City Area Research Articles

Assessing diurnal land surface temperature variations across landcover and local climate zones: Implications for urban planning and mitigation strategies on socio-economic factors

Rising temperatures and rapid urbanization globally reinforce the need to understand urban climates. We investigated the influence of land cover and local climate zones (LCZs) on diurnal land surface temperature (LST) in various seasons in greater Delhi region, India, and their implications on socio-economic factors. Day LST was the highest in the summer and night LST in the monsoon, which also had the lowest diurnal differences in LST. Higher height and density of built-up features contributed to greater heat at night. During the day, open built-up and vegetated areas experienced relatively less heat than their compact equivalents. The lowest diurnal difference was in medium height compact urban zones and tall vegetation. Social inequity in access to urban cooling was indicated by large low-income and heat-vulnerable populations inhabiting the hottest LCZs. This research highlighted that even in semi-arid and subtropical climates, spatial planning policy should consider both the seasonality and diurnal differences in temperature as much as appropriate morphologies for design of thermally comfortable and climate resilient urban spaces. These policies should address the evidenced social inequities in heat exposure to reduce the adverse health impacts on vulnerable groups and therefore contribute to wider societal and economic benefits of healthier populations.

A top-down spatial scenario approach for identifying the locations of rainwater harvesting sites in an urban region.

Alternative water sources are necessary in developing nations because surface water is not always accessible, and groundwater is depleted. In such situations, rainwater harvesting is considered a promising sustainable water resource management solution. Numerous studies have been conducted to determine suitable locations for rainwater harvesting (RWH) using bottom-up approaches applied to large watersheds. The bottom-up methods begin with various geographic criteria and end with regions suitable for RWH intervention, even considering the distance from settlements to be one of the criteria, excluding urban areas from RWH site identification. This study developed a top-down methodology that began with the distributed pinpoint locations of potential RWH sites, as determined by distributed flow accumulation values produced from a digital elevation model (DEM), and then filtered out the sites based on various criteria in the context of urban areas. The flow accumulation values were apportioned according to the flow-contributing area of each RWH site. Five flow-contributing areal scenarios corresponding to 1 km2, 2.5 km2, 5 km2, 7.5 km2, and 10 km2 were considered in this study, as it is challenging to choose a suitable location for RWH sites in urban zones for efficient water storage owing to a variety of land uses. Based on this technique, a case study was conducted in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, where it was found that the volumetric potential of rainwater storage is maximum (403,679,424.9 cu. m) for 1 km2 and minimum (169,951,322 cu. m) for 10 km2 flow contributing areal distribution per RWH site.

S469 Colon Cancer Awareness Among South Asians in the New York City Area

S469 Colon Cancer Awareness Among South Asians in the New York City Area

Conoce Tus Opciones: The Challenges of Communicating Rip Current Information in Spanish

Abstract Rip currents are poorly understood by the public and thus a leading cause of weather-related fatalities in the United States. Individuals who speak languages other than English, such as Spanish-speaking communities, have been historically underserved by communication efforts for natural hazards and thus are at additional risk from rip currents. In response, the National Weather Service (NWS) has developed rip current outreach tools translated into Spanish in recent years, though their efficacy has not been systematically tested. We therefore surveyed members of the Spanish-speaking community in the New York City area to gain insights into how the NWS two-page rip current informational brochure is working and possible improvements to be made. The English version of the brochure was also tested, and the results from the two languages were compared. Quantitative survey results indicate that while both brochures are generally effective, several changes could be made to improve clarity, especially for Spanish speakers, who found more issues with the Spanish version. For example, the translation of the term rip current itself used by the NWS, “corrientes de resaca,” was determined to be confusing by some Spanish speakers, as were other pieces of text with complex scientific terms. Moreover, certain graphics contained in the brochure were difficult to understand for users in both languages. The results of this work can be used by the NWS and other agencies to improve their Spanish risk communication tools and can also be used as a guide when translating scientific information into other languages. Significance Statement Rip currents, narrow channels of fast-moving water that can pull swimmers away from the shore, are among the leading weather-related killers in the United States yet are poorly understood by the public. Recent efforts to reduce society’s vulnerability to rip currents include the translation of outreach materials from English to Spanish. This study evaluated a new National Weather Service Spanish rip current informational brochure and compared it to the English version. The results show that while both the English and Spanish brochures were generally effective at communicating risk, the Spanish version had more issues, primarily surrounding the translation of scientific terms and phrases. Findings from this research can help guide scientists in designing improved non-English severe weather outreach products.

