City Budget Research Articles

СТРУКТУРА И ДИНАМИКА БЮДЖЕТА ГОРОДА ЧЕЛЯБИНСКА В 1950–1980-е гг.

In the history of Soviet urban finance of the second half of the 20th century, the example of Chelyabinsk shows two periods of the most intensive growth of budget revenues in large industrial cities. These are the second half of the 1950s, when the city budget of Chelyabinsk grew by 136 % over five years, and the period of perestroika — 123 % over the same five years. In other time, the growth was much less rapid and sometimes even gave way to temporary declines. The structure of urban income has undergone a significant evolution from mainly local sources of income in the early 1950s to almost complete dependence on deductions from higher budgets by the end of the 1980s. The system of local taxes and fees has been constantly stagnating during the period under review, since the possibility of replenishing the city budget with deductions from all-Union taxes made the city authorities not interested in its intensification. This, in turn, led to the fact that the city budget was mainly used to finance public expenditures, such as the maintenance of health and education systems. That is why the city authorities were significantly limited in terms of spending budget funds for the actual city needs. And these needs in the form of a catastrophically increasing cost of maintaining the city’s housing and communal services steadily grew and became the largest item of expenditure in the city budget. This approach to budget policy and local finance made Soviet urban settlements subsidized, and even if real budget deficits were not often reached, dependence on external sources of income became one of the most important factors that hindered urban development.

The Fight to Redefine Safety in Texas

The Fight to Redefine Safety in Texas Laur Lewis Neal (bio) Since law enforcement's inception, its maintenance of public safety has been shaped by gender, race, class, and sexual orientation. These factors determine how an officer approaches your doorstep, how you are interrogated, how your cases are investigated or prosecuted, whether your evidence is tested, and ultimately whether violence done to you is deemed violence. In Texas, as in many states, sexual assault and its mostly female victims have largely been ignored despite the crime's ubiquity. A 2015 study found that over 33 percent of adult Texans have been sexually assaulted, and 65 percent of those survivors were sexually assaulted again. Trust in law enforcement is so eroded that less than 10 percent of survivors report their attacks. Part of this has to do with a familiar "boys will be boys" culture that stigmatizes survivors, but low reporting rates also point to a consistent failure to solve and prosecute cases. In 2011, the state Department of Public Safety uncovered a backlog of 20,000 rape kits in Texas—the worst in the nation. Despite these abysmal safety statistics, police have insisted that as long as they wield a massive departmental budget, all Texans will be safe. Even the progressive state capital of Austin has a "long-standing culture of not asking too many questions about a police department," says Austin City Council Member Gregorio Casar, "though it's usually the biggest part of a city's budget." Yet recently, local politicians have been working to expand the umbrella of safety to groups of people law enforcement has always left out in the rain. Austin City Council is conducting a thorough evaluation of how the city's police department handles sexual assault investigations, with an eye to amending practices for the better. The review is not a surface measure, either; survivors' advocate Kristen Lenau calls it "groundbreaking in its expansiveness." Last year, the city council also voted to restructure the police budget, after an Austin police officer unloaded three rounds at Mike Ramos, an unarmed Black and Latino man, just a month before Minneapolis police [End Page 163] Click for larger view View full resolution We Believe ATX celebrates a city council motion passed in favor of sexual assault survivors. (Courtesy of Survivor Justice Project) officer Derek Chauvin killed George Floyd. One-third of the police's budget will shift to medical and mental health responders and to community programs that aid victims, people struggling with addiction, and the unhoused. In response, Texas Governor Greg Abbott and Republican state lawmakers have threatened to take over Austin Police Department (APD), and the state senate recently passed retaliatory bills that chisel away at tax revenue and require voter approval for city budgets that reduce or reallocate police funding. Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick said the bill was passed "to be sure there's not another Austin," and his fellow Republicans have justified this meddling in local politics by charging Austin with dereliction in guarding public safety. Progressives in Austin, however, are claiming that Texas was already failing in that duty—specifically, to ensure the safety of women and people of color. Survivors' advocates have been working to reform the city's handling of sexual assault for decades, but until recently they did not have the vigorous support of elected officials. Over the past five years, survivors and their advocates have brought this about by making the wide gaps in law enforcement increasingly visible. They are pushing politicians and voters to acknowledge the painful experiences of the vast number of Texas women left outside the city's umbrella of safety. [End Page 164] ________ Austin police kept thousands of untested rape kits lying in neat little rows. This visceral image reproduced in the press in 2016 and 2017 signaled to Austinites the deep failures of APD's forensic lab. "Every single one of those boxes represents a person—and that person's story and their trauma, and parts of their body—and it's incredibly intimate," says Lenau. "I don't think you can even really articulate all of the emotions and all of the history symbolized by talking about a rape kit...

