City Authorities Research Articles

Enhancing Change Management for Improved Public Service Delivery: A Study of Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA)

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the role of change management in improving service delivery within government parastatals in Uganda, specifically focusing on the Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA). It explored the enabling factors for change management on service delivery and assessed the effects of change management on service delivery within these parastatals. Methodology: The study employed a cross-sectional and exploratory approach, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative methods. The study population consisted of 298 participants from various departments within KCCA. Data collection methods included self-administered questionnaires, interviews with key informants, and documentary reviews. The study instruments were validated using the Content Validity Index, and reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and bivariate regression, while qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis. Findings: The study concluded that the enabling factors for change management on service delivery in government parastatals in Uganda are not well understood. Additionally, it found that change management does have a significant impact on service delivery within these institutions. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy (recommendations): Based on the conclusions, it is recommended that KCCA administrators enhance service delivery through a more holistic approach to change management. This should involve addressing various enabling factors and components of the change management framework to optimize service delivery outcomes.

Developing an Ideal Change Management Framework for Enhancing Service Delivery in Government Parastatals: A Case Study of Kampala Capital City Authority in Uganda.

Purpose: This study aims to develop an ideal change management framework specifically tailored to government parastatals in Uganda, focusing on the Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA), to enhance service delivery. Methodology: The research adopted a cross-sectional and exploratory approach, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative methods. The study population comprised 298 participants from various departments within KCCA. Data collection involved self-administered questionnaires, interviews with key informants, and documentary review. Validation of study instruments was conducted using the Content Validity Index, and reliability was assessed through Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and bivariate regression, while qualitative data underwent content analysis. Findings: The study concluded that the change management process for service delivery in government parastatals in Uganda is well-defined. However, the ideal change management framework necessary for improving service delivery among these parastatals remains unidentified. Recommendations: Based on the findings, it is recommended that KCCA administrators adopt a more holistic approach to change management, addressing various enabling factors and components necessary to enhance service delivery effectively.

Migration and mobilisation in New York during the First World War

ABSTRACT This article examines the impact of the First World War on immigration into New York from 1914 into the 1920s. From the nineteenth century onwards, New York had become the destination for global migration as individuals sought to settle in the city or the wider United States. Millions had passed through the immigration points in New York by the beginning of the twentieth century but the outbreak of war in 1914 suddenly brought this flow to a halt. Naval blockades, restrictions on civilian movement and mobilisation of economies in Europe ended what had been one of the most significant migration routes in modern human history. The impact on the city of this curtailment brought fear and anxiety to the streets. New York’s population was overwhelmingly made up of first or second-generation immigrants in 1914 and a concern that the war could be ‘exported’ to the United States through New York created anti-immigrant concern amongst the city and federal authorities. This created a wartime culture in New York that – at least for the duration of the conflict – removed its status as a city of immigrants and instilled a sense that the metropolis should be remade as ‘American’.

Normative influence on intention to segregate household waste: Reflections from a low-middle income city in urban Africa

ABSTRACT Household waste segregation is crucial for better domestic waste management, successful material recovery programs, environmental pollution reduction, and the promotion of circular economies. While prevalent in developed nations, global adoption of household waste segregation is lacking, particularly evident in emerging economies where city authorities grapple with mounting volumes of mixed waste. Our study, conducted in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area, surveyed 1,245 households using a multi-stage sampling technique. Employing structural equation modeling, we assessed how descriptive, injunctive, and moral norms influence individuals’ intention to segregate household waste, considering sociodemographic attributes and policy effectiveness. Findings underscore the significance of descriptive and moral norms, affirming their impact on pro-environmental behaviors. The study reiterates the influential role of education, age, and neighborhood characteristics in moderating these norms and recommends the implementation of persuasive policies, like waste-for-cash incentives, backed by logistical support, infrastructure, and public education to foster household waste segregation and elevate waste management practices.