Epidemiological changes of scarlet fever before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Chongqing, China: a 19-year surveillance and prediction study

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the epidemiological changes in scarlet fever before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic (2005–2023) and predict the incidence of the disease in 2024 and 2025 in Chongqing Municipality, Southwest China.MethodsDescriptive analysis was used to summarize the characteristics of the scarlet fever epidemic. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was utilized to explore the distribution pattern of the disease, and the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model was constructed to predict its incidence in 2024 and 2025.ResultsBetween 2005 and 2023, 9,593 scarlet fever cases were reported in Chongqing, which resulted in an annual average incidence of 1.6694 per 100,000 people. Children aged 3–7 were the primary victims of this disease, with the highest average incidence found among children aged 6 (5.0002 per 100,000 people). Kindergarten children were the dominant infected population, accounting for as much as 54.32% of cases, followed by students (34.09%). The incidence for the male was 1.51 times greater than that for the female. The monthly distribution of the incidence showed a bimodal pattern, with one peak occurring between April and June and another in November or December. The spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that scarlet fever cases were markedly clustered; the areas with higher incidence were mainly concentrated in Chongqing’s urban areas and its adjacent districts, and gradually spreading to remote areas after 2020. The incidence of scarlet fever increased by 106.54% and 39.33% in the post-upsurge period (2015–2019) and the dynamic zero-COVID period (2020–2022), respectively, compared to the pre-upsurge period (2005–2014) (P < 0.001). During the dynamic zero-COVID period, the incidence of scarlet fever decreased by 68.61%, 25.66%, and 10.59% (P < 0.001) in 2020, 2021, and 2022, respectively, compared to the predicted incidence. In 2023, after the dynamic zero-COVID period, the reported cases decreased to 1.5168 per 100,000 people unexpectedly instead of increasing. The cases of scarlet fever are predicted to increase in 2024 (675 cases) and 2025 (705 cases).ConclusionsChildren aged 3–7 years are the most affected population, particularly males, and kindergartens and primary schools serving as transmission hotspots. It is predicted that the high incidence of scarlet fever in Chongqing will persist in 2024 and 2025, and the outer districts (counties) beyond urban zone would bear the brunt of the impact. Therefore, imminent public health planning and resource allocation should be focused within those areas.

An opinion survey of Delay in Road Construction in City Area and its effects

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the causes and effects of delays in road construction across various areas in Nepal. Its objective is to identify the key factors contributing to these delays and examine how they affect different stakeholders, including the general public, businesses, and the government.Method: This research used a mixed-method approach, combining a questionnaire survey with Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) to gather comprehensive data on road construction delays. Key stakeholders, particularly those impacted by road construction projects, were surveyed to collect their views on the causes of delays and the resulting consequences.Results: There is identified several major factors causing delays in road construction projects in Nepal including frequent government changes, alterations in project design, low labor productivity, inadequate planning, political interference and protection, and a shortage of resources. Conclusion: The study concludes that delays in road construction projects not only increase costs but also diminish public trust, growing public dissatisfaction. Stakeholders expressed frustration with the slow pace of construction, emphasizing its adverse effects on businesses, public health, and road safety.

Demographic and Clinical Features of Allergic Rhinitis Presenting at a Postgraduate Teaching Hospital