СИСТЕМА ТРАНСПОРТНОГО ОБСЛУГОВУВАННЯ МІСТА ХАРКІВ

This article is devoted to the formation of theoretical foundations and methodological approaches of scientific coverage of economic and statistical problems of the functioning of urban passenger transport systems. The problematic is considered on the example of the city of Kharkiv. Public transport in Kharkiv is represented by almost the maximum number of types city trams, trolleybuses and metro, as well as private road carriers. The concept of consistency is based on the territorial principle and intermodality. The general indicator of the level of development of the territorial transport system is its balance. Unfortunately, the territorial transport systems of Ukraine are insufficient for the passage of existing traffic flows, and transport infrastructure facilities and rolling stock do not ensure the safe and comfortable movement of individual vehicles, public transport passengers, cyclists and pedestrians. Public transport does not provide all citizens with financially affordable and technically qualitative services and cannot be an alternative to individual cars. Traffic is not sufficiently regulated by existing traffic control means. Operated vehicles have a negative impact on the environment and create traffic jams. As follows from the study, this unsatisfactory state is due to the lack of independence and dependence of communal transport enterprises on subsidies from the city budget, unbalanced state policy in the field of tariff setting, insufficient rates of renewal of rolling stock and transport infrastructure, insufficient rates of introduction of non-cash payment for travel, imperfection of methods and ways to manage enterprises as a single intermodal system. Solving the described problems requires an integrated approach. First of all, this is the creation of a systemic management mechanism to create a balanced territorial transport system. This is what shows the relevance of the chosen topic and determined the choice of the direction of research in scientific and practical aspects. The research results will be used to improve the efficiency of the municipal transport.

Opatrenia v oblasti vlastných príjmov ako nástroj kompenzácie negatívnych dopadov pandémie COVID 19 na obyvateľov krajských miest v podmienkach SR

The author examines the measures concerning the revenue side of city budgets (property revenues, local taxes), which were adopted in eight Slovak regional cities during the first wave of the COVID 19 pandemic. Using the method of analysis, comparison, categorical classification, systematization and finally synthesis the author in conclusion states that in choosing the fiscal measures used, the cities did not put their own economic interests and the achievement of budgeted income above the economic, social or cultural needs of individuals, rather perceive them as a possible effort to be proportional. The author also points out the finding that local governments are aware, in addition to the economic and social potential of local taxes, which are in their administration and thus become an effective and accessible direct tool for fulfilling some specific tasks of municipalities and cities. URL: https://vsas.fvs.upjs.sk/

COMPARING BUDGETARY STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES The cases of Paris and São Paulo

Abstract This article compares the structure of the city budget of São Paulo and Paris and their processes between 2008 and 2018, aiding in the understanding of budgetary decisions and contributing to the literature on public budgets, more focused on national and federal levels. As the budget process is very technical and standardized, one should observe several similarities between both cases This article demonstrates how similar the budget structures and processes of these two metropolises are. It indicates, for example, that both present incrementalisms in their budget base, as expected according to theory. However, the study also indicates differences within similarities as both cases, with very different macro institutions (federal versus unitary States), similar meso-institutions (organization of municipal institutions, municipal public policies), but certain different rules, generate important differences in their processes and some divergence in their results.

Economic prospects for using the excursion potential of urban environments (case of Rostov-on-Don)

The article studies the issue of analyzing the possibilities of using urban objects for excursions from the point of view of economic benefits, since the tourism component is present in the economy of any city. Tourism and excursion services bring income to the city budget, the article considers the features of using excursion services at the facilities of the urban environment of Rostov-on-Don.