Forms of perpetuating the historical memory of the Heroes of the Soviet Union in urban toponymy (using the example of commissar Moskovsky Street in Tambov)

Importance. The activities of the Tambov city authorities, public organizations and institutions, their motives in the work on the preservation of military historical memory in the urban enviro nment during the second half of the 20th – beginning of the 21th century on the example of perpetuating the memory of the first Hero of the Soviet Union from Tambov region – A.N. Moskovsky, are considered. The importance of the research lies in the fact that the use of trends in modern historical science, namely, an interdisciplinary approach to research, political history and historical urbanism, allows us to obtain qualitatively new knowledge about the activities of the Russian cities authorities (based on Tambov materials) to preserve military historical memory in urban toponymy and objects of monumental art during the second half of the 20th century – the beginning of the 21th century.Materials and Methods. The methodological basis of the research is based on the principles of consistency, historicism, and objectivity. Comparative historical, problem and chronological methods are used. The research is based on such general scientific methods as analysis, synthesis, generalization, and systematization. The main sources of the research are archival materials stored in the State Archive of Tambov Region, the State Archive of Socio-political History of Tambov Region, published and posted on the Internet, as well as materials in the funds of the Museum and Exhibition Center of Tambov Region.Results and Discussion. The features of the ideological work of local authorities on the development of military historical memory are analyzed. The patterns and continuity of approaches in the military historical work of the city authorities at different chronological stages are revealed. The mechanisms of preserving the memory of a particular hero, senior political instructor, commissar A.N. Moskovsky, are investigated. The forms of historical and patriotic information about the objects of urban toponymy and monumental art created during the development of the urban environment, concerning the perpetuation of the memory of A.N. Moskovsky, are highlighted.Conclusion. As a result of studying the problem, conclusions are drawn about the multi-faceted approach in the work of city authorities, institutions and public organizations for the preservation of military historical memory in the region.

ДЕРЖАВНА КОНЦЕПЦІЯ «РОЗУМНОГО МІСТА» ТА «РОЗУМНОГО СЕЛА» ЯК ПРІОРИТЕТ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНУ

Along with the “smart city”, it is planned to implement the “smart village” project in post-conflict areas. In international practice, Smart Village means solving the main problems facing the rural population and, more importantly, creating new economic opportunities in rural areas. “Smart village” technologies are digitization, thinking beyond the boundaries of the village, a new format of cooperation between the village and adjacent regions. We can also block the possibility of a cycle of decline by applying smart village technologies in liberated areas. Also, the use of “smart village” technologies will create conditions for the widespread dissemination of social innovations, micro and small start-up businesses among the rural population of these territories. In conclusion, smart city and smart village, the application of technology can transform the Karabakh region into a tourism pearl created by the unity of artificial intelligence and the natural beauty of the world, and at the same time an innovative start. The aim of the article is analysis and characteristics of the state concept of "Smart city" and "Smart village" as a priority of the national economy of Azerbaijan. Methods used in the study: comparative analysis, gradient, detailing and generalization, rating and grouping, etc. The hypothesis of the study. One of the current areas of scientific research is the sphere of living environment, which from the field of Smart Homes is currently developing into the field of Smart City, Smart Transport System, etc. Presentation of the main material. Currently, there is a rapid change in information and communication technologies (ICT). The emerging changes affect network technologies, computing and communication devices themselves, as well as data processing. As a result, information technologies are used in more and more areas of human life and economic life. Today, cities have become a major force in economic development and are central to production, consumption networks, defining social and economic relationships, and now provide a significant share of the gross domestic product of many countries. Cities have come to play a major role in national, regional and global development. The quality of people's lives depends on them. Therefore, today, more than ever, they are subject to special requirements, such as the availability of accessible urban infrastructure, high mobility, safety of urban areas, environmental friendliness, and developed urban self-government. For example, there is a whole direction that studies the growth of urban settlements, population concentration, and socio-economic changes. This direction is called urbanization. In 2008, the urban population was equal to the rural population. According to UN forecasts, by 2050, 85% of the population will live in cities. Thus, governments and city authorities are faced with new tasks that must not only solve a whole range of emerging problems, but also carry out a radical transformation of cities. The important point is a detailed analysis, understanding of these problems, as well as the ability to consider various solution options. All of the listed problems as a result of active urbanization are the main triggers and forced processes of urban development and their transformation into “Smart Cities”. The originality and practical significance of the study. The main goal of Smart Village projects around the world is to prevent rural-to-urban migration. In other words, conditions must be created for residents of rural areas so that all the services that people can get in the city are easily accessible in villages. At the same time, it is necessary to create more income and employment opportunities for rural residents. The third point is the creation of full-fledged conditions to ensure access of rural residents to public services. In other words, in the Smart Village concept, the difference between rural and urban areas has practically disappeared in terms of service, profit generation, and use of public services. Conclusions. According to the Smart Village concept, process electronization expands production capabilities. “Smart Village” is an automated, centrally managed and jointly managed system of the entire platform, from irrigation to tillage, harvesting, and also involves the use of the most advanced technologies and technology transfer. Integration of this system into other areas of rural infrastructure – alternative energy sources and a modern transport system - will complete the Smart Village concept.

