City Agencies Research Articles

A consideration of reconstruction of Shanghais Green Transit

One of the most important things that affect peoples lives is transit. Everyone relies on transit to go to different places. Due to a high amount of private car ownership in the city, traffic jams start to occur. Then, demands start to show up on public transit. Lots of people nowadays rely on public transit to go to different places. Therefore, a small modification on a transit line could affect a massive number of residents. To build an accessible and eco-friendly transit has always been a goal for most of the city governments and agencies. In this essay, some factors that affect modern transit and peoples intention to ride transit in Shanghai will be discussed. Shanghais different transit factors, including private cars ownership, public transit coverage, and eco-friendly fleet rate will be compared among two other similar cities globally. Some suggestions on different dimensions of transit will be given to help Shanghai to build a greener and more efficient transit, to reduce the air pollution and traffic congestion.

Incorporating climate justice into adaptation planning: The case of San Francisco

There is growing pressure for cities to plan for and take action on climate change in equitable and just ways. Scholars, however, continue to debate what justice looks like in practice, and cities struggle to plan for and implement climate justice. This article investigates the case of San Francisco, a forerunner in climate action and a city experiencing profound inequality. Our research employs an analytical framework that assesses how and to what extent climate justice is incorporated into climate adaptation planning. This study analyzes 20 years of adaptation efforts in San Francisco and is informed by interviews with city planners and agency staff. Our research has found that San Francisco's approach to climate planning has shifted in recent years from focusing primarily on technology and science to addressing concerns of justice and the needs of residents. While San Francisco has made efforts to develop climate justice plans, further inquiry is needed to study the challenges of fully integrating climate justice into implementation. The insights gained from this case of San Francisco and our analytical framework can inform future urban climate action plans and further the debate around climate justice in cities from the Global North.

The state of COVID-19 vaccine confidence and need in Black individuals in Canada: Understanding the role of sociodemographic factors, health literacy, conspiracy theories, traumatic stressors and racial discrimination

BackgroundBlack communities in Canada have been among the most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, in terms of number of infections and deaths. They are also among those most hesitant about vaccination against COVID-19. However, while a few studies have documented the factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, those related to vaccine confidence remain unknown. To respond to this gap, this study aims to investigate factors associated to vaccine confidence in Black individuals in Canada. MethodsA total of 2002 participants (1034 women) aged 14 to 89 years old (Mean age = 29.34, SD = 10.13) completed questionnaires assessing sociodemographic information, COVID-19 vaccine confidence and need, health literacy, conspiracy beliefs, major racial discrimination, and traumatic stressors related to COVID-19. ResultsResults showed an average score of COVID-19 vaccine confidence and need of 33.27 (SD = 7.24), with no significant difference between men (33.48; SD = 7.24) and women (33.08; SD = 7.91), t (1999) = 1.19, p = 0.234. However, there were significant differences according to employment status, migration status, age, inhabited province, spoken language, education, marital status, religion, and income. The linear regression model explained 25.8 % of the variance and showed that health literacy (B = 0.12, p < 0.001) and traumatic stressors related to COVID-19 (B = 0.21, p < .001) predicted COVID-19 vaccine confidence and need positively, while conspiracy beliefs (B = −1.14, p < 0.001) and major racial discrimination (B = −0.20, p = 0.044) predicted it negatively. ConclusionsThis study showed that building the confidence of Black communities in vaccines requires health education, elimination of racial discrimination in the Canadian society and a focus on certain groups (e.g., young people, those living in Quebec and Ontario). The results also argue in favor of involving community leaders and organizations in the development and implementation of vaccination-related tools, strategies and programs by city, provincial and federal public health agencies.

Examining Transit Activity Data from StreetLight Using Ridership Data from Virginia Transit Agencies

Researchers and planners require ridership data to study factors that influence people’s choice to use transit. However, the data can be challenging to obtain directly from transit agencies. Crowdsourced big data platforms such as StreetLight promise easily accessible ridership-related data in standard formats. It is important to assess the reliability of these data, particularly for transit agencies serving small- to medium-sized cities, which are less likely than agencies in large cities to have ridership data in standard formats. In this study, hourly ridership data from 2019 were collected from four bus transit agencies and one rail agency in Virginia and compared with StreetLight data. Comparisons for rail data were made on a station-to-station basis. Bus data comparisons were made at the city-limit level and at an aggregated-route level for each agency. In sum, StreetLight could not provide 2019 bus activity data for more than half of the localities in Virginia. Comparisons between transit agency and StreetLight data showed smaller root mean square errors when longer periods were analyzed (e.g., 4 versus 2 months). Although order of magnitude of ridership may indicate whether StreetLight can provide bus activity data, the former was not found to be correlated with the accuracy of the latter. Using data from StreetLight’s current algorithm might not be appropriate without verification against agency data, especially for agencies in small- to medium-sized cities.