Allergic rhinitis is a common disorder that affects millions worldwide and it represents a global concern. Objective: To determine the frequency of clinical variables, and demographic pattern of the allergic rhinitis patients in the otorhinolaryngology outpatient department in a Teaching Hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat of Kulsumbai Valik Site Postgraduate Teaching Hospital Karachi from 1st July 2022 to 31st December 2023. The study comprised allergic rhinitis patients. A total of 750 patients were included in this study after diagnosing allergic Rhinitis mentioned on their prescription. Data were collected properly on a predesigned questionnaire. Variables included age, gender, socioeconomic status, residence, sneezing, itching in the eye and nose, rhinorrhea, nasal discharge, bluish pale nasal mucosa (Nasal Congestion), edematous turbinate, and headache. Data were entered in SPSS software version 23.0 and analyzed. Results: The mean age of patients were 39 ± 13 years. Male were reported 447 (59.6%) and female patients were 303 (40.4%). 390 (52%) patients have resided in Industrial areas while 360 (48%) patients were in city areas. The most common symptom was nasal itching 522 (69.6%) followed by rhinorrhea 492 (65%) and nasal discharge 465(62%). Conclusions: It was concluded that allergic rhinitis patients presenting at the ENT outpatient department showed that males were commonly affected with the productive age group 59% of males suffered from Allergic Rhinitis. The most frequent and common symptom was nasal itching (69.6%) followed by rhinorrhea (65%) and nasal discharge (62%).

Menyusun Display Barang dengan Data Mining Assosiation Rule Menggunakan Rapid Miner Algoritma FP-GROWTH

A cosmetic cheerful shop located in the Marelan area of Medan city is a shop that sells women's cosmetic equipment. The owner of a cheerful cosmetics shop is very disciplined in recording sales and purchases of goods. Every transaction is always recorded and stored in the Microsoft Excel application. Meanwhile, the Ceria Cosmetics store has been running since 2015 and has recorded lots of transactions, both sales and purchases. From 2015 until now the data has been increasing, and so far this data has only been a record and stored in a folder on the store's computer. From the piles of transaction data at the cheerful cosmetics store, the authors took the idea of research to utilize this pile of data. One of the applications of information technology that can be used to utilize the pile of data is the data mining technique. By using data mining, a pile of data from a cheerful cosmetic store can be used to find association patterns. And the application of data mining with association rules can use the FP-Growth algorithm. The FP-Growth algorithm can be used as an alternative to determine the most frequently occurring data set (frequent itemset) in a data set. Later, the combination patterns obtained in this study can be used to arrange the layout of goods (cosmetics) at the Ceria Cosmetics store in Medan Marelan.

Assessing the Relationship between Urban Heat Islands and Local Climate Zones during a Winter Period in the Coastal City of Balneário Camboriú/SC, Brazil

This research seeks to understand the link between urban heat island and urban cool island, which are the Local Climatic Zones (LCZ) and atmospheric systems during the winter season in the city of Balneário Camboriú, Southern Brazil. First, meteorological data on the urban environment was collected at 11 permanent points in the Balneário Camboriú metropolitan region. Next, a synoptic analysis of the dates was performed to understand the atmospheric systems operating in the region. Finally, the LCZs map created for the city in the World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools was used to correlate the magnitudes of the heat and cool islands found in Balneário Camboriú in the winter period. The results indicate that the increasing verticalization as a result of the construction of skyscrapers in Balneário Camboriú has a significant influence on local conditions for the occurrence of heat and cold islands. The findings indicate that LCZs with sparsely distributed buildings (LCZs 6, 8 and 9) and LCZs with dense vegetation (LCZ A) have lower intensity magnitudes of heat and cool conditions. The biggest magnitudes of heat and cool islands were reported in LCZs 1 and 3 during the timeframe. The synoptic analysis supports earlier research that points to atmospheric stability (Anticyclonic domain) as a favorable atmospheric setting for the emergence of urban heat and coolness islands.

Developing a model for measuring the spatial disability level of cities within the framework of barrier-free pedestrian accessibility: the case of Kırklareli City centre

The problem of disability is directly related to the physical barriers encountered in urban spaces. Pedestrian accessibility performance is a notable urban quality indicator. Universal design principles and barrier-free design standards are important in making urban spaces usable for everyone. However, projects in this context generally cover specific areas of cities. Bringing an entire city into compliance with barrier-free design standards requires high cost and time. Therefore, determining the spatial disability level of the urban texture and planning project stages constitute a critical process for local governments. This study proposes a model to measure the pedestrian accessibility performance of medium-sized cities with relatively walkable distances within the framework of spatial barriers and to identify priority intervention points. In this context, Kırklareli city centre was selected as a case study area. According to the model developed with the support of GIS, the “ideal accessibility network” is determined for the citizens, and the performance level is calculated by identifying the spatial barriers on this network. The model was developed using components that can be applied to any city and tested in a sample urban environment. This conceptual model contributes to urban science and local government policy by providing a monitoring mechanism for spatial disability that can be constantly tracked by citizens, and by supplying an information base for projects to be developed by local governments. It is hoped that this study will popularise pedestrian-oriented spatial design and control in cities where walkability is postponed due to the focus on wheeled vehicle mobility and where spatial barriers are felt only by disabled individuals.

