Michigan City Research Articles

Diffusion of Islam in the United States: Comparative Personal Conversion Social Networks

Abstract Conversion is one of the ways in which religion diffuses in society. Different than other diffusions, such as adopting a new technology or a fad, religious adoption can be riskier since it entails a life changing transition thereby making it a complex contagion. This study investigates whether Islam diffuses through weak ties or strong ties. By comparing conversion cases in Michigan, where there is a larger Muslim community, and Kentucky, where there is a less tangible Muslim community, I argue Islam is more likely to diffuse through what I call recessive or dominant weak ties in Michigan, whereas it is more likely to diffuse through strong ties in Kentucky. I collected personal social networks of 18 individuals who converted to Islam living in Michigan and 12 living in Kentucky. I found the research participants through mosques located in several cities in Michigan, including Ann Arbor, Ypsilanti, Flint, Detroit, Dearborn, and Canton, and two cities in Kentucky: Lexington and Louisville. Having investigated a set of egocentric conversion networks from both Michigan and Kentucky, I found that the existence of a Muslim community and how it is perceived by mainstream society is an ultimate factor in determining the strength of a tie to other Muslims. Thus, Islam is more likely to diffuse through weak ties where there is a Muslim community, but it is more likely to diffuse through strong ties where there is no such community.

A century of stream burial in Michigan (USA) cities

ABSTRACTFollowing rapid expansion of urbanization over the last century, Michigan’s largest cities are characterized by relatively high population densities, high percentages of impervious surface coverage, and heavily modified stream networks (e.g. channelization, dams, or burial). Unfortunately, urban stream burial can be extensive and costly, but the spatiotemporal pattern of stream burial in most cities remains ambiguous and, for the most part, unmapped. This map illustrates the impact of stream removal in Michigan’s seven largest cities, both before and after rapid population growth and industrialization. Flowlines indicating the location of streams, artificial channels, and canals/ditches were accessed from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) and digitized off historical USGS topographic maps between 1902 and 1929, ranging in scale between 1:62,500 and 1:24,000. A comparison between the two datasets showed all seven cities have stream networks altered or lost entirely to the practice of stream burial and removal. The City of Detroit has lost at least 85% of the stream channels since 1902, while other cities, such as Ann Arbor and Warren, have lost more than 60% of the stream network.

Utilizing Incident-Based Crime Data to Inform Strategic Interventions

A public health approach to violence prevention involves the empirical identification of groups and communities at the highest risk for violence to inform targeted interventions. We demonstrate the utility of complete incident-level crime data toward this end. Data for 32,056 unique incidents involving homicide, aggravated assault, and robbery were extracted from the 2013 Michigan Incident Crime Reporting system, a statewide National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data system. Differential victimization rates were calculated across demographic subgroups and jurisdictions to identify patterns in risk. Two-stage least squares regression models were estimated to examine correlates of variation in excess risk. Analyses identified young Black males and females at relatively high risk for violent victimization, and that this risk was amplified within cities with disproportionately high crime rates. Multivariate models suggested concentrated disadvantage as the most stable correlate of variation in excess risk across Michigan cities and towns. The results highlight the importance of expanding NIBRS adoption and the deployment of focused interventions involving both short-term enforcement and long-term social reinvestment.

Assessing the effect of Michigan's smoke-free law on air quality inside restaurants and casinos: a before-and-after observational study

ObjectivesTo assess the effect of Michigan's smoke-free air (SFA) law on the air quality inside selected restaurants and casinos. The hypothesis of the study: if the SFA law is effectively...

Muslim sound, public space, and citizenship agendas in an American City

Based on fieldwork in a small Michigan city, this study examines a contestation over the right for Muslims to broadcast the Islamic call to prayer, or adhan, into the streets. At stake in such contestations over public space is a struggle over conflicting citizenship agendas, or ideological formations seeking to advance particular models for good citizenship and the acceptable integration of minorities. Some Hamtramck citizens who identified themselves as interfaith actors advocated a citizenship agenda to support the call to prayer based on a material and spatial conception of shared civic culture that challenged assumptions about political differences between religious communities. To forward these aims, interfaith actors organized public ritual events that offered opportunities for visceral and experiential investments into the sights, sounds, and ceremonies of Hamtramck's religiously diverse public arena. This strategy encouraged people to a cross boundaries into previously exclusive religious spaces and presented opportunities to expand the cultural boundaries of municipal belonging.