Exploring the street economy in African cities: A review of practices, regulatory policies, and challenges of urban governance in Ghana

ABSTRACT This paper explores the governance and resilience of the urban street economy in Ghanaian cities as a reflection of the operational features of informality in African cities. The paper draws on a comprehensive review of secondary documents to explore the practices, policy regulation, urban governance challenges, and resilience of the street economy in urban Ghana. Findings show that eviction, relocation, harassment, and merchandise confiscation are the orthodox policy measures by city authorities for managing and regulating street vending. Nevertheless, the street economy continuously reproduces and spatially redistributes itself across the urban landscape, exemplifying its resilience despite state intolerance and repression. The paper concludes by recommending that city authorities embrace street vending, and by extension, urban informality, as a part of Southern urbanism and, therefore, develop more inclusive and less hostile policies to regulate such activities.

Narrowing down the drivers of flood risk in medium-sized sub-Saharan African cities: insights from the Greater Kumasi Metropolitan Area, Ghana

ABSTRACT Literature on the drivers of flooding in sub-Saharan Africa is mostly focused on large and megacities, despite the majority of cities in the region being medium- and small-sized. We conducted a systematic review using 27 peer-reviewed scientific papers selected following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocols using the Greater Kumasi Metropolitan Area (GKMA), Ghana, as a case study, and validated the results in a workshop attended by 51 stakeholders. We found that the reported drivers of flood risk in GKMA are land cover changes (61.5%) (e.g. wetlands degradation); governance challenges (16.2%); challenges with drainage (13%); extreme rainfall (6.5%); and apathy towards nature (3.2%). We conclude that floods in GKMA are overwhelmingly human induced through unsustainable urbanization processes that are so rapid that city authorities are unable to properly control them. Also, a holistic understanding of flood risk is missing since majority of the included papers rather used qualitative methodologies.

An Analysis of User Perceptions Towards Public Parking Management in Kampala City

The parking problems in Kampala City have become more pronounced due to the increasing vehicle numbers resulting from a growth in population and income levels. Understanding public perceptions and the various stakeholders’ parking needs and preferences is fundamental for identification of priority areas for improvement. This paper assessed the user perceptions of public parking management and the parking needs and preferences for various stakeholders in Kampala City. The study was evaluative and employed a cross sectional research design with a range of data diverse triangulation quantitative and qualitative techniques. From 328 questionnaires, participants were asked to assess fifteen (15) public parking management attributes from a point of view of their satisfaction. Also, a public parking stakeholder analysis was done and the level of influence by each stakeholder category in regards to parking management in the city and their parking needs and preferences were established. The study results revealed- that the customer satisfaction Index (CSI) of parkers was 52.4% indicating a relatively lower satisfaction level of the parking management in Kampala. From the fifteen public parking management attributes, four (4) of them to include affordability of parking, availability of parking spaces, accessibility to parking spaces and as well Safety and security were accorded the greatest importance. While thirteen (13) public parking stakeholders in Kampala City that included Ministry of Works and Transport (MoWT), Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA), Multiplex Limited, Private Parking suppliers, public transport operators, Business Community, Commuters, Private Car Drivers, Logistics Vehicles, Traffic Police, Residents, shoppers and tourists and the academia were identified. The study recommends prioritization of those factors that parkers deem very important by the relevant authorities, stakeholder involvement in parking planning and management, establishment of an efficient enforcement and control mechanism, having a public parking vision with clear goals and objectives and as well the use of technology to enhance efficiency for both parkers and parking suppliers.

