzes the mechanism of social media in urban brand promotion. The research adopted a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, including online questionnaire survey, social media data analysis and in-depth interviews, to collect and analyze relevant data. The results show that social media can not only increase the visibility of cities, but also promote cultural exchanges and economic cooperation. In addition, the study found that personalized content creation, interactive user engagement, and sustained brand storytelling are key factors for successful city branding on social media. Finally, this paper puts forward suggestions on social media marketing strategies for different types of cities, and points out that future research should pay attention to the impact of changes in social media platform algorithms on the effectiveness of urban brand communication. This study provides a practical reference for city managers to promote city image more effectively in the new media environment.

Measurement and coupling analysis of the efficiency of resource‐based treatment of municipal solid waste in Chengdu–Chongqing area

AbstractMunicipal solid waste (MSW) is crucial for carbon cycle, residents' lives, and green circular economy development, but quantitative research is limited in efficiency and regional synergy. Considering the regional characteristics of Chengdu and Chongqing, this study establishes the input–output indicator system of MSW treatment in 16 cities in the Chengdu–Chongqing area, constructs the Data Envelopment Analysis model and the coupling coordination degree model, and makes an in‐depth study on the efficiency and environmental benefits of MSW resource treatment from 2012 to 2021. The research conclusion is as follows: first, the improvement of MSW treatment efficiency can be enhanced through reasonable policies and measures to promote sustainable urban development and socioeconomic benefits. The input and output levels of MSW treatment in 16 cities all show an upward trend. Second, the 16 MSW treatment systems have good average pure technical efficiency (Chongqing 0.9879, Chengdu 0.9805), average scale efficiency (Nanchong 0.9396), and average comprehensive efficiency (Nanchong 0.9148), but the overall comprehensive efficiency needs improvement. Third, in 2021, Chengdu's ecological and environmental benefits are better than Chongqing's, while Chongqing has a certain degree of input redundancy and output deficiency. Fourth, in the coupling analysis of resource treatment efficiency and environmental improvement benefits in Chengdu and Chongqing between 2012 and 2021, the coordination between resource treatment and environmental improvement in Chengdu lags behind that in Chongqing, but overall, the coupling is improving. Finally, suggestions for improving the efficiency of MSW resource treatment and promoting environmental improvement are presented from the front, middle, and back ends, respectively, to provide a reference for the policy‐making of city managers.

Hybrid Fuzzy Method for Performance Evaluation of City Construction

Evaluating the performance of city construction not only helps optimize city functions and improve city quality, but it also contributes to the development of sustainable cities. However, most of the scoring rules for evaluating the performance of city construction are overly cumbersome and demand very high data integrity. Moreover, the properties, change scale, and scope of different evaluation indicators of city construction often lead to uncertain and ambiguous results. In this study, a hybrid fuzzy method is proposed to conduct the performance evaluation of city construction in two phases. Firstly, a city performance index (CPI) was developed by combining the means and standard deviations of indicators of city construction to address the volatility of historical statistical data as well as different types of data. Considering the sampling errors in data analysis, the parameter estimation method was used to derive the 100% × (1 − α) confidence interval of the CPI. Buckley’s fuzzy approach was then adopted to extend the statistical estimators from the CPI into fuzzy estimators, after which a fuzzy CPI was proposed. To identify the specific improvement directions for city construction, the fuzzy axiom design (fuzzy AD) method was applied to explore the relationship between the targets set by city managers and actual performance. Finally, an example of six cities in China is provided to illustrate the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed method. The results show that the performance of Chongqing on several evaluation indicators is lower than that of other cities. The proposed method takes into account the issues of uniformity and diversity in the performance evaluation of city construction. It can enable a quantitative assessment of the city construction level in all cities and provide theoretical support and a decision-making basis for relevant government departments to optimize city construction planning and scientifically formulate city construction policies.