The Ideals and Aims of the Ecological Society of America

The development of modern ecology has received its greatest impetus in a few localities where there are physiographic con ditions giving diversity of habitats in which environmental dynamics are apparent. While primarily concerned with the physiological relations of organisms to environment, and while tending to become to a marked degree an experimental science, the workers in the field have thus far derived, and probably always will derive, their inspiration from the dynamic relations of organisms to their environment?; from the diurnal, seasonal and secular changes in the environments of single species or of communities of species. Still, many investigators with interest in ecology and some actually working in the field, have not had an opportunity to see some of the most significant localities in which ecological field study has been conducted and thus are much handicapped in their understanding of the published ac counts, and in relating them to their less diagrammatic situations. The facts, the methods and terms of the different investigators in the field of this new science are accordingly not clearly ap preciated in a comparative and comprehensive way by the in vestigators themselves. It is not possible to carry demonstrations of these difficult natural phenomena to the places of meeting of the national societies, as many other materials are carried and dispLrped as demonstrations. Thus the Ecological Society of America has grown out of an attempt to accomplish what may be termed a display of the localities which have served to inspire workers in ecological lines. The various ecological investigators have developed methods for the study of environment and for the study of response to environment. These workers fall into two groups?botanists and zoologists?separated by the present-day organization of science but with much common ground which demands fusion. Methods and terois are not standardized, indeed nature does not bear close standardization, but much is to be gained by a thorough under standing. The diversity of interest in climatological work is illustrated by the topics of the various members of the Society's committee dealing with this one phase of modern ecological in terest. In all the meetings, correspondence and conversations with members of the executive committee and the organizing com 1

Pharmacist-provided rapid HIV testing in two community pharmacies

ObjectiveTo evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of pharmacist-provided rapid testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in community pharmacies. Practice descriptionA pharmacist-provided HIV testing model—including rapid HIV testing, counseling, and linkage to confirmatory HIV testing services—was developed and implemented. SettingTwo independent pharmacies located in Michigan cities of different size and with different prevalence of HIV infection. Main outcome measuresNumber of HIV tests performed, time required for HIV testing services, description of participants who received an HIV test, and pharmacist and participant perception of the HIV testing experience. ResultsFrom October 2011 to March 2013, pharmacists provided HIV tests to 69 participants. One (1.5%) participant had a reactive HIV test and was immediately referred to an appropriate health care provider for confirmatory testing. HIV testing services required a median time of 30 (range, 20–90) minutes. Participants had a median age of 23 (range, 18–61) years and were diverse by gender (59.4% women) and race (46.4% black; 39.1% white). This was the first HIV test for 42% of participants, many of whom reported high-risk behaviors in the prior 6 months. Participants and pharmacists reported favorable perceptions of the HIV testing experience. ConclusionsThis project demonstrates the acceptability and feasibility of pharmacist-provided rapid HIV testing in two community pharmacies with distinct characteristics. Further development of HIV testing services in this practice setting is warranted.

Intersections of Dance and Poetry in Post-Industrial Michigan

In post-industrial Michigan cities of Flint and Detroit, there is a need for art that brings residents together while addressing community issues. Collaborations in dance and poetry engage both traditional and nontraditional audiences while creating a unique visual and audio performance. Separately, the art forms receive less interest. Performing together outdoors, dance and poetry receive more viewer attention, while in traditional dance settings, the message of the two forms is reinforced by one another. “Intersections of Dance and Poetry in Post-Industrial Michigan” examines five collaborations in Flint and Detroit that address community issues while reaching across divisions of class and culture.

How temperature affects timing and duration of yellow perch spawning in the Indiana waters of Lake Michigan

Adult yellow perch were collected from the Indiana waters of Lake Michigan during 2009, 2011, and 2012 to estimate the length and timing of the yellow perch spawning season. Sampling was conducted using gill nets at three zones near East Chicago, Burns Harbor, and Michigan City from May to August in 2009 and 2011; however, sampling was conducted twice in April before continuing from May to August in 2012. After collection, yellow perch were measured, counted, and sexed and then the maturity state was determined. Logistic regression was used to model the proportion of post-spawn (spent) fish over time for each year. The resulting models estimated the timing and duration of yellow perch spawning and allowed the determination of peak spawn (50% spent) for each year. We found that yellow perch spawning started when mean daily water temperatures at the sample sites reached approximately 11 °C and lasted two to four weeks with cessation occurring when water temperatures exceeded 13 °C. In 2009 and 2011, spawning began in mid-May and was finished in early June, while in 2012 spawning started in early May and finished before June. These differences were likely in response to unseasonably warm lake temperatures caused by record high springtime air temperatures in the Great Lakes region. These findings suggest global climate change will alter yellow perch reproductive cycles.