Responsible urban development policy: criteria, subjects, prospects

This article examines the primary directions of contemporary urban development policy, along with the issues and contradictions associated with its scientific research and practical implementation. The study aims to conceptualize the concept of “responsible urban development” as a complex of approaches and practices that hold promise for integration into practical urban and regional development policies, and to typologize potential approaches to implementing such policies. The authors use an institutional approach, the methodology of identity studies, the structural-functional approach and a case study. The article investigates quantitative and qualitative indicators, the key challenges and tasks of urban development policy, with a particular focus on the resources of modern urban development. The authors note that relying on a limited set of indicators does not provide the capacity for decision-making necessary to update and transform urban development policy to ensure its ability to promptly and flexibly respond to the numerous problems and challenges arising under conditions of socio-political instability. The article addresses and analyses several cases of contemporary urban development and the implementation of corresponding policies. Based on this analysis, the authors conclude that one of the central and most pressing issues in the policy of responsible urban development and the socio-political dynamics of cities is the inefficiency of the communication process between civil actors and stakeholders, on the one hand, and city authorities and the city administration, on the other. This communication deficit can only be partially addressed through digitalization, as the primary obstacles to improved communication are administrative barriers and the dominance of the interests of certain groups, such as large corporations and financial institutions.

A Socio-Political Aspect of Housing and Communal Sanitation in the USSR, 1950s–1960s (Based on Materials of Leningrad and Vyborg)

Introduction. The article examines the interactions between the sanitary service, other departments, and city residents in the 1950s and 1960s to improve sanitary conditions, using the examples of Leningrad and Vyborg. It shows how the level of housing safety increased as the state allocated material resources to service organizations and improved sanitary standards. Methods and materials. The article is based on materials from the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Central City Archive of St. Petersburg, and the Leningrad Oblast Archive, and a number of newspaper publications. Minutes of meetings, reports and explanatory notes, and citizens’ appeals to various authorities show that littered exits, uncollected cesspools, irregular cleaning of adjoining territories, and mountains of garbage often became a source of epidemics. Analysis. These problems were addressed as communication between government agencies and the public evolved. The legislative framework governing sanitary safety in cities was formed as early as the 1930s. The situation was aggravated by the lack of education of the population, which did not want to comply with sanitary rules. Solving the problem required concerted work by authorities, academics, and community activists. In order to reduce the risks of disease for city residents, city authorities organized trash pickups, lectures for citizens with representatives of sanitation services, etc. Thus, practices were formed to maintain compliance with the necessary norms. Results. The identified features of the implementation of housing and communal sanitation norms give the idea that established communication between government and public organizations was a channel for reducing the risks of epidemics and the comfort of the dwelling. Increased use of specialized machinery that allowed for garbage collection and a number of other problems was able to accelerate sanitation problems. This article illustrates how the risks – the high likelihood of epidemics – forced the state and citizens to seek effective ways to develop and maintain sanitary standards. The successful development of practices was thus related to the development of the necessary infrastructure and the awareness of city residents of the benefits of complying with practices.