Urban Greening Management Arrangements between Municipalities and Citizens for Effective Climate Adaptation Pathways: Four Case Studies from The Netherlands

The transition towards nature-based cities has increasingly become a central focus in political–environmental agendas and urban design practices, aiming to enhance climate adaptation, urban biodiversity, spatial equilibrium, and social well-being as part of the ongoing socio-ecological urban transition process. Climate adaptation in cities is a complex problem and one of the main collective challenges for society, but the relationships between city managers and citizens as to urban green care still face many challenges. Parks design guided by technical-expert and globalised criteria; inflexibility from bureaucratic inertia; and citizens’ demands to participate in the urban green transition, sometimes without the necessary knowledge or time, are some of the challenges that require further research. In this study, we examine four long-lasting approaches to green-space management in four cities in the Netherlands, ranging from municipality-driven to community-driven management forms, and encompassing diverse spatial configurations of greenery within the urban fabric. Utilising the theoretical lens of the Social–Ecological Systems Framework, we employ a multiple-case-study approach and ethnographic fieldwork analysis to gain a comprehensive understanding of the norms, collective-choice rules, and social conventions embodied in each urban green management arrangement. The purpose of this research is applied, that is, to provide urban managers and decision-makers with a deeper understanding of drivers to promote effective collaborative management approaches, focusing on specific organisational rules that may contribute to more sustained planning and maintenance pathways for urban green spaces, regardless of changes in political leadership or significant external funding sources. The results of the investigated cases show that long-lasting collaborative management of forests and parks has established a set of collective-choice rules for resource transfer between municipalities and citizens, including non-monetary resources (such as pruning-training courses or guided tours that attract tourists and researchers). Additionally, these arrangements have been favoured by the existence of legal norms that enable co-ownership of the land, and monitoring and sanctioning mechanisms that offer a slightly different interpretation from the evidence identified so far in the scientific literature on collective resource management and organisational studies.

Human Capital Attraction and Retention in Cities: An Analysis in the Brazilian Context

Objective: To analyze how factors of human capital attraction and retention manifest in a Brazilian city, considering that most empirical studies on the topic focus on European, Asian, and North American contexts. Theoretical Framework: The research is grounded in concepts and theories on the role of cities in the knowledge-based, creative, and innovative economy, as well as human capital mobility, providing a solid foundation for the investigation. Method: A qualitative approach was adopted, utilizing a case study in the city of Florianópolis. Data collection involved secondary sources and 17 semi-structured interviews with qualified professionals in the technology sector, academics, and local public managers. Results and Discussion: Factors of human capital attraction and retention observed in cities of advanced countries, such as social tolerance, quality of life, entrepreneurial and innovation environment, and education, are also applicable to a Brazilian city. The factors of effective public policies and sense of community emerged as relevant. An interdependence between factors was observed, with the entrepreneurial and innovation environment being the most significant. Research Implications: This research offers theoretical and practical insights for administration and public policy, particularly for highly qualified professionals, entrepreneurs in knowledge-intensive sectors, and public managers of cities in emerging countries. Originality/Value: The study highlights how factors of human capital attraction and retention manifest in a Brazilian city, potentially guiding decisions by entrepreneurs and public managers interested in promoting local development.

Constructing a standard system of city sustainable development assessment technology based on the SDGs

Given the rapid development of China’s new urbanization, cities with different locations and varying functional positioning, resource endowments, and development stages have insufficient scientific and applicable technical tools for implementing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). City managers and policymakers must urgently establish SDG benchmarks to diagnose city development. Moreover, successful experiences from similar cities regarding sustainable development and self-improvement must be learned from to promote diversified, sustainable development across the country. Furthermore, emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, big data and 5G are widely used in smart cities. Therefore, there is a growing need for “knowledge-based, personalized and intelligent” technologies to support monitoring, evaluation, and decision-making processes facilitating sustainable development in cities. This paper uses standardization as the theoretical support and technical basis. This approach can help clarify the sustainable development processes in China and clarify the evaluation results of and provide data on horizontal city comparisons, which can be used to develop evaluation technology for sustainable development in cities and construct a standardized system. The results provide a standard framework for intelligent assessment and decision-making regarding cities’ sustainable development capabilities in China. Evaluating major international standardization institutions reveals that the practices of Chinese national standards should be fully absorbed and integrated to guide the evaluation of smart, resilient, and low-carbon cities. To this end, an indicator library of city sustainable development is proposed to provide standard evaluation technology methods. Finally, analyzing the response relationship of the indicator library to SDGs reveals the need for a standardized knowledge map of sustainable development assessment techniques and methods from the perspective of integrated management for sustainable development in cities.