Vulnerability to extreme heat by socio-demographic characteristics and area green space among the elderly in Michigan, 1990–2007

ObjectivesWe examined how individual and area socio-demographic characteristics independently modified the extreme heat (EH)-mortality association among elderly residents of 8 Michigan cities, May–September, 1990–2007. MethodsIn a time-stratified case-crossover design, we regressed cause-specific mortality against EH (indicator for 4-day mean, minimum, maximum or apparent temperature above 97th or 99th percentiles). We examined effect modification with interactions between EH and personal marital status, age, race, sex and education and ZIP-code percent “non-green space” (National Land Cover Dataset), age, race, income, education, living alone, and housing age (U.S. Census). ResultsIn models including multiple effect modifiers, the odds of cardiovascular mortality during EH (99th percentile threshold) vs. non-EH were higher among non-married individuals (1.21, 95% CI=1.14–1.28 vs. 0.98, 95% CI=0.90–1.07 among married individuals) and individuals in ZIP codes with high (91%) non-green space (1.17, 95% CI=1.06–1.29 vs. 0.98, 95% CI=0.89–1.07 among individuals in ZIP codes with low (39%) non-green space). Results suggested that housing age may also be an effect modifier. For the EH-respiratory mortality association, the results were inconsistent between temperature metrics and percentile thresholds of EH but largely insignificant. ConclusionsGreen space, housing and social isolation may independently enhance elderly peoples' heat-related cardiovascular mortality vulnerability. Local adaptation efforts should target areas and populations at greater risk.

A 70year history of coastal dune migration and beach erosion along the southern shore of Lake Michigan

A study of aerial photographs from the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore (adjacent to Michigan City, Indiana, United States of America) revealed that from 1938 to 2008 the Lakeshore’s Mount Baldy dune advanced inland 135 m, at an average rate of 1.9 m/year, while the beach north of the dune receded 98 m, at an average rate of 1.4 m/year. The highest rates of Mount Baldy dune movement (3.3 m/year) occurred concurrently (1965–1973) with highest rates of beach erosion (7.2 m/year). The lowest rates of Mount Baldy dune movement (0.3 m/year) occurred in 1958–1965 period. The highest rates of beach accretion (3.8 m/year) occurred twice, in 1951–1958 and in 1993–1999 periods. Climate data (Lake Michigan levels, precipitation, air and surface water temperature, frequency and intensity of the storms, and duration of nearshore shelf ice) were analyzed to determine what factors control rates of sand transport and coastal dune movement. The most favorable conditions for sand transport and coastal dune movement occur when Lake Michigan’s level is rising and staying above the long term average, storms are more frequent, precipitation amount and duration of shelf ice are below the average, and air and surface water temperatures are above the average. When analyzed separately the order of most to least significant factors in sand transport and coastal dune migration rates is: frequency and intensity of the storms, rising Lake Michigan level, warmer than average air and lake surface water temperatures, shorter than average duration of nearshore shelf ice, and lower than average precipitation.

Tax Base Erosion and Inequity from Michigan’s Assessment Growth Limit

We examine the degree to which Michigan’s property value assessment growth cap has eroded the tax base and created substantial differences in effective tax rates among residential properties within the City of Detroit. While the analysis focuses on a specific city with significant tax base erosion challenges, it is relevant to other cities in Michigan and across the nation, particularly in states that impose assessment growth limits. Using quantile regression techniques, we examine how an assessment growth cap alters effective tax rate distributions within and across property value groups. Results show that the cap creates a wide range of effective tax rates across properties of similar value (horizontal inequity) and similar tax payments for properties of differing values (vertical inequity).

