Cities In August Research Articles

Study on the Thermal Environment of the YaoDong Dwelling in the Loess Plateau of China

YaoDong dwellings are distributed widely throughout the loess plateau in the north of China, and have many positive characteristics, such as good use of land, low cost, low impact on the environ-ment, and a comfortable thermal environment. The aim of this study is to ascertain to what extent the indoor climate of YaoDong is a natural one regarding building design as a sustainable architecture. The authors carried out a survey in Zaoyuan village of Yan’an city in August 1999. They collected basic data regarding the natural conditions of the site, climate condition of the Yan’an area, and the thermal environment of YaoDong dwellings. The authors found that YaoDong had excellent charac-teristics regarding the thermal environment in the summer.

Memoirs of the Soviet‐German war, Part 1, Leningrad 1941–1942

Evgenii Moniushko, a teenager during the first year of the terrible siege of Leningrad, provides an intensely human, graphic, and unvarnished portrayal of day‐to‐day life in the besieged city. Evgenii describes the twin horrors of constant German bombardment from the air and the ground and the famine that gripped the beleaguered city, focusing on the seemingly mundane measures the population employed to survive. Midst the suffering and privation, Evgenii and his family prevail to exit the city in August 1942 over the ‘road of life’ across the waters of Lake Ladoga.

A Study of Long-term Changes in Summer Infection Levels of Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus with the Monogenean Neoheterobothrium hirame in the Central Sea of Japan, with an Application of a New Technique for Collecting Small Parasites from the Gill Filaments.

Neoheterobothrium hirame infection of 0-year wild Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was investigated. This study was based on annual samples (preserved in formalin or alcohol) totalling 316 fish caught off Igarashi-hama in July and/or August of 1989-1993 and 505 fish caught off Murakami City in August of 1993-1999, Niigata Prefecture. A stirring method was developed to collect the monogenean from the fixed gill filaments. All the parasites were dislodged from the fixed gill filaments by stirring gills of individual hosts in 150 mL of water with a magnet (40 mm long and 8 mm in diameter) at 1150-1200 rpm for 20 min and 30 min for the 0-year fish and 1-year fish, respectively. Adult parasites were macroscopically observed on the buccal cavity wall, whereas immature ones on the gill arches and rakers were detected under a stereomicroscope. No N. hirame was found from 1989 to 1992. The earliest records were from samples caught off Igarashi-hama and Murakami City in 1993, though the prevalence of infection was very low. The parasite occurrence changed annually in the Murakami samples. The annual fluctuations may have been influenced by the infection level of co-existing 1-year fish and the population size of 0-year fish recruited each year. It is inconclusive whether or not the monogenean is an indigenous parasite of Japanese flounder in this area.

The Philippines: Governance Issues Come to the Fore

All three Philippine presidents following Ferdinand Marcos have their respec tive claims to fame. Coraz?n Aquino is credited for the restoration of formal democratic institutions and rights. Fidel Ramos's term from 1992 to 1998 saw the real economic growth rate reaching to its highest levels in over fifteen years at 6 per cent and market reforms put on track. Joseph Erap Ejercito Estrada, on the other hand, vowed to help the poor ride the wave of economic development through what has been described as an ambitious synthesis of pro-poor and pro-market polices. This promise of social and economic re forms and individual charisma catapulted him to an overwhelming electoral victory in May 1998 and gave him tremendous confidence in his stature as head of state. As year 1999 drew to a close, however, national newspapers feasted on the reported dip in the Philippine President's popularity. The growing disaffec tion stemmed from the spate of corruption and cronyism scandals that struck the administration, and from President Estrada's drive to initiate a constitu tional change amid other pressing concerns. Multiple hikes in oil prices and the slow delivery of pro-poor programmes further dampened enthusiasm for the populist president. Two big rallies in Metro Manila and other cities in August and September 1999, attended by former President Coraz?n Aquino and Manila Archbishop Cardinal Jaime Sin, signalled the downslide. The year also saw an upsurge in rebel activity in the country. Disappointment over the poor national leadership overshadowed the rela tive success in stabilizing the economy, the judicial reforms that have been introduced by Hilari?n Davide, the new chief justice of the Supreme Court, and the decline in cases of kidnapping of rich ethnic Chinese as a result of the tough anti-crime policy of Estrada's controversial Philippine National Police chief Panfilo Ping Lacson. The Philippine economy inched slowly towards some measure of recovery from the 1997 financial crisis. Inflation fell from 10 per cent in January to 3.9 per cent by November 1999, and the peso/dollar exchange rate was stable at