EVALUATION OF EFFICIENCY OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES OF THE TERRITORIAL COMMUNITY IN THE KRYVY RIH CITY MANAGEMENT UNDER CONDITIONS OF DECENTRALIZATION

Objective. The objective of the study is to assess the effectiveness of the financial resources management of the territorial community of the Kryvyi Rih city in the context of decentralization and to identify the alternative sources of funding for the city development based on the effectiveness of the formation, the use of its budget and tax capacity. Methods. In preparing the article, general and special methods of scientific research of economic processes are used, in particular, a systematic approach, comparison, grouping, detailing, generalization, methods of statistical analysis, and others. Results. The possibilities of the formation of an effective budget of the territorial community on the example of the Kryvyi Rih city are investigated. It is determined that the revenues are given a central place in ensuring the financial independence of the territorial community, and the local taxes and fees are the main source of increasing the local budget. The analysis of the state of execution of budget revenues of the city of Kryvyi Rih for 2018–2020 is carried out. It is noted that despite the numerous crisis phenomena, including the COVID-19 pandemic, the city ensured the implementation of the budget by 87.7 % for the period of the 2020 year. It is emphasized that it is impossible to speak about the effectiveness of the formation of the revenue side of the city budget without an analysis of the expenditures, especially in terms of comparing social expenditures and expenditures aimed at ensuring the strategic economic development programs. The analysis of the state of the execution of the budget expenditures in Kryvyi Rih for 2018–2020 allowed the authors to make a conclusion about the social direction of the expenditure policy, which is characterized by a constant increase in the need for the financial resources for the social expenditures and requires the constant growth of the local budget revenues. However, in the context of the general economic instability and the long-term development of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is difficult for the city to compensate for losses and to ensure the effective development. The authors offered a set of the strategically important measures that will help increase revenues to the city’s budget. Among these measures: strengthening the fruitfulness of cooperation with stakeholders in terms of job creation; development of economic platforms to promote the convergence of the interests of participants in the resource system, formed on the model of the interaction between the government and business and the formation of the economic basis of the community development and the joint social responsibility of the government and business for the future of the community; creating a favorable business and investment environment for business development and taxation system culture.

Analysis of the Structure of the City Budget of the Last Third of the 19th — Early 20th Century (Based on the Materials of the Tashkent City Self-Government)

This article deals with the problem of the financial situation of Tashkent in the last third of the 19th — early 20th century on the basis of the materials of the office documentation of the Tashkent city self-government. These materials are contained in the funds of the Russian State Military Historical Archive, reflected on the pages of the pre-revolutionary local periodical. Based on the analysis of the income and expenditure estimates, the budget structure, sources of funds and their distribution are shown. The main problems in the financial sphere are identified, related to violations of the established deadline for the provision and approval of the city budget, with arrears, abuses of individual officials, which negatively affected the financial situation of the city. But despite these difficulties, some successes of the Tashkent city self-government in the socio-economic development of the city are noted.

Transport and infrastructure aspect of urban environment transformation in millionaire cities of Russia (on the example of railway transport in Perm)

One important field of modern complex research is the study of urban area transformation processes under the significant influence of changes in transport infrastructure, including railway infrastructure. Using the comparative method and the method of integral scoring, the authors of the article have evaluated how well suburban railway transport is developed in 14 millionaire cities of Russia. A special focus is on Volgograd, Krasnoyarsk, Samara and Kazan, which are all similar to Perm in terms of territorial and planning characteristics. One trend in organizing urban traffic is to develop off-street and high-speed transport (including railways), which is particularly important to Perm as the city is stretched along the Kama River. In the article we reveal that Perm has a high potential for increasing the role of railway transport in urban traffic organization. However, that potential is not fully reached because of the unsystematic approach to managing suburban railways at the regional and municipal levels; this has negative budgetary, financial, spatial and temporal consequences. The authors state that the project to eliminate the railway line from the station “Perm II” to the railway stop “Motovilikha” initiated by the regional authorities has negative consequences. It worsens the integral indicator characterizing the level of suburban railway transport development in the center of Perm Region and makes commuting longer and less comfortable for passengers. Also, it makes public transport in Perm less effective in terms of the city budget. The project will force people to use private cars and will make the city transport system less rational. Although the authorities state that the railway line hinders the integration of the Kama river embankment into the urban space, the authors of the article have not found sufficient evidence in support of that argument.