Stability and change in US city policymaking: evidence and a path forward

A central issue in urban political analysis is the way in which city-governing institutions prioritize and react to changing demands for policies and services. In this article, we examine these dynamics in American city governments through the lens of two policy process frameworks: incrementalism and punctuated equilibrium. Using panel data from all 278 Michigan cities from 2005 to 2011, the empirical analysis mostly finds evidence of punctuated processes, though the degree of punctuatedness varies systematically across city governments and by issues domain. Considerable stability is a central feature of US city policymaking; but so too are rapid and extreme changes in policy priorities – particularly in domains outside the ‘basic maintenance’ functions of American city governments, such as community development, social welfare, and recreation and culture. Ultimately, this research challenges incremental models of city policymaking, while adding breadth to the growing literature on punctuated equilibrium in national and subnational governments.

Spatial structure of internal Poincaré waves in Lake Michigan

In this paper we examine the characteristics of near-inertial internal Poincare waves in Lake Michigan (USA) as discerned from field experiments and hydrodynamic simulations. The focus is on the determination of the lateral and vertical structure of the waves. Observations of near-inertial internal wave properties are presented from two field experiments in southern Lake Michigan conducted during the years 2009 and 2010 at Michigan City (IN, USA) and Muskegon (MI, USA), respectively. Spectra of thermocline displacements and baroclinic velocities show that kinetic and potential baroclinic energy is dominated by near-inertial internal Poincare waves. Vertical structure discerned from empirical orthogonal function analysis shows that this energy is predominantly vertical mode 1. Idealized hydrodynamic simulations using stratifications from early summer (June), mid-summer (July) and fall (September) identify the basin-scale internal Poincare wave structure as a combination of single- and two-basin cells, similar to those identified in Lake Erie by Schwab, with near-surface velocities largest in the center of the northern and southern basins. Near-inertial bottom kinetic energy is seen to have roughly constant magnitude over large swathes across the basin, with higher magnitude in the shallower areas like the Mid-lake Plateau, as compared with the deep northern and southern basins. The near-bottom near-inertial kinetic energy when mapped appears similar to the bottom topography map. The wave-induced vertical shear across thermocline is concentrated along the longitudinal axis of the lake basin, and both near-bottom velocities and thermocline shear are reasonably explained by a simple conceptual model of the expected transverse variability.

Changes in beach gravel lithology caused by anthropogenic activities along the southern coast of Lake Michigan, USA

The southern coast of Lake Michigan is the most urbanized and most densely populated area in the Great Lakes region. Development of steel mills, harbors, and municipalities in NW Indiana and in NE Illinois in the last century and a half altered the nearshore environment so much that native beach gravel (>8 mm) now exist only in the exhumed paleo-beach remnants from the Nipissing Phase (~4,500 years ago) of Lake Michigan. Native gravel, collected from paleo-beach remnants at Mount Baldy Dune and Beach House Blowout, contain predominantly beach shingle, very platy siltstones (71–78 %), with secondary crystalline pebbles (18 %) in the east, and carbonate pebbles (12 %) in the west. A large amount of anthropogenic fill (steel industry waste, waste from power generating plants, construction debris, railroad, and road fill) has been added since the late 1800s to fill Lake Michigan and expand industrial land. Four areas of major coastal structures—Michigan City Pier and Breakwater, Burns Harbor Pier and Breakwater, Gary Works Pier, and Indiana Harbor Peninsula—altered the natural littoral drift and created four independent sectors on Indiana’s coast—Northeastern, Eastern, Central, and Western—between which no natural transfers of coarse sediments occur. Downdrift from the coastal structures, severe beach erosion has prompted extensive beach nourishment with non-native sandy gravel. Four distinct populations of modern beach gravel now exist along Indiana’s coast of Lake Michigan: (1) native gravel with diluted beach nourishment influence, (2) native gravel with a minor industrial influence, (3) compact gravel of nourished origin, and (4) anthropogenic gravel of industrial origin. Native gravel with diluted nourishment influence is found in the western, downdrift areas of the Northeastern (from Long Beach to Washington Park Beach) and Eastern Sectors (from eastern Indiana Dunes State Park to western Dune Acres) and contains up to 40 % compact carbonate and crystalline pebbles in addition to native beach shingle. Native gravel with minor industrial influence is found in the Central Sector of Indiana’s coast (from central Ogden Dunes to Marquette Beach) and contains predominantly beach shingle, platy clastic lithology, but also up to 30 % of chert and other pebbles released by industry. Compact gravel of nourished origin contains 60–90 % of carbonate and crystalline pebbles, and is found in the eastern, updrift areas of the Northeastern (Michiana Beach and Duneland Beach) and Eastern Sectors (from Crescent Beach to the western Beverly Shores). Anthropogenic gravel of industrial origin contains 70–90 % compact chert and slag and is found in every beach of the Western Sector and in the westernmost beach of the Central Sector. Streams draining into southern Lake Michigan generally contain little coarse sediment except in their channels near the roads and railroads, where angular to subangular anthropogenic pebbles predominate (70–90 %). However, streams have very little influence on gravel lithology along the coast because they seldom discharge anthropogenic gravel into Lake Michigan. Recent changes in gravel lithology along the southern Lake Michigan coast may affect changes in nearshore benthic flora and fauna as well as algal and bacterial blooms during warm summer months.