United Nations International Conference on Population, Mexico City, 6-13 August 1984

Ten years after the first United Nations Conference on Population was held in Bucharest, there appears to be a remarkable degree of international agreement on the advances that have been made in population policies and programs, and on the priority problems that we now face. This agreement was clearly voiced at the International Conference on Population held in Mexico City in August 1984, which met to review past developments and make recommendations for future implementation of the World Population Plan of Action.1 Although there were several highly publicized differences of opinion, the degree of controversy was minor for an intergovernmental meeting of this size. The 147 government delegations at the Conference reached overall agreement on recommendations for further strengthening international commitment to expanding population efforts in the future. This review will examine the recommendations of the Mexico Conference with regard to health, family planning, women in development, research, and related issues.2 It is in these areas that virtually complete unanimity was expressed, and where the recommendations of the Conference were most vigorous and explicit. As such, they deserve the attention of readers of Studies in Family Planning. The Report of the International Conference on Population, 1984 emerged from the debate in the Main Committee, established by the Conference to review the draft reports prepared by the Preparatory Committee of the Conference, which convened twice in early 1984. The Report consists of some 88 recommendations, and was intended to reaffirm and refine the World Population Plan of Action adopted in Bucharest in 1974. Throughout, the principles and objectives of the Plan of Action were seen to remain valid, although substantial changes

In the Cave of the Heart: Silence and Realization

A paper presented at a symposium on East-West monasticism held in Kansas City in August 1983, commemorating the tenth anniversary of the death of Abhishiktānanda (Henri Le Saux OSB).Hidden in the depth of the heart and in the highest heaven Is that mystery of glory and immortality which only those can find Who have renounced all things and themselves.This verse is freely translated from the Mahānārayana Upanishad and was apparently a favourite of Swami Abhishiktānanda’s, for he quotes it, in differing guises, several times. I think it fairly epitomizes his insight and his realization.I have only recently made the acquaintance of Swami Abhishiktānanda and am not really entitled to speak of him. There are those who can, foremost among whom would be Dom Bede Griffiths. But I am so attracted to Swami Abhishiktānanda, so moved by his inspired writings on the life of renunciation and the non-dual experience, that I would like to offer the little I have to say to his memory.Swami Abhishiktānanda was a French Benedictine monk, Dom Henri Le Saux, who, after thirteen years in a Benedictine monastery, received permission to go to India in 1948. There he and Fr. Jules Monchanin founded the ashram of Shantivanam (Forest of Peace) as “an attempt to integrate into Christianity the monastic tradition of India”.In 1949 he met Śri Ramana, called the Maharishi or great seer, in the south of India, at the foot of the sacred mountain Arunāchala.

Political Scientists and the 1980 National Party Convention

While the country may not have recognized the impact of political scientists on the 1980 major party presidential conventions, we were indeed there. At least 19 known political scientists were among the 5381 Democratic delegates and alternates in New York City in August, and one known political scientist was among the 3988 Republican delegates and alternates in Detroit in July.These relatively rare birds who combine the study and teaching of politics with the doing were asked byPSto write short essays on their observations of the delegate selection processes and of the conventions themselves. In addition, two staff participants, John F. Bibby, a veteran of five Republican conventions, and Elaine C. Kamarck, self-styled “hackademic” who served as Executive Director of the 1980 Democratic Platform Committee, have contributed thoughtful comments on their perspectives. Finally, Byron E. Shafer, political scientist practicing his profession, is the only one of our contributors to have observed both 1980 conventions.