Корректировка проекта планировки территории в целях комплексного развития

Land use in urban areas has been undergoing significant changes in recent years. The practical implementation of Law No. 494-FZ on the integrated development of urban areas, adopted in 2020, faces difficulties of both an objective and subjective nature. Public authorities continue to improve the mechanism of integrated development of territories on an ongoing basis for the successful implementation of the project. Amendments are made in respect of those territories whose borders have not been established and, accordingly, are not displayed on the urban zoning map. Often, the integrated development of territories is understood as the reconstruc-tion or demolition of dilapidated emergency housing, whereas this concept has a much broader meaning. In areas free from dilapidated housing, it means the design and construction of not only modern residential premises, but the construction of the entire infrastructure, starting from schools, kindergartens, clinics, pharmacies, etc. Territories and residential neighborhoods have been established on the territory of Krasnoyarsk, which fall into the zone of integrated development. Solving prob-lems related to the implementation of this project is relevant.

The Importance Of Implementing Financial Reporting Based On Sak EMKM In Improving MSMES Performance

One way to measure micro-small-medium enterprises’ (MSMEs) performance is by analyzing how they manage their financial reporting, that comply with the accounting standard for micro, small, medium entity (MSMEs), i.e. the Standar Akuntansi Keuangan Entitas Mikro Kecil Menengah (SAK EMKM). The standard performance was published in january 1, 2018. MSMEs in Madiun city area are one of MSME’s should implement this SAK. This research attempts to find the relationship between MSEMs financial management based on SAK EMKM and MSEMs performance. This study based on observation, survey, interview, and questionnaire. The questionnaire were distributed of 100 MSMEs owners in the City of Madiun, East Java, Indonesia. The analysis method use descriptive analysis and simple linier regresion. The results show that MSMEs owners believe that adherence to SAK-EMKM is very important for their business conducts. The analysis also shows that there is a significant effect of reporting and performance.

Implementation of K-Means Clustering to Human Development Indicators in East Nusa Tenggara

K-Means has been adopted to group various cases related to the quality of humanresources and economic growth. This study aims to apply K-Means to thecharacteristics based on selected Human Development Index (HDI) indicators,namely the average length of schooling, the expectation of length of schooling andlife expectancy in Province of East Nusa Tenggara. The optimal cluster obtainedis 6 clusters. The cluster with the highest average value of all variables is in cluster1 which is Kupang City area. Meanwhile, condition cluster 6 provides the smallestlife expectancy value compared to other clusters. The smallest average variable ofschool length is in cluster 2. The regions that provide the smallest numberexpectation of length of schooling is in cluster 5.

Assessent of tree diversity in the vegetation of ramna areas of dhaka city for better management

The present article deals with the evaluation of the existing tree species diversity in the Ramna areas of Dhaka city. Both random and stratified random quadrat sampling were used for the data collection from July 2021 to June 2022. The study identified a total of 156 tree species in 46 families. Among the sampling areas, 115 tree species were found in Ramna Park, 61 tree species in Suhrawardy Udyan, and 98 tree species in the Dhaka University area. The sampling areas overlapped significantly with many tree species. Among the species, 33% of the species were of ornamental value, followed by timber (24%), medicinal (21%), fruit (19%), and wildlife-supporting (3%). 51% of the species belonged to exotics and 49% were native. The most abundant species were Swietenia mahagoni in Ramna Park and Dhaka University and Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Suhrawardy Udyan. Based on the important value index, the most dominant species were S mahagoni in Ramna Park and Dhaka University and Ficus elastica in Suhrawardy Udyan. Among the top 15 most abundant and dominant trees, nine belonged to exotics, and the rest were native. The Shannon diversity index value ranged from 3.83 to 4.39. Ramna Park showed the highest index value (4.39), followed by Dhaka University (3.91) and Suhrawardy Udyan (3.83). Stakeholder’s consultations revealed that on average 90% of the support was found for management strategies such as native enrichment, reducing exotic dominance, planting purposeful trees, heritage plantations, and expert consultation during plantation. Identified threats included construction works, exotic presence, lack of native seedlings, and low awareness. Recommendations include promoting the dominance of native species, gradual exotic replacement, enhancing wildlife-supporting species, increasing public awareness, and integrating expert opinions into urban plantation programs. Bangladesh J. Bot. 53(3): 605-617, 2024 (September)