Curbside Parking Monitoring With Roadside LiDAR

Cities worldwide are striving to find more efficient approaches to address the prevalent parking challenges in urban areas. A key aspect of achieving an optimal parking environment is the collection of curbside parking data, which enables informed decision-making and effective management of on-street parking spaces. This study proposes a solution for curbside parking monitoring and data collection using roadside LiDAR systems. By leveraging laser beam variation detection, this solution can extract essential information about parking usage. Unlike existing solutions, such as imagery or embedded sensor-based monitoring, our solution offers portability and ease of deployment for short-term or long-term curbside parking data collection. Additionally, the LiDAR sensor captures only three-dimensional data and is independent of illumination conditions, ensuring stable operation throughout the day while safeguarding privacy by not capturing imagery. These features align with the requirements of city agencies for parking data collection. The workflow follows a simple trend without the need for complex training, as typically seen in machine learning-based methods, and instead relies on parameter tuning based on real-world environmental factors. To validate the effectiveness of our method, we collected curbside parking data for five days at a midtown traffic junction with eight parking spaces. Manual validation confirmed a 95% match between identified parking events and observed data across different time periods. The study further presents parking statistics based on the identified events, revealing crucial insights about parking usage in the study area.

The Minnesota first-responder AED project: Aiming to increase survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

There are 350,000 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) cases annually in the United States of America. Using automated external defibrillators (AEDs) has increased survival in cardiac arrests (CA) with an initial shockable rhythm. Thus, guidelines recommend complete geographical coverage with AEDs. To fill in the gaps in Minnesota, the Center for Resuscitation Medicine at the University of Minnesota raised an $18.8 million grant from the Helmsley Charitable Trust to supply law enforcement first responders with AEDs and, thus, increase survival rates after OHCA by reducing the time to first shock. This report elaborates on the decision-making, fundraising, and logistic strategy required to reach statewide AED coverage. MethodsThe baseline need for AEDs was analyzed using a questionnaire sent out to state law enforcement agencies, state patrols, city and county agencies, and tribal agencies in 2021. Furthermore, OHCA cases of 2021 were reviewed. The combination of this information led to an action plan to equip and train all agencies throughout the state's eight regions with AEDs. ResultsThe electronic survey was initially sent out to 358 agencies. The initial response rate was 77% (n = 276). This resulted in a total need of 8300 AEDs to be deployed over three years (2022–2025). As of 2023, over 4769 AEDs have been distributed, covering 237 sites. ConclusionBy equipping first responders with AED systems, the Center for Resuscitation Medicine aims to shorten the gap in statewide AED coverage, thus increasing the chances of survival after OHCA.