Political Scientists and the 1980 National Party Convention

While the country may not have recognized the impact of political scientists on the 1980 major party presidential conventions, we were indeed there. At least 19 known political scientists were among the 5381 Democratic delegates and alternates in New York City in August, and one known political scientist was among the 3988 Republican delegates and alternates in Detroit in July.These relatively rare birds who combine the study and teaching of politics with the doing were asked by PS to write short essays on their observations of the delegate selection processes and of the conventions themselves. In addition, two staff participants, John F. Bibby, a veteran of five Republican conventions, and Elaine C. Kamarck, self-styled “hackademic” who served as Executive Director of the 1980 Democratic Platform Committee, have contributed thoughtful comments on their perspectives. Finally, Byron E. Shafer, political scientist practicing his profession, is the only one of our contributors to have observed both 1980 conventions.

Political Scientists and the 1980 National Party Convention

While the country may not have recognized the impact of political scientists on the 1980 major party presidential conventions, we were indeed there. At least 19 known political scientists were among the 5381 Democratic delegates and alternates in New York City in August, and one known political scientist was among the 3988 Republican delegates and alternates in Detroit in July.These relatively rare birds who combine the study and teaching of politics with the doing were asked by PS to write short essays on their observations of the delegate selection processes and of the conventions themselves. In addition, two staff participants, John F. Bibby, a veteran of five Republican conventions, and Elaine C. Kamarck, self-styled “hackademic” who served as Executive Director of the 1980 Democratic Platform Committee, have contributed thoughtful comments on their perspectives. Finally, Byron E. Shafer, political scientist practicing his profession, is the only one of our contributors to have observed both 1980 conventions.

Mortality in the elderly in a heat wave in New York City, August 1975

The findings relating to mortality during a short heat wave in New York City in August 1975 are described. The very great majority of those who died, who would not have died if there had been no heat wave, were elderly people of both sexes and irrespective of color who had underlying organic disease. Ischemic heart disease was the most prominent cause of excess deaths. Prophylactic measures to reduce mortality in future heat waves are discussed.

Science, Faith and the Vision of a New Society

This paper owes much to the ideas, insights and inspiration of a group of people brought together in Mexico City in August 1975 at the behest of the World Council of Churches for a consultation on the Christian Faith and the Changing Face of Science and Technology. I have drawn freely on their written papers and their report (published in Anticipation No. 22) believing that this important work needs to be interpreted and made much more widely known. I have also drawn on the fertile ideas of a number of British scientists and philosophers, notably Sir Bernard Lovell the astronomer, and Professor Derek Bryce-Smith the chemist, who have given us, from their studies of the incomprehensibly vast universe and the infinitesimally small atom, a picture of a universe with a truly remarkable property: the ability to produce life.

The General Strike in Zanzibar, 1948

This article examines a three-week long strike in Zanzibar City in August and September 1948. The strike began among labourers from the mainland at work in Zanzibar port, but spread to all African work-people in the City after an unsuccessful attempt to break the strike by the government. This attempt had led to a major demonstration and confrontation at the entrance to the port, violence being only narrowly averted.While at one level the strike was a Zanzibar sequel to the strikes of the previous year in Mombasa and Dar es Salaam, in Zanzibar there was additional significance in the fact that the City and Island's work-force were in very large proportion men from the East African mainland. Zanzibar's dependence on mainland labour had begun in the early decades of the twentieth century. In those years mainland labour had been particularly well-paid, by the standards of the time. By the late 1940s however, mainland labour in Zanzibar was as poor as, perhaps poorer than, its mainland counterparts. Besides, the political structure of the Protectorate aggravated sentiments of alienation since mainlanders were not regarded as permanent residents for whom the government should have any particular concern: nor were mainlanders represented in the legislature.Even after the strike was over the colonial authorities saw only a need for labour reforms rather than political re-structuring to accommodate mainlanders. The strike however had briefly united all Africans, indigenous and mainlander. When, a decade later, this unity of Africans, mainlander and indigenous, town and plantation labourer and peasant, was re-formed, revolution followed. As a portent, therefore, Zanzibar's strike is of particular significance.