Green transformation paths of resource-based cities in China from the configuration perspective

Green transformation is an unavoidable choice for resource-based cities (RBCs) that face resource depletion and environmental pollution. Existing research has focused primarily on specific RBCs, making it challenging to apply green transformation strategies universally across cities. The fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) is a combination of qualitative and quantitative analyses that can handle multiple concurrent causality problems and determine how different conditions combine into configurations and generate an outcome. Thus, to address this gap, in this study, we established a research framework for green transformation and utilized the fsQCA to examine the configurations of 113 RBCs in China. By incorporating the element of time, this study explored the dynamic evolution of solutions in 2013, 2016, and 2019. The main findings indicate that individual elements do not constitute the necessary conditions for improving the green transformation efficiency (GTE), and the systematic combination of multiple conditions is an effective path for realizing the improvement of the GTE in RBCs. Green transformation paths of RBCs exhibit the same destination through different paths. Additionally, the combination of system environment elements and system structure elements is both complementary and alternative. Differences in RBCs have led to various factor combinations and development paths, but there are some similarities in the key elements of the factor combinations at different stages. Economic environment, government support, and technological innovation are key factors that universally enhance the GTE in RBCs. These insights can assist city managers in formulating policies to drive green transformation and contribute to a better theoretical understanding of green transformation paths in RBCs.

Exploring the influence of linear infrastructure projects 4.0 technologies to promote sustainable development in smart cities

Industry 4.0 technologies have a high potential to improve the planning and execution of linear projects such as roads, bridges and railroads. These technologies can help reduce emissions, enhance operations' efficiency, and improve users' quality of life. Despite their potential to promote sustainability in smart cities, there is a lack of research focused on analysing their impact. Therefore, this paper aims to identify 4.0 technologies related to linear projects and examine their influence on smart cities' sustainable development. The research method involved four main stages: identification of 4.0 technologies in linear projects, questionnaire design and application, influence analysis, and factor analysis. A systematic literature review identified a set of 4.0 technologies that favour smart cities' sustainable development. Subsequently, 66 experts were consulted to determine which of these technologies have the most significant influence on smart cities' sustainable development, highlighting data analysis and management, intelligent traffic control systems, and artificial intelligence. This study makes three main contributions: (1) it identifies thirty-seven 4.0 technologies associated with linear projects that promote sustainable development in smart cities; (2) it characterises the 4.0 technologies with the most significant influence on the sustainability of smart cities; and (3) it proposes nine principal components into which interrelated 4.0 technologies that promote sustainable development can be grouped. This study provides valuable evidence for smart city managers and offers guidance for the efficient adoption of 4.0 technologies in linear projects.

A Research of Identifying Policy Priorities for Urban Shrinkage Management: Focusing on the Delphi-AHP Approach Targeting Managers of Small and Medium-sized Cities in Northern and Northeastern Gyeonggi-do, South Korea

A Research of Identifying Policy Priorities for Urban Shrinkage Management: Focusing on the Delphi-AHP Approach Targeting Managers of Small and Medium-sized Cities in Northern and Northeastern Gyeonggi-do, South Korea

A Study on the Spatiotemporal Distribution and Usage Pattern of Dockless Shared Bicycles—The Case of Nanjing

Determining the spatiotemporal deployment strategy for dockless shared bicycles in urban blocks has always been a focal point for city managers and planners. Extensive research has delved into the usage patterns in terms of time and space, deduced travel purposes, and scrutinized the relationship between trips and the built environment. The elements of the built environment are significantly correlated with the starting and ending points of dockless shared bicycle trips, leading to a scarcity of shared bicycles in areas that are more frequently used as starting points and an abundance of idle bicycles in areas that serve as endpoints. This paper posits that the idle state of shared bicycles is as important as their usage. Utilizing a case study of Xinjiekou Central District in Nanjing, China, we propose a framework for analyzing the temporal and spatial usage and idleness of shared bicycles. We also discuss the impact of various factors, such as proximity to transit stations, land use, and road accessibility, on the different usage and idle states of dockless shared bicycles. The findings reveal that the public transportation system has a similar influence on both the utilization and idleness of dockless shared bicycles, indicating that areas with a dense concentration of transportation services experience greater demand for shared bicycles as both origins and destinations. The influence of other factors on the usage and idleness of dockless shared bicycles varies significantly, resulting in either a shortage or surplus of these bicycles. Consequently, based on the findings regarding the use and idleness of dockless shared bicycles, we formulate a redistribution and zone-based management strategy for shared bicycles. This paper offers new insights into the spatiotemporal distribution and utilization of shared bicycles under the influence of different built environments, contributing to the further optimization of dockless shared bicycle resource allocation.