개정(안)을 통한 국가수사본부의 합리적 역할방안 정립에 관한 논의

The police is the government institution that considers the protection of people's lives, bodies and property as the most important task, but It is no exaggeration that past police organization were more faithful to their role as the handmaid of the government ruling over the people. However, the change of the times has led to change police organization, and furthermore, there have been continuous efforts to establish its role by itself. These changes make police organization recognize that the protection of people's human rights is their most important mission. While the police handles most of the criminal cases on the side of people, the prosecution exercises most of the authority in the criminal justice process. Prosecutors have been recognized as the principal investigators who instruct and order the police by being given authority over the entire criminal justice process, including the right to initiate an investigation, the right to terminate an investigation, the right to prosecute, and the right to claim a warrant. The police has expressed the need for a mutually equal and cooperative relationship with the prosecution rather than a top-down relationship, as a result of its efforts, the right to initiate an investigation was granted through amendments to the Criminal Procedure Act. Since then, with the revision of the Criminal Procedure Act, the Prosecutor's Office Act, and the Act on the Organization and Operation of National Police and Local Police, the police and the prosecution become a mutually cooperative relationship in substantial part. The police that had right to initiate an investigation, grants not only the primary right to terminate an investigation but also the right to terminate an investigation. In addition, anti-communist investigative functions which had been recognized as a unique task of the National Intelligence Service, was transferred to the police, and then it can have the most powerful authority after the establishment of it. When authority is concentrated in one institution, it might violate human rights of the people by abusing of its authority. In order that the police solve the problem of concentrated authority, the National Investigation Headquarters under the National Police Agency was established with the purpose of separating the administrative police and the judicial police. The National Investigation Headquarters functions as a control tower for investigations, instructing and supervising the chiefs of local police agencies in cities and provinces, and police officers in investigation-related departments. Because it was established under the National Police Agency rather than an independent agency, and the head of the headquarters is a lower rank officer than the Chief of the National Police Agency, it cannot be independently excluding instructions and orders of the Chief. In addition, the National Investigation Headquarters is established under the National Police Agency, so that the head of the headquarters cannot be in charge of the results of investigation-related matters according to regulations. For these reason, there are many difficulties for the National Investigation Headquarters to command 30,000 police officers while it maintains neutrality and independence. Therefore, it is necessary to promote the National Investigation Headquarters to the National Investigation Agency(tentative name) so that it can do perform as a control tower for investigation. In addition, the heads of each agencies should become same rank and promote minister class as like the prosecution, so that it will be able to investigate independently and each agencies should effort to practical mutual checks and cooperation. In addition, the head of the National Investigation Agency must to be included in the National Assembly personnel hearing procedure so that a head with the qualifications and ability to command 30,000 police officers has to be appointed.

RESPONS KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH DAERAH DALAM PEMANFAATAN ANGGARAN DID PADA PERIODE AWAL PANDEMI COVID-19

During the COVID-19 Pandemic, transfer funds were significant in helping the regions respond to the situation. The use of transfer funds, especially the Regional Incentive Fund (RIF), is interesting to study, considering that regions applied creativity at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in various ways. This study aims to obtain information on different regional reactions to the utilization of the RIF budget in the early period of the COVID-19 pandemic, to find out the development problems funded by the RIF from the regions with the best Regional Development Awards (RDA), and to obtain input for more adaptive RIF planning. The research method used is descriptive quantitative with data collection techniques through focus group discussions (FGDs with participants from each of the three Provincial, City, and Regency Development Planning Agencies that won the Regional Development Award/RDA) in 2020. The analysis used a combination of literature. The results showed that RIF in the early period of the COVID-19 pandemic provided significant benefits for the regions in policies that adapted to the local situation of development in the health sector and economic recovery. Furthermore, this research find that the field implementation of RIF had not been comprehensively successful in promoting regional independence in general, the regions late received information on the budget ceiling, and the diverse regional characteristics and the availability of resources are fundamental factors in achieving quality spending.

Lessons Learned from 28 Hospitals and City Agencies: Pediatric Disaster Exercise

Introduction:Children are frequently victims of disasters. However, gaps remain in pediatric disaster preparedness. The New York City Pediatric Disaster Coalition (NYCPDC) is funded by the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) to prepare NYC for mass casualty events that involve large numbers of children. The NYC PDC conducted a functional exercise testing surge, communications, and secondary transport. Participants included 28 NYC hospitals, the NYC Fire Department-Emergency Medical Services (FDNY-EMS), NYC Emergency Management (NYCEM), NYC DOHMH and the NYC Medical Reserve Corps (MRC).Method:The hospitals and agencies participated in group and individual planning meetings. Scenario-driven, operations-based activities challenged participants to employ their facility's existing pediatric surge and secondary transport plans during an event. The exercise assessed: Communications, Emergency Operation Plans, Surge, Patient Tracking, Patient Transfer, Supplies, and Staffing. Internal and external evaluators assessed the exercise performance.Results:An After-Action Report was written based on information from evaluation data, site-specific and group hot-washes, and an after-action conference. Strengths included meaningful improvement of plans before/after the exercise and doubling pediatric critical care capacity through the implementation of the exercise objectives. Challenges included: gaps in communication/patient tracking, lack of sufficient sub-specialty support, the need for "babysitters” and inadequate supplies of blood products and ventilators.Conclusion:Conducting a multi-hospital and agency pediatric specific exercise demonstrated current planning and produced lessons learned to address planning and training gaps that can improve citywide planning and capabilities during future full-scale exercise and real-time events.