TURISTA AT AN INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS IN MEXICO

Participants at the 10th annual Inter Summary national Congress of Microbiology in Mexico City in August, 1970, were asked whether they had had gastroenteritis after entering Mexico. Symptoms of those ill included diarrhœa (91%), bloody diarrhœa (1·4%), nausea (25%), vomiting (12%), and fever (22%). The median duration of symptoms was 2 days. The attack-rate for Americans, Canadians, and Northern Europeans was significantly higher than the combined attack-rate for visitors from Italy, Spain, Portugal, the Far East, Africa, and Latin America. There was no increased or decreased risk associated with a particular age range or sex. Taking prophylactic medication, confining drinking to bottled liquids, and avoiding salads, raw vegetables, and unpeeled fruit did not decrease risk of illness.

The nomenclature and classification of viruses the International Committee on Nomenclature of Viruses

The International Committee on Nomenclature of Viruses (ICNV) was established at the Ninth International Congress for Microbiology in Moscow, in July 1966. The second meeting of the Committee was held in Mexico City at the time of the Tenth International Congress for Microbiology in Mexico City in August 1970. Following the decisions of this meeting, the First Report of ICNV, entitled ‘Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses’, has been produced as a monograph, edited by the President of ICNV, Professor P. Wildy, and published in June 1971 by S. Karger, Basel, as No. 5 of its series ‘Monographs in Virology’. At the meeting in Mexico City the Executive Committee (ECICNV) and its Subcommittees were reconstituted and the composition of ICNV was reorganized. The present Executive Committee met for the first time at the time of the Second International Congress for Virology in Budapest in June 1971. A further meeting of the Executive Committee will be held in 1973. In 1975, coinciding with the Third International Congress for Virology, the ECICNV will meet and there will be a Plenary Session of ICNV.

Maya Lowland Ceramics: A Report from the 1965 Guatemala City Conference

AbstractA conference of archaeologists interested in the ceramics of the Maya Lowlands was held in Guatemala City in August, 1965. The conference had as goals the substantive comparison of ceramic complexes and the consideration of theoretical and methodological problems associated with the use of the type-variety approach to ceramic analysis. Comparison produced an arrangement of ceramic complexes from 10 sites in terms of typological horizons established on the basis of horizon markers-chronologically specific traits shared by two or more complexes. Close historical connections between sites were given formal recognition by the definition of ceramic spheres composed of complexes from different sites demonstrating a high degree of content similarity for specific time intervals. Changes in the extent and nature of ceramic spheres through time suggest variations in the intensity of technological culture contact within the Maya Lowlands. The theoretical and practical implications of analytical tools such as type, ware, facet, sub-complex, complex, sphere, and phase were discussed with resultant modifications and clarifications of definitions and methodological procedures.

防蚊対策としての「ヘリコプター」による殺虫剤の空中散布成績

A test dusting of two grams per square meter of 1.5 per cent malathion was undertaken from a helicopter to the campus of Okayama University Medical School, Okayama City in August, 1963. Mosquitoes collected from three spots in the campus by light-trapping before dusting were 546, 206, and 443 respectively, and they decreased to one-half to one-third in number after dusting. The residual effect of the insecticide, however, is thought to be lasted about seven to at most ten days, and the number of trapped mosquitoes ten days after dusting was approximately equal to that observed before dusting.

How administrative consolidation is working in Idaho

AbstractThis statement is companion to the more technical supplement on “Administrative Consolidation in State Governments” enclosed with this issue, and comprises material used for the author's address at the governors' conference in Salt Lake City in August, 1919. The detail of the Idaho plan is given in the supplement.