Spatio-temporal analysis of urbanization effects: unravelling land use and land cover dynamics and their influence on land surface temperature in Aligarh City

ABSTRACT Rapid urbanization causes significant changes in land use and land cover (LULC), contributing to Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) and environmental challenges. This study analyzes two decades of Landsat satellite imagery to examine LULC changes and their impact on Land Surface Temperature (LST) in Aligarh City, India. Supervised classification using maximum likelihood techniques produced LULC maps with 85% accuracy. The results show a 21.10% increase in built-up areas, from 2338.83 hectares in 2001 to 2832.66 hectares in 2021, alongside a 24.55% decline in vegetation, from 620.28 hectares to 467.91 hectares. LST increased by 11.35°C, with a total maximum rise of 10.70°C between 2001 and 2021. Regression analysis revealed strong correlations between LST and spectral indices, with NDVI showing a negative correlation (R² = 0.89, 0.83, 0.78) and NDBI a positive one (R² = 0.87, 0.89, 0.79). The Aligarh main city area consistently recorded higher LST values than the AMU campus, with 88.60% of the city area in the 40–45°C range by 2021, compared to 52.87% for the campus. This study underscores the need for sustainable urban strategies to mitigate UHI effects and promote climate resilience.

Exploring Port City Porosity and Flows within Port Regions: The Case Study of Port of Malaga and Port of Beirut

The term “porosity” refers to the idea of interconnectedness between the spaces and institutions of ports, cities, and their surrounding areas. While porosity refers to the overall interconnectedness between different entities, an interface specifically refers to the point of contact and interaction between the same two entities. This paper goes beyond the idea of an interface and emphasizes a continuous network of port-related spaces and practices that shape the port cityscape. It also provides a historical perspective on the evolution of port/city boundaries. Additionally, this paper explores maps and conceptualizes port city porosity on both sea and land sides, measures, and reconsiders porosity in these regions. The thematic issue opens questions for further research such as: Can the interconnectedness between port and city areas, along with maritime pockets in the city and surrounding territory, enhance the resilience of port city activities? Does the existence of porous borders between port and city allow for easier transitions? The idea of transitions is particularly relevant in the context of the dynamic and ever-changing nature of port and city activities. As economic, social, or environmental conditions shift, there may be a need for both the port and city to adapt and evolve. The degree of porosity between them can play a role in facilitating or hindering these transitions.

Life cycle carbon emission assessment and carbon payback period analysis for the regeneration of old residential areas in cold regions: Case study in Qingdao, China

Communities urgently need to explore green and low-carbon transformation pathways due to high energy consumption and carbon emissions. However, existing studies lack a comprehensive assessment of carbon emissions and analysis regarding carbon reduction during renovation of old residential areas in cold regions. Therefore, this study employs a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the payback period method to evaluate carbon emissions throughout the life cycle comprehensively. It constructs a carbon-emission calculation model based on LCA, specifically tailored to the retrofitting of old residential areas in cold cities. Additionally, it investigates the effectiveness of three typical retrofit measures undertaken in Qingdao, a region located in the cold A zone, focusing on whole-life-cycle energy savings and carbon reduction. The findings reveal that the average annual carbon emission intensity per unit area for Cases 1, 2, and 3 is 12.59 kg-CO2 e/(m2·a), 27.05 kg-CO2 e/(m2·a), and 23.39 kg-CO2 e/(m2·a), respectively. Their corresponding carbon payback periods were 6.06, 7.23, and 16.00 years, respectively, which could be further shortened through material recycling. The environmental impact assessment of typical retrofitting measures contributes to the promotion of sustainable development. Furthermore, this study offers guidance for establishing an effective assessment system that supports the design of energy-saving retrofits.