The Effect of Service Quality and Public Trust on Public Satisfaction with Agency Image as a Moderator Variable; Case Study at the Land Office Tebing Tinggi City

This research was conducted at the Tebing Tinggi City Land Office. The purpose of this research is service quality and public trust in public satisfaction and agency image at the Tebing Tinggi City Land Office and agency image can moderate the relationship between service quality and public trust. The research method is quantitative. The population in this study were people who applied for Land Services at the Tebing Tinggi City Land Office from January to December 2022 as many as 400 people and the sample calculation with Slovin obtained as many as 200 people and the sampling technique was simple random sampling. Data processing using SPSS version 25 was analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that the service quality variable on community satisfaction was 0.0000 (p &lt;0.05), so service quality had an effect on community satisfaction at the Tebing Tinggi City Land Office. The significance value is 0.000 (p&lt;0.05), it can be concluded that public trust has a significant effect on public satisfaction at the Tebing Tinggi City Land Office. The significance value of the service quality variable on the agency image is 0.015 (p &lt;0.05), it can be concluded that service quality has an effect on the agency image variable. The significance value obtained is 0.000 (p &lt;0.05), it can be concluded that public trust has a significant effect on the agency image variable and 0.020 (p &lt;0.05), so the agency image has a significant effect on the public satisfaction variable. The interaction variable between service quality and agency image is 0.000 (p &lt;0.05), so the agency image is able to moderate the effect of service quality variables on community satisfaction variables at the Tebing Tinggi City Land Office. the interaction variable between service quality and agency image is 0.012 (p &lt;0.05), so the agency image is able to moderate the effect of public trust variables on community satisfaction variables. Keywords: Service Quality, Public Trust, Agency Image, Public Satisfaction

How Do Performance Pressures and Public Participation Demands Affect a City Agency’s Network Behavior? An Analysis of Interagency Networks in Seoul Metropolitan Government

Over the past decades, government agencies have been under increasing institutional pressures to improve performance while engaging the public in decision-making processes. This study aims to explore how agency managers perceive institutional pressures and how these pressures shape their network behaviors for interagency collaboration. Specifically, this research focuses on structural holes, which refer to network positions that connect otherwise-disconnected agencies. Drawing on the literature of public management, citizen participation, and social networks, this research develops a theoretical model of an agency’s network position and proposes hypotheses. This research tested two hypotheses using network and survey data collected from agency managers in the Seoul Metropolitan Government in 2009. The results of the study showed that agencies under greater performance pressure tended to locate themselves in interagency networks with structural holes, while agencies facing greater citizen participation demands tended to embed themselves in interagency networks with fewer structural holes. This implies that performance pressure drives city agencies to seek competitive structural positions in interagency networks, while citizen participation demands lead agencies to locate in dense interagency networks.

A retrospective on monitoring noise pollution with machine learning in the Sounds of New York City project

The Sounds of New York City (SONYC) project (2016–2022) was a project to monitor and mitigate urban noise pollution using a smart acoustic sensor network, citizen scientists, and collaboration with city agencies. During its lifetime, the project deployed 75 fixed-location sensors and collected over 150 × 106 10-s audio recordings. A key element of the project was the development of machine listening models to detect the sources of noise pollution rather than just the overall noise level. In this talk, we first discuss our initial approach to data collection and machine listening including sensor development and deployment, citizen-science data annotation, self-supervised audio representation learning, and downstream sound-event detection model training. We then discuss analysis results using the outputs of these models, followed by the challenges and limitations of our initial approach. Finally, we discuss our solutions to overcome those challenges, such as citizen-deployed sensors, source-specific loudness estimation, and few-shot sound-event detection.

The relative importance of culture in urban tourism: implications for segmentation

PurposeThis paper aims to contribute to urban tourism segmentation studies by examining the role of culture as a motivation for city visits, different preferences for activities and the demographic factors that influence activity choices. This study also compares the memorability of the trip across the segments identified based on their undertaken activities.Design/methodology/approachThis paper draws on questionnaire data that was collected from 614 tourists in Budapest, Hungary. Tourist segmentation was based on a two-step procedure: principal component analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis. Multinomial logistic regression was applied to reveal the effect of different demographic and travel-related characteristics on the segments.FindingsThe research revealed that cultural activities are still the most important motivation for urban tourists and that cultural tourists constitute the biggest segment (43%). They show a preference for heritage sites, museums and galleries rather than performing arts and festivals. Multinomial logistic regression showed that party tourists can be differentiated from cultural tourists and city break tourists predominantly by age and travel status. Older age groups and women are more likely to be interested in heritage sites, museums and galleries. Party tourists found their experience significantly more memorable than any other group and were much more likely to re-visit and recommend.Research limitations/implicationsOverall, this study provides useful information for destination management organisations and city agencies about which activities to promote and how to segment and potentially target tourists. This study did not include lifestyle and personality factors, secondary and complementary attractions or cultural proximity and distance.Originality/valueThere have been relatively few recent studies on urban cultural tourism segmentation, especially in whole destinations rather than at individual attractions, it was therefore considered timely to re-visit this area of research. This paper reinforces the importance of segmentation studies in tourism and analyses the changing motivations and activity preferences of urban cultural tourists over time.