Possibilities for Harmonisation between Recreation Services and Their Production within the Forest Sector—A Case Study of Municipal Forest Enterprise Hradec Králové (CZ)

This paper deals with the possibility of harmonising the needs of society and the possibilities of the forest property manager. The Municipal forest enterprise of the city of Hradec Králové (MLHK) in the Czech Republic (CZ) is an example of this principle, which proves that the intensive development of a recreational service is possible without limiting this principle. The forest enterprise manages 3707 ha of forest in the immediate vicinity of the city with 92,000 inhabitants. The forest enterprise pays the city rent and makes a profit. The data were obtained by analysing the economic data of the surveyed company, the annual observation of the forest attendance, the surveys of the characteristics of the forest visitors and the surveys of selected 16 companies (from seven countries) managing the forests of some European cities. The main results concerning MLHK are as follows: the share of recreational service costs in the total costs of the forestry activities is 19.7%. The recreational services of the forest are financed from 71.5% from revenues from the sale of raw wood, 17.5% from revenues from the sale of sand from its own quarry, 3.9% from revenues from the recreational services and 7.1% from subsidies. The operation of the gravel quarry contributes to the economic result of the forest enterprise roughly by an amount corresponding to the costs of the recreational services. An average annual forest attendance is 243 people/ha. The inhabitants of the city account for 61.5% of the visitors, 20.4% of the visitors live within a distance of up to 30 km, and 18.1% of the visitors live at a distance of more than 30 km. The main results of the survey among the forest enterprises managing the forests of the selected European cities are as follows: the share of costs for the recreational services in the total costs of the forestry activities is 21–72% for cities with a population of over 100,000, and 3–14% for cities with less than 100,000 inhabitants. As a source of financing recreational services, the forest enterprises from mentioned cities with over 100,000 inhabitants, the money especially came from the city budget (70–100%). Forest enterprises from cities under 100,000 inhabitants stated that they fund a recreational service with 95–100% of the revenues from the sale of raw wood. Data on the MLHK show that it is possible to finance a recreational forest service from its own resources if this is the owner’s priority. However, this only applies under certain conditions, such as that, in addition to the income from forest management, there are other sources of income (in this case, sand mining or subsidies from public programmes). If the forest owner did not have these resources, they would have to pay for the recreational service from their own other resources (e.g., from the city budget).

Municipal reliance on fine and fee revenues: How local courts contribute to extractive revenue practices in US cities

AbstractBy altering the distribution of fine and fee revenues, municipal courts provide a mechanism through which cash‐strapped city governments can increase revenues flowing into city budgets. Using a unique municipal court data set combined with city‐level financial information, this paper exploits state‐level differences in laws enabling municipal courts and differences in property tax effort across states to explore the relationship between local courts, fine and fee revenues, and municipal finances. I find that cities with municipal courts raise more fine and fee revenue than cities without a court; in cities with a court, reliance on these revenues decreases as per capita property tax yields increase; and these effects are more pronounced in cities in the bottom quartile of the population distribution. Taken together, results suggest that cities use municipal courts to fund the general operations of government and smaller cities and those with low property tax collections are more likely to do so.

Modern urbanization research tools and methods classification

The paper introduces the classification of modern urbanization research tools and scientific research methods. Urbanization is a prominent field of multidisciplinary study that describes the population dynamics, land use changes, land cover and green areas, traffic and architectural city planning and many others. The paper deals with issues of research classification, what are the main subfield of urbanization research and which scientific methods can be used in each of them. This paper explores the main urbanization research tools, such as computational, map and information and smart city toolsets. Key component of any of the above-mentioned tools is data. We classified data by its application and research subfield that it is used at. Economics study is at the heart of any modern urban scientific work. City budget, cost of living in the city, employment data and land prices are among the most widely used fields of research in this area. The paper highlights that city growth and development, Urbanization patterns, and spatial planning and distribution are prominent subfields of urbanization economics research. The article purpose is to address the challenges any new researcher encounters is lack of extensive overview and classification of available tools. The advancement in computer science and current state of computational capabilities allow for real time system modeling and geospatial data visualization in 3D. In addition to this, article presents the urbanization scientific methodology research process. This process can serve as foundation for future scientific efforts and work in urbanization and adjacent fields.

Еconomic principles and ecological consequences of land use in urban and suburban areas