Analysis of sewer blockage causes using open data

ABSTRACT Sewer blockages, a recurring issue, lead to backups, overflows, flooding, and environmental contamination. Various factors contribute to these blockages from simple clogs to collapsed sewers and inoperable pumping stations. Improper disposal of products labeled as ‘flushable’, and the degradation of sewer pipes further increases blockage frequency. Open data initiatives by various government levels provide valuable insights into factors contributing to sewer blockages, aiding in planning and operational management. This study utilized open data from Toronto to identify factors contributing to reported sewer blockages, focusing on physical sewer characteristics, population density, tree density, and precipitation. Geospatial analysis techniques, including hotspot analysis, ordinary least squares regression, and geographically weighted regression, were employed. The results revealed that tree root intrusion and the average age of pipes are significant factors contributing to blockages. These findings offer city managers insights to improve inspection and maintenance planning, refine scheduling, and develop strategies to reduce blockages, ensuring uninterrupted sewer operations.

Career Paths and Professionalism: Examining ICMA Credentials among City Managers

The emphasis on professionalism in public administration has highlighted the importance of city managers and their role in managing cities effectively. While there are various avenues for city managers to improve their professionalism, such as a Master of Public Administration (MPA) degree, there has been limited research on other organizations that facilitate professionalism. This paper focuses on the International City/County Management Association (ICMA) credentialing program. ICMA is a nationally recognized organization that helps dictate professional norms among city managers. The purpose of this paper is to explore the motivations of city managers who pursue additional credentials and to identify the types of city managers who are more likely to attain professional certification. I argue that the ambition of city managers, as measured through their career path, is related to their pursuit of professionalism. Specifically, city managers with a diagonal career path are more likely to attain additional professional certification compared to those with a ladder career path because it signals their promising ability to future employers, namely city councils. To test this hypothesis, this paper uses two datasets. The first dataset examines the career paths of city managers in California, Florida, and North Carolina from 2012 to 2023. The second dataset focuses on newly hired chief administrators from 2021 to 2023 across the United States, drawing data from the ICMA job advertising information. From these two datasets, I find that city managers with diagonal career paths are more likely to possess ICMA credentials than those with ladder career paths.

Research on Vehicle-Road Intelligent Capacity Redistribution and Cost Sharing in the Context of Collaborative Intelligence

The vehicle-road collaborative intelligence approach has become an industry consensus. It can efficiently tackle the technical hurdles and reduce the performance requirements and costs of on-board perception and computing devices. There is a need for in-depth quantitative studies to optimize the allocation of vehicle-road intelligent capabilities for collaborative intelligence. However, current research tends to focus more on qualitative analysis, and there is little research on the redistribution of vehicle and roadside intelligent capabilities. In this paper, we present a model for distributing perception and computing capabilities between vehicle-side and roadside, ensuring to meet the needs of various autonomous driving levels. Meanwhile, the collaborative intelligence approach will also introduce the costs of intelligent infrastructure deployment, energy, and maintenance. Different roads have varying scene characteristics and usage intensities. It is necessary to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis of the intelligent deployment of different road types. A vehicle-road cost allocation model is developed based on the lifecycle traveled distance of vehicles and the lifecycle traffic flow of various roads to evaluate the function-cost effectiveness. Our study presents several vehicle-road intelligent schemes that meet the needs of various autonomous driving levels and selects Beijing for case analysis. The results indicate that primary intelligent infrastructure can reduce the lifecycle cost of the vehicle-side intelligent scheme for intermediate autonomous driving from ¥65,301 to ¥37,703, and advanced intelligent infrastructure can reduce the lifecycle cost for advanced autonomous driving from ¥126,938 to ¥42,180. Considering the distributed cost of vehicle-side and roadside, urban roads in Beijing have higher function-cost effectiveness compared to highways, especially urban expressways, which are expected to generate 43.3 times the vehicle-function-cost benefits after the advanced intelligent upgrades. The corresponding research findings can serve as a reference for city managers to make decisions on intelligent road deployment.