Lessons Learned From a Citywide Abandoned Housing Experiment

Problem, research strategy, and findings The negative impact of vacant and abandoned housing in city neighborhoods is extreme, affecting health and quality of life, promoting violence, and leading to further abandonment. One approach to addressing abandoned housing is to intervene with low-cost interventions that provide a visual sense of ownership. We tested whether a low-cost remediation of abandoned and vacant houses or a trash cleanup intervention would make a noticeable difference in the levels of nearby disrepair, disorder, and public safety. The abandoned housing remediation and trash cleanup interventions were a test of compliance with municipal ordinances. We used an experimental design to test the causal effects of the ordinances and because the scale of abandonment was too large to provide treatment to all abandoned houses in the city. We used systematic social observation methods to rate changes in disrepair, disorder, and litter at housing sites and on the city blocks they were located and police-reported data on gun violence and illegal substance use. Our experimental design allowed us to see whether observed disrepair, disorder, and public safety improved after working windows and doors were installed on abandoned houses compared with a trash cleanup around properties or a no-intervention control condition. Our results showed significant changes in observed disrepair, disorder, and gun violence and illustrate the benefits of experimental evaluations of place-based changes to the built environment. Takeaway for practice Improving compliance with ordinances to remediate abandoned housing can make a noticeable difference in disrepair in neighborhoods and contribute to improved public safety. We illustrate how planners can use field experiments in partnership with city agencies, nonprofit community groups, and local universities to discover novel approaches to advance place-based changes to the built environment that can help economically disadvantaged communities abate problems of physical disorder.

Womxn's agency in divided cities: mapping marginal actions in Nicosia

Çatışmalı çevrelerde en çok zorluk çeken gruplardan biri, ötekileştirilmiş toplumsal cinsiyetlere sahip bireylerdir. Şehirler ötekileştirilmiş cemiyetlerin kendi failliklerini ve alanlarını genişletme mücadelesi ile şekillenirler. Tasarımcı ve plancılar kesişimsel bakış açıları ile bu ötekileştirilmiş toplulukların ilişkilerini çözümleyebilir ve çatışma içerisindeki kentleşme süreçlerini anlamak adına yeni yaklaşımlar getirebilirler. Bu amaçla kapsayıcı bir bakış açısını benimsemek ve susturulmuş seslere yer açmak önem kazanmaktadır. Sınır durumlarına yakından bakan haritalama pratikleri, bu enformal oluşumların arka planlarını açığa çıkarmak için daha demokratik bir alan açar. Bu makale içinden sınır geçen bir kent olan Lefkoşa’da kadınların barış için seslerini nasıl duyurduklarını incelerken, bunu oluşturan jeopolitik krizin dışına çıkmanın ve kadınların şehirdeki bedenleri ve gündelik hayattaki hareketlerine odaklanmanın yollarını haritalama yöntemi ile araştırmaktadır. Nitelik ve niceliğe dayalı yöntemlerin kullanıldığı bu araştırmada sınırlara dair geleneksel yargılar kırılmakta, bu alanları kullanan sosyal grupların etkisiyle sınır mekanlarının esasen geçirimli, dinamik peyzajlar olduğu açığa çıkmaktadır.

Ruas Completas no Brasil

This report systematizes the implementation process, challenges, learnings, and results of complete street interventions in eight cities from different regions of Brazil. The document showcases the applicability of the complete streets concept in the Brazilian urban reality to promote positive impacts on people's quality of life. The work, coordinated by WRI Brasil, involves 21 authors, including WRI Brazil technicians, city agencies' representatives, and professors from the Network of University Professors for Complete Streets. The streets documented in the case studies of this report highlight the flexibility of applying the concept to different realities, scales, and contexts, reinforcing the importance of all complete street interventions, regardless of their size and scale. The complete streets approach seeks to undo the predominant culture in urban and transportation planning in Brazil, which prioritizes car flow. Complete streets are designed to provide safety and comfort to all people of all ages, using all modes of transportation. In 2017, WRI Brasil, in partnership with the National Front of Mayors (FNP), created the National Network for Low-Carbon Mobility, which concluded its first cycle with 21 member cities and pilot projects implemented in Campinas, Curitiba, Juiz de Fora, Niterói, Porto Alegre, Salvador, São José dos Campos, and São Paulo. These eight interventions are documented in this report, conducted with the support of Itaú.