The paper analyses the underlying economic factors of the large cities, urban center in different geographical regions. It describes the ecological consequences of extensive land use in the urban region, determine the expenses of the city budget of the ecology related factors, such as trash collection and utilization, carbon emissions reduction, level of green areas, costs of their maintenance and sustainable development. The future projections are based on the Paris climate agreement and national or city level plan of sustainable development till 2035. The article deals with difference of income, land prices and land use models of the large cities, how they are different and like other metapolicies worldwide and in the geographical region. The paper examined the issue of how government regulate land use in the context of the large city, legal status of the cities and what role they pay in economic development. The determining economic principles that were introduced in this research are land prices for different use cases, such as industrial, commercial, and residential relative to general level of economic development of the city. Other key factors are rent prices withing the context of income and number of employees, corporations that operate in the city. Following cities Shanghai, New York, Mexico City, Paris, and Kyiv, were picked to analyze the land use patterns, ecology related expanse and future forecast modeling. In this paper we highlighted several key differences between those cities. Size of the urban land area and metropolitan areas are where most of differences are. While the geographical boundaries of the core city itself or the downtown areas produced similar results, regardless of the city geographical or economic development levels. Results of economic modeling of the ecological related budget spending, sustainable development 2035 plan, highlight that cities with larger budgets, such as NY city or Shanghai, spend relatively to the total sum less on the ecology, while cities that encountered with ecological problems, such as Mexico City, plan to spend more on the future sustainable development. At the same time, some cities in the countries that signed Paris agreement, do not have specific economical plans on future development, such as Kyiv.

Participatory Budgeting in Brno – Inspiration for Other Cities?

Purpose: Literature offers many benefits associated with participatory budgeting. However, the implementation of participatory budgeting (influenced by many factors) is unique in every country, and it cannot be linked only to advantages. Presenting the advantages and disadvantages of participatory budgeting can extend the theoretical knowledge and better understand this field. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the development of participatory budgeting in the Czech Republic. It focuses on the implementation and results of participatory budgeting in Brno's city (the second-largest city in the Czech Republic), which introduced the concept in 2017. Design/Methodology/Approach: The analysis of participatory budgeting is based on a critical analysis of recent literature. In the empirical part, we focused on the implementation of participatory budgeting in Brno. We have analyzed a few factors: voting results, the size of the participatory budget, and winning projects. A qualitative method was applied to synthesize this research. Findings: When assessing participatory budgeting in Brno, we identified both the positive and negative aspects of its implementation. To sum up, we have observed that during the three years of participatory budgeting in Brno, the negative aspects outweighed the positive aspects. Practical Implications: This study's results can help other municipalities of similar size with a decision whether (and how) to implement participatory budgeting. Likewise, it can help other cities to avoid some mistakes. Originality/Value: This paper extends existing findings mentioned in many scientific studies by referring to the Czech experience where negative aspects of participatory budgeting can outweigh its positive aspects.

Prospects for reducing the volume of the regional shadow real estate market of St. Petersburg in the context of digitalization of society

The paper discusses the reduction of losses from the shadow economy in the city of St. Petersburg of the Russian Federation. 230 households representing different sectors of society were analyzed. Based on the analysis, an econometric model was developed, with the help of which it was possible to calculate the effectiveness of increasing the proposed non-linear tax rate, as well as the amount of losses that the city budget loses annually, due to the concealment of rental income. Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that with the help of advanced digital tools for tracking the availability of property and generating income from it, the city budget can receive a fairly significant part of the income that can be used in good state intentions. In addition, the paper presents an analytical structure of the state of households of state and municipal employees living and working in St. Petersburg, as well as deputies of various levels. The amount of income that the city does not receive due to the shadow real estate rental market is estimated at $ 4.4 million annually, which is a very significant indicator for Russia.

Novosibirsk and the Budgetary Problems of a Large City

ABSTRACT The article discusses the factors and conditions determining the population concentration and economic activity of the largest cities and agglomerations in the Russian Federation. It is shown that in addition to market volumes, labor quality, scaling effects, and higher innovative activity resulting from competition, budgetary structure and budgetary policy play an important role in the advanced development of large Russian cities. Using Novosibirsk as an example, the article analyzes the expenditures of the Russian budgetary system in a Russian city and shows that the expenditures of the city budget are less than one-third of the total expenditures of the budgetary system inside the city’s territory. The Novosibirsk budget reveals the main trends in the dynamics of its budget indicators. The structure of the city’s budget is evaluated in terms of both the revenue gathered directly on its territory and its dependence on funds transferred from the regional budget. By analyzing budgetary resources, the article identifies the main areas of spending inside the territory of Novosibirsk.