Spectro-environmental factors integrated ensemble learning for urban river network water quality remote sensing

Remote sensing water quality monitoring technology can effectively supplement the shortcomings of traditional water quality monitoring methods in spatiotemporal dynamic monitoring capabilities. At present, although the spectral feature-based remote sensing water quality inversion models have achieved many successes, there could still be a problem of insufficient generalization ability in monitoring the water quality of complex river networks in large cities. In this paper, we propose a spectro-environmental factors integrated ensemble learning model for urban river network water quality inversion. We analyzed the correlation between water quality parameters, spectral reflectance, and environmental factors based on an in-situ dataset collected in the northern part of Shanghai. Using the Hot Spot Analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*), we found that river network water quality parameters have different patterns in different urban functional zones. Furthermore, daily average temperature, total rainfall within the seven days, and several band combinations were also selected as the environmental and spectral features using factor analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient analysis. After the feature analysis, the spectro-environmental factors integrated ensemble learning model was trained. Compared with the spectral-based machine learning inversion models, the coefficients of determination R2 increased by about 0.50. Our model was also tested in three different test areas within and outside the in-situ sampling areas in Shanghai based on low-altitude multispectral remote sensing images. The R2 results for total phosphorus (TP), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) within the in-situ sampling areas were 0.52, 0.58, and 0.56 respectively. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) results were 53.36%, 63.95%, and 22.46% respectively. After adding the area outside the in-situ sampling areas, the R2 results for TP, NH3-N, and COD were 0.47, 0.47, and 0.53. The MAPE were 49.38%, 74.46%, and 20.49%. Our research provided a new remote sensing water quality inversion method to be utilized in complex urban river networks which exhibited solid accuracy and generalization ability.

Spatial Expansion, Planning, and Their Influences on the Urban Landscape of Christian Churches in Canton (1582–1732 and 1844–1911)

Canton (present-day Guangzhou, China) has a long history as a trading port and serves as a window for studying the history of Sino-Western cultural exchanges. Canton was a city built under Confucian orders, leading to significant differences (when compared to Christian cities) in urban functional zoning, layout, urban landscape, and methods for shaping spatial order. Therefore, the churches constructed by Christian missionary societies in Canton merit particular attention in missionary history research and urban planning history. Based on local gazetteers, historical maps, export paintings, Western travelogues, and archives at that time, from a cultural landscape perspective, this article compares and analyzes the spatial expansion of Christian churches and their influences on the urban landscape in Canton in two stages. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the spatial layout of the churches indicated an active integration into Canton City. After the Opium War, churches were not only used for religious purposes but also served as symbols asserting the presence of Christians and Western powers (which made the situation more complicated). Missionary societies attracted believers through the construction of public facilities, building Christian communities centered around churches, thereby competing with authorities for spatial power and influencing the urban functional system and spatial layout controlled by the authorities. Comparatively, the Roman Catholic Cathedral has profoundly changed the traditional landscape order in Canton, while the Protestant Dongshan Church interacted more closely with the city.

Multifaceted analysis of microplastic pollution dynamics in the Yamuna river: Assessing anthropogenic impacts and ecological consequences

Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive contaminants that pose significant ecological and human health risks, emerging as one of the most widespread anthropogenic pollutants in natural environments. This study investigates the abundance, characteristics, and distribution of microplastics (MPs) in the Yamuna River, encompassing 29 sampling points across urban, rural, and industrial zones in and around Delhi, Mathura, Haryana, and Agra. Microplastics were identified and quantified using Nile red dye staining and Micro-Raman spectroscopy, with particle size distribution predominantly between 2 μm to 80 μm and the largest detected particle measuring 256.5 μm. The average MPs concentration was 14,717 ± 4444 L−1, with a significant abundance of hazardous polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS). The study found that MPs were predominantly fragments and films (65.6 %) and fibers (30.6 %), with transparent particles being the most prevalent. The Pollution Load Index (PLI) consistently indicated high-risk levels (PLI > 100) at all sampling sites, highlighting substantial MP contamination. These results underscore the urgent need for continuous monitoring and the development of robust management strategies to address microplastic pollution in the Yamuna River. This study provides valuable insights into MPs spatial distribution and persistence, contributing to an improved understanding of their environmental impacts and guiding future mitigation and regulatory efforts.