Indicator-based risk assessments for urban hazard resilience: an application for flash floods

ABSTRACT Urban resilience to environmental hazards can be substantially improved if proactive planning is mainstreamed as a risk mitigation strategy. To enable such transition, a resource-efficient and transparent framework is urgently needed for undertaking vulnerability and risk assessments, to consequently inform risk-aware proactive planning on spatially variable assets with very diverse characteristics. This study proposes an indicator-based risk-assessment framework, for efficiently treating the spatially distributed diverse physical and social components comprising a city network. The proposed framework decomposes the risk to its three main dimensions, i.e. hazard, exposure and vulnerability; with the latter accounting for both the susceptibility of the city network to the considered hazard and its capacity to cope. The inclusion of the capacity to cope as a distinct element, that accounts for both city and building-block level preparatory actions, is a unique feature, much sought in Decision Support Systems, that allows to directly quantify their effectiveness towards risk mitigation. The outcome of spatially variable risk estimates, could be exploited by urban planners and city authorities for undertaking risk-aware urban design, development and resilience enhancement decisions. The framework is demonstrated herein for the case of flash floods but could be tailored to accommodate other types of environmental hazards.

Green spaces in Ghana’s built environment: Analyzing perceptions and urban planning perspectives through the lens of the New Environmental Paradigm

In the busy world of city growth, urban green spaces in Ghana are befallen with destruction due to urbanization. Using a cross-sectional design and case-studying Damongo and Kintampo, this study assessed the perceptions of urban residents and urban planning perspectives about green spaces in enhancing the environmental condition of fast-growing urban areas, and proposed guidelines for the managing green spaces within Ghana’s built environment. The results revealed that underutilization and insufficient funding for greenspace management increase vulnerability to urban encroachment, especially during inward city growth. Again, the exhaustion of the limited resources of the earth could have repercussions for the population of the earth; however, the need for such resources and the level of poverty influences poor environmental decisions. Further, the results showed that planning for urban green and open space ought to be decided at the local level. The study, therefore, recommends a collaborative approach involving city authorities, private sectors, and the public for effective green space management, emphasizing inclusive decision-making and active preservation, and the development of local standards within a national framework, guided by an urban green spaces protection scheme.

Analyzing the spatio-temporal pattern of urban growth and its influence on urban heat islands in the Sekondi-Takoradi metropolis, Ghana

The rapid urbanization in Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana has significantly transformed the land cover, resulting in the proliferation of impervious surfaces and a decline in vegetation. However, the influence of this urban growth on the development of urban heat islands (UHIs) in the metropolis remains understudied. This study aimed to fill this research gap by employing Landsat images to explore the influence of urban growth on urban heat islands in the metropolis from 1991 to 2023. The supervised random forest technique was utilized to map the land cover changes. Furthermore, the computed normalized difference built-up index (NDBI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), land surface temperature (LST), and urban thermal field variance index (UTFVI) were used to analyze the influence of urban expansion on UHIs. The findings revealed a 63.07 km2 increase in built-up areas and a 60.99 km2 decrease in vegetation cover during the study period. This dramatic land use change led to a 3.1°C rise in mean LST and a 19.38 km2 expansion of areas affected by the UHI effect. The UTFVI analysis further indicated a 33.63 km2 increase in the worst ecological zone due to the temperature rise. Statistical analysis between LST, NDVI, and NDBI revealed significant variability in explaining the intensity of LST and UHI in the metropolis over the study period. The study equips city authorities and planners with the fundamental knowledge needed to prepare a sustainable development plan that alleviates adverse effects of urban growth and elevated temperature-related issues. Also, the findings contribute to the global efforts in promoting more livable and climate-resilient urban environments.

Compulsory acquisition of property for urban densification in South Africa: an answer to the chronic housing backlog?

ABSTRACT The cities are rapidly sprawling in South Africa, despite the city authorities’ attempts at containing the sprawl. This has signalled the need for strong urban densification policy which – if properly designed and implemented – promises to yield several benefits such as smart, inclusive, equitable and sustainable cities. Densification policy can also facilitate access to adequate housing which remains a challenge in South Africa where millions of people are inadequately housed, if not homeless. Using a qualitative investigation and literature review to analyse the relevant policies and case law, this article investigates whether a legally sound argument can be developed for compulsory acquisition of property to be deployed as a mechanism to facilitate enhanced access to housing for the poor and marginalised. Put differently, the article asks whether compulsory acquisition could be an ideal method of facilitating densification to ramp up housing provision across the country. The findings suggest that urban densification policy is a necessary intervention in that regard. Compulsory acquisition of property is advanced as an optimal method to achieve this endeavour.