Handling COVID-19 through Accelerating the Local Government Budget

COVID-19 causes health, economic and social problems throughout the world, including Indonesia and Malang City, in particular, therefore regional financial policies are needed as an effort to overcome them. This study aims to analyze and describe the acceleration of Malang City Budget adjustment in 2020 in the framework of handling COVID-19, as well as the driving and inhibiting factors, by referring to the theory of public policy implementation and the concept of regional finance. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Data from observations, interviews, and documentation were analyzed through the condensation stage, presentation, and drawing conclusions or verification. The results showed that the first and second APBD (Regional Budget) adjustments were made before central government instructions. The third stage of adjustment is a continuation of the previous two stages. The first stage adjustment results in IDR. 2,150,000,000. The second stage generates IDR. 83,900,000.00, which is reallocated for social assistance in the amount of IDR.26,244,000,000, the provision of health equipment and facilities for IDR. 26,900,000, and a reserve fund of IDR.30,756,000,000. The third phase of APBD adjustments resulted in IDR.210,720,000,000. This figure also shows the Malang City APBD deficit. Policies have been implemented successfully and quickly according to the provisions because the implementers, namely TAPD (Local Government Budget Team), have adequate understanding, attitude, and speed in coordinating and managing budgets. The availability of a budget that is not prepared by the community to face the new standard era is challenging in adjusting the APBD. Recommended that the Malang City Government form a special team to conduct studies and design concrete productive programs and encourage Malang City Budget in the pandemic and post-pandemic era to reduce dependency, as well as prepare human Resources.

HANDLING COVID-19 THROUGH ACCELERATING THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT BUDGET (Policy Implementation Study About Acceleration Local government budget)

Covid-19 causes health, economic and social problems throughout the world, including Indonesia and Malang City, in particular, therefore regional financial policies are needed as an effort to overcome them. This study aims to analyze and describe the acceleration of Malang City Budget adjustment in 2020 in the framework of handling Covid-19, as well as the driving and inhibiting factors, by referring to the theory of public policy implementation and the concept of regional finance. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Data from observations, interviews, and documentation were analyzed through the condensation stage, presentation, and drawing conclusions or verification. The results showed that the first and second APBD (Regional Budget) adjustments were made before central government instructions. The third stage of adjustment is a continuation of the previous two stages. The first stage adjustment results in IDR. 2,150,000,000, -. The second stage generates IDR. 83,900,000.00, which is reallocated for social assistance in the amount of IDR.26,244,000,000, - the provision of health equipment and facilities for IDR. 26,900,000, and a reserve fund of IDR.30,756,000,000. The third phase of APBD adjustments resulted in IDR.210,720,000,000. This figure also shows the Malang City APBD deficit. Policies have been implemented successfully and quickly according to the provisions because the implementers, namely TAPD (Local Government Budget Team), have adequate understanding, attitude, and speed in coordinating and managing budgets. The availability of a budget that is not prepared by the community to face the new standard era is challenging in adjusting the APBD. Recommended that the Malang City Government form a special team to conduct studies and design concrete productive programs and encourage Malang City Budget in the pandemic and post-pandemic era to reduce dependency, as well as prepare human Resources.

Going Beyond the Smart City? Implementing Technopolitical Platforms for Urban Democracy in Madrid and Barcelona

ABSTRACT Digital platforms for urban democracy are analyzed in Madrid and Barcelona. These platforms permit citizens to debate urban issues with other citizens; to propose developments, plans, and policies for city authorities; and to influence how city budgets are spent. Contrasting with neoliberal assumptions about Smart Citizenship, the technopolitics discourse underpinning these developments recognizes that the technologies facilitating participation have themselves to be developed democratically. That is, technopolitical platforms are built and operate as open, commons-based processes for learning, reflection, and adaptation. These features prove vital to platform implementation consistent with aspirations for citizen engagement and activism.

Optimization of waste management in developing countries with spatial approaches (Study case: Depok City and Curitiba City)

Waste management is a challenge for city authorities in developing countries especially due to increase of waste. The burden that is incurred on the city budget as a result of the high costs associated with its management and lack of understanding of the diversity of factors that influence the various stages of management. Comparative and descriptive analysis are utilized in this paper to observe the differences that arise at various levels of the administration so that they can be analysed. Data are collected from journal publications starting in 2013-2019. This paper compares how the handling of waste management has used a spatial approach starting from the Asian, Indonesian, and Depok levels. The purpose of this research is to find out what areas of waste management can be solved by spatial approaches, and recommendations for solutions that can be applied to the Depok City based on success story in other countries or regions. The Depok City already has a community-based approach that runs the trash bank. However, the waste bank is still ineffective, despite the low level of waste collection in Depok City. The optimization of waste management in Depok City can be improved its accuracy using spatial approach.