Tax Base Erosion and Inequity from Michigan's Assessment Growth Limit: The Case of Detroit

In this paper we examine the degree to which Michigan’s property value assessment growth cap has eroded the tax base and created substantial differences in effective tax rates among residential properties within the City of Detroit. While the analysis focuses on a specific city with significant tax base erosion challenges, it is relevant to other cities in Michigan and across the nation, particularly in states that impose assessment growth limits. Using quantile regression techniques, we examine how an assessment growth cap alters effective tax rate distributions within and across property value groups. Results show that the cap creates a wide range of effective tax rates across properties of similar value (horizontal inequity), and similar tax payments for properties of differing values (vertical inequity).

Small, Gritty, and Green: The Promise of America’s Smaller Industrial Cities in a Low-Carbon World by Catherine Tumber (review)

Reviewed by: Small, Gritty, and Green: The Promise of America’s Smaller Industrial Cities in a Low-Carbon World by Catherine Tumber Stacey Swearingen White Small, Gritty, and Green: The Promise of America’s Smaller Industrial Cities in a Low-Carbon World. By Catherine Tumber. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2012. Cities like Peoria, Syracuse, and Flint rarely enter conversations about places that hold considerable promise as sustainability exemplars. Catherine Tumber seeks to change this situation, however, by arguing cities such as these can and should emerge as models of urban resilience in coming years. It is precisely those qualities that have rendered them unnoticed—their small to middling sizes, their diminished industrial cores, and their dense but decaying built environments—that provide these cities with the basis for a greener, more sustainable future. Tumber is no idealist. She recognizes the challenges these cities face in becoming sustainable, and describes how they have been “battered, disproportionately fractured by urban highway development and the flight of retail to the suburbs; (and) eviscerated by deindustrialization and the global economy…” (xxxii). Ultimately, she seeks to identify and explain a variety of opportunities for them to emerge stronger, greener, and responsive to the needs of a low-carbon future. The idea strands Tumber weaves together are as diverse as the cities she describes, and not always entirely cohesive. The book is part historical and part case study analysis. Through her travels to 25 cities in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, ohio and Wisconsin, she interviewed numerous local officials and citizens about the current status of their communities and efforts they are making to recover from decades of decline. To this anecdotal information, she mixes in additional ideas from authors and other experts on urban issues, and blends in further historical perspectives, such as the work of Jane Jacobs. The result is quite interesting, but also somewhat idiosyncratic, as Tumber herself observes in the book’s introduction. Each chapter explores a different realm of potential for these cities, with the main areas of promise Tumber investigates tied to agricultural and renewable energy production. Small to midsize cities, for example, have proximity to productive agricultural lands and, in some cases, vacant city properties where market gardening is possible. Growing interest in sustainable, locally sourced foods, Tumber says, renders these cities key contributors to a future of more urban agriculture and its lower energy inputs. Perhaps more encouraging from an economic development perspective are the possibilities she envisions for renewable energy. Here she goes so far as to argue that “smaller industrial cities can make distinct contributions to—and derive distinct benefits from—a clean energy economy in ways that large cities and small towns cannot” (90). Wind, solar, and bioenergy all have a place in Tumber’s vision of the future, with the strong manufacturing histories of these cities positioning them well to produce the technical components of these energy sources. Muncie, Indiana, for instance, has attracted new jobs related to wind energy in part thanks to its long [End Page 186] history of manufacturing automotive gears and transmissions. Workers skilled in these areas are now producing wind turbine gearboxes. other Rust Belt cities have similar potential for green technology initiatives, argues Tumber. Readers who seek inspiration for understanding how smaller, industrial cities can contribute to and bring about a more sustainable future are sure to find many ideas in this book. While these ideas come fast and furious, and are more intriguing than they are academically rigorous, Catherine Tumber has set the stage for what may well be a new realm of conversation about urban sustainability. [End Page 187] Stacey Swearingen White University of Kansas Copyright © 2013 Mid-America American Studies Association