Urban sprawl, urban form, and urban land use pattern: examining urban planning response to the causes and effects of urban sprawl in Kumasi, Ghana

ABSTRACT Unplanned urbanization continues to threaten the sustainability of cities in the global south. This study seeks to assess the urban planning response to the effects of sprawl on the urban form and land use pattern of Kumasi. The study relied on geospatial techniques to determine changes in land use patterns, landforms, and sprawl. A qualitative research approach was used to examine urban planning response to the causes and effects of urban sprawl in Kumasi. The results of this study show that the higher the urbanization rate, the more the built-up area increases, causing a significant loss of natural assets such as farmlands. In terms of shape, the research showed that the Greater Kumasi Metropolis has shifted from the historically monocentric city structure to a polycentric city. The city currently has multiple centers or subcentres for commercial, cultural, and social activities. In spite of all the threats posed by urban sprawl on the metropolis, there no clear policy intervention put in place to address the adverse effects of sprawl in the Greater Kumasi Metropolis. The researchers recommend that city authorities should adopt the compact city approach to control the high rate of sprawl to promote densification.

KAJIAN YURIDIS ATAS PENGADAAN TANAH IBU KOTA NUSANTARA TERKAIT OBJEK TANAH ULAYAT MASYARAKAT ADAT DI PENAJAM PASER UTARA

The Government of Indonesia is currently undertaking the Nusantara Capital City project, which requires land acquisition for the construction of the new capital. This legal research aims to explore the proper procedures for land acquisition in the context of the Nusantara Capital City project, the legal protection for the indigenous communities of Penajam Paser Utara whose land is being used for the project, and the challenges encountered during the land acquisition process. The research employs a normative legal research method. The findings indicate that the land acquisition carried out by the government, specifically by the Nusantara Capital City Authority, complies with the requirements set by the applicable laws and regulations. However, despite this compliance, the legal protection for affected communities remains insufficient, and several challenges have been identified in the implementation of the land acquisition process. The conclusion is that while the procedures align with legal requirements, there is still a need for improved legal protection and resolution of the challenges faced during the land acquisition for the Nusantara Capital City project

Evaluation of energy potential of MSW in the Tamale metropolis, Ghana: An assessment of solid waste characteristics and energy content

ABSTRACT In the present investigation, a thorough examination of waste composition was undertaken in the Tamale Metropolis, Ghana. The methodology employed was carefully designed, incorporating both commercial and residential sectors as well as various socioeconomic classes. Source-based sampling of waste materials covered a range of locations, including households, markets, hotels, and restaurants, while socioeconomic-based categorization followed the zoning of the metropolis. Waste audit sampling involved collecting a total of 90 batches of solid waste over the three-month period from August to October 2023. The primary objectives were to physically characterize the waste and evaluate its chemical properties through proximate and ultimate analysis of waste fractions, aiming to determine the waste-to-energy potential and compatibility with waste-to-energy technologies. The study revealed that the Tamale Metropolis generates 176.1 tons/day of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) at a rate of 0.47 kg/capita/day. Organic matter constituted the majority (44.9%), followed by inert, miscellaneous, and plastic waste at 20% each. The remaining 14.3% comprised paper, metal, glass, leather, and textile components. Notably, the hospitality sector exhibited the highest organic matter content at 62.3%, contrasting with average households and markets at 44.9% and 13.1%, respectively. Moisture content ranged from 5.4% to 12.6%, volatile solids from 21.8% to 77.2%, and gross calorific values from 7.9 MJ/kg to 28.9 MJ/kg. Household waste demonstrated the highest energy content at 6693.8 kcal/kg, followed by hotels/restaurants (2003.94 kcal/kg) and markets (1883.62 kcal/kg). This study’s findings offer valuable insights that can inform the development of effective policies by regulatory bodies such as the Public Utility Regulatory Commission (PURC) and the Ghana Ministry of Energy, as well as city authorities like the Tamale Metropolitan Assembly and the Environmental Protection Agency. These insights can be used to address waste and energy challenges in the metropolis. Implications: The findings reveal critical insights with substantial implications for stakeholders and regulatory bodies. It emphasizes the waste-to-energy potential of various waste fractions, highlighting the need for sustainable municipal waste management strategies. Particularly, the high organic content in the hospitality sector presents significant energy recovery opportunities. For bodies like the Public Utility Regulatory Commission and the Ghana Ministry of Energy, this data is crucial for developing policies that support waste-to-energy technologies. Additionally, the Tamale Metropolitan Assembly and the Environmental Protection Agency can use these insights to improve local waste management practices, customizing interventions to address specific sectoral waste composition. The study also underlines the importance of ongoing monitoring to ensure the effectiveness of these strategies over time.

ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИЯ УСЛУГ ПОЧТОВОЙ СВЯЗИ НА ПРИМЕРЕ РАЗВИТИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ЭЛЕКТРОННОЙ ПОЧТОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ

In this article, the authors consider the digitalization of postal services in the Russian Federation as an innovative process at the level of the state email system of Russian Post JSC. The authors analyze the history and legal basis for the creation of the federal postal organization JSC Russian Post - a state electronic mail system that provides legally significant communication for participants in city circulation, authorities and other organizations and citizens of the Russian Federation. The object of the study is the state electronic postal system, which has the status of an information system for the organization of federal postal services. The object of research is dozens of digitalization of the postal services sector as one of the phenomena of proactive state regulation of innovative development. The authors set themselves a scientific task - to analyze the creation and development of legally significant communications between participants in urban circulation, authorities and organizations and citizens of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is to analyze the creation of a state electronic postal system and the development of digitalization of postal services in the Russian Federation, to study the innovativeness of this system for communication between the state, business and the population of the world. For the author’s purposes, digitalization of the postal sector is considered as an object of innovative development. Complexes of decisions of governing bodies at different levels, regulations, data on the implementation of individual decisions, as well as the principles of functioning of the state e-mail system were studied, their continuity was noted and further development was noted. Qualitative and quantitative indicators of the education system are presented, reflecting its relevance among participants in information interaction. Based on the results of the analysis, the authors proposed ways to ensure the correct fundamentals of the functioning of the state e-mail system. The article substantiates the introduction of the state e-mail system as an effective mechanism of communication between government authorities, commercial and government organizations and citizens. These recommendations of the authors can be applied when developing proposals for improving the state e-mail system of JSC Russian Post, used to assess the effectiveness of state regulation in the area under consideration.

Urgensi Penerapan Prinsip Checks and Balances dalam Pengaturan Kepala dan Wakil Kepala Otorita IKN

This study explores the urgency of implementing the principle of checks and balances in the regulation of the Head and Deputy Head of the Nusantara Capital City Authority (IKN) according to Law Number 3 of 2022. The research addresses two main issues: (1) What are the roles and authorities of the Head and Deputy Head of the Nusantara Capital City Authority, and (2 What is the urgency of applying the principle of checks and balances to the Head and Deputy Head of the IKN Authority? Using a normative juridical approach, this study finds that the Head of the Authority holds the primary authority in directing and managing the development of IKN, while the Deputy Head plays a significant supporting role in performing administrative and operational functions. The study underscores the importance of checks and balances in preventing abuse of power and enhancing transparency and accountability in decision-making. To achieve an ideal checks and balances framework, the study recommends a clear division of authority, robust oversight mechanisms, regular evaluations, transparent decision-making processes, and the involvement of external oversight bodies. The effective implementation of the checks and balances principle is expected to maintain the integrity and accountability in the governance of the Nusantara Capital City Authority.