The workers’ camp versus Main Street: then and now in the Mexican-American neighborhoods of the non-metro Midwest

This qualitative study explores the physical landscapes associated with Mexican-Americans in small Midwestern cities, comparing landscapes of established communities with those of newly formed ones. The study primarily uses field observation to describe and categorize 11 cities in Indiana, Michigan and Ohio as five landscape types. Demographic and economic factors also are considered. The primary finding is that landscape types associated with established Mexican-American communities differ in consistent and predictable ways from those associated with newly arrived Mexican-American communities. These findings have implications for landscape and planning practice as well as the changing impact of immigrants on American cities.

Abstract B41: Cancer-related knowledge and attitudes among African American adults in Michigan: Five Cities Survey.

Abstract Introduction: The impetus for this study was the epidemiological finding that even though cancer prevalence is similar, the outcome for African Americans compared to whites, on average, is worse. It was hypothesized that certain attitudes within the African American community are influential in reducing participation in screening and treatment, therefore producing more adverse outcomes. In 2009, we conducted a population-based study of the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of African Americans relevant to cancer in general. The findings were intended to inform the design and implementation of community interventions to increase the knowledge and awareness about cancer, prevention and treatment among the African American population in Michigan. Methods: The focus for the Five Cities Survey was African American adult men and women 18 years of age or older within five Michigan cities (Detroit, Flint, Lansing, Pontiac, and Saginaw) which are residence to almost 80% of the state African American population. Trained interviewers from the Michigan State University's Institute for Public Policy and Social Research conducted the random digit telephone survey of eligible respondents in each of the cities. A disproportionate stratified, list-assisted random digit dial (RDD) sampling design was used. A total of 2,001 interviews eligible adults were completed at a response rate ranging from 49% to 61%. Results: Income levels in most cities were lower than $35,000 a year. There were high levels of misconceptions surrounding cancer topics; such as misbeliefs about “surgery causing cancer to spread through the body”; “the causative role of environmental toxins”; “role of divine power in cancer cure”. On the other hand, there was lower awareness of 1)the role of sexual behaviors or HPV in cervical cancer etiology; 2) the fact that African Americans have a lower survival rate from some cancers; 3) the causative role of tobacco use in cancer; and 4) the preventive effect of a healthy lifestyle. The factor leading to getting cancer which was rated the highest by respondents was heredity. For women who had not had a Pap test for the past three years, the most frequent reasons they gave were lack of doctor's recommendation; not having a regular doctor; or personally not desiring a test. There were varying degrees of agreement with administering the HPV vaccine to age eligible girls. Of women who didn't receive regular mammograms 54% of Detroit women reported the reason being “fear of knowing they had cancer”. For others the most common reasons given were cost and personal choice of not having the test. Awareness of higher prostate cancer incidence among African American men varied from 46% to 75% and knowledge of typical warning signs for prostate cancer was at lower levels than desired (16% to 30%). At least one third of respondents had no knowledge of risk factors for colorectal cancer. The percent of cigarette smokers in African American adults within each of the 5 cities ranged from 26% to 36% compared to 18% in the general population. Conclusion: There is clear need to continue tailoring cancer control messages to the unique needs of the African American public for reducing gaps in knowledge and cancer related behaviors. System changes are needed for better access to care and increased cultural competence of the health care system. Continuous surveillance is needed to guide interventions. Citation Format: May Darwish Yassine. Cancer-related knowledge and attitudes among African American adults in Michigan: Five Cities Survey. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr B41.

In Memoriam: David Judson Sencer, A Public Health Giant

In Memoriam: David Judson Sencer, A Public Health Giant