An EMS Response to Refugees Arriving at an International Airport: A Report From the Field.

Following Afghanistan's fall in August 2021, many refugees were settled in the United States as part of Operation Allies Welcome. They were flown from Kabul to the Middle East and Europe before continuing to the U.S. By late September Philadelphia was the sole destination. From there refugees were transported to Safe Haven military bases around the country. Philadelphia International Airport became the site of a months-long operation involving city, state, federal, and private agencies engaged in processing, medical screening, and COVID-testing of arriving refugees. The Philadelphia Fire Department played an integral role. Minor medical conditions were treated onsite. Higher acuity patients were transported to nearby hospitals. The goal was to maintain flow of refugees to their next destination while addressing acute medical issues. Between August 28, 2021, and March 1, 2022, the airport processed 29,713 refugees. Philadelphia's experience may serve as a guide for planning future such refugee operations.

“All the World's a Stage?” A Role Theory Analysis of City Diplomacy in Global Migration Governance

In 2018, cities from Africa, Europe, North, and South America officially submitted input to the state-led negotiations of the Global Compact for Migration. In the same year, the Mayors Mechanism was established within the Global Forum on Migration and Development, and in 2019, cities made pledges to localize the Global Compact on Refugees. At first sight, this engagement seems surprising, given that migration and displacement are mostly areas of national decision making. How, then, did it become possible for cities to claim a role in global migration governance? And how do cities attempt to play this role? While cities as integration actors have received growing academic attention, it is time to focus on city agency in global migration governance. To explore this phenomenon, this article introduces role theory to research on city diplomacy in migration studies. The analysis shows that the combination of the glocalized representation of migration challenges (linking the local and global levels), the glocal role claimed by cities, and the passive role attributed to nation-states can empower cities to demand an active role in global migration governance. Cities draw on this role to promote three forms of city diplomacy as adequate and feasible actions on the global stage: advocating for rights-based migration policies; striving to gain access to international funding and cooperation partners; and demanding a seat at intergovernmental negotiation tables. In closing, the article reflects on the risks and constraints of city diplomacy in global migration governance and shows directions for future research.

Supportive supervision in improving stress management skills on employees of health social security implementing agency in South Tangerang City

Frontline personnel in South Tangerang City serve participants and prospective participants directly and indirectly. Work is pressure-prone. Supportive supervision is needed to reduce employee stress. This study aims to determine the causes of stress for Health Social Security Implementing Agency employees in South Tangerang City, the implementation of supportive supervision to improve employee stress management, and the factors that support and inhibit supportive supervision in improving employee stress management. This research is descriptive and qualitative. Workload, role ambiguity, participant attitudes, individual mental states of employees, and work support facilities cause stress for Health and Social Security Implementing Agency staff in South Tangerang City, according to this study. To reduce employee stress, supportive supervision is used. South Tangerang's Health Social Security Implementing Agency provides emotional, instrumental, appreciating, informational, social integration, and spiritual support. Role play, sharing sessions, and strong work connections enhance supportive supervision in enhancing employee stress management. Participants' attitudes and employees' personalities are difficulties.

Persistent Partnerships: Collaborating for an Urban Park

As the environmental justice movement has gained recognition, community organizers, industry representatives, and public officials have increasingly been called upon to work together to address environmental injustices through collaborative problem-solving processes. However, collaborative processes do not inherently create just, equitable, and legitimate decision-making forums. The characteristics of environmental justice situations, such as past procedural injustices and high levels of distrust, may complicate such processes. Thus, an exploration of the factors that facilitate and impede collaboration in cases of environmental injustice is warranted. The case study of La Villita Park tells the story of how community-based organizations partnered with city and federal agencies to transform a contaminated site into a community park through collaborative problem-solving. The creation of La Villita Park represents a victory for environmental justice but also highlights the challenges and opportunities of using collaboration to achieve environmental justice. An examination of this case sheds light on the value of trusted and legitimate community leadership, the necessity of employing multiple organizing strategies to create space for community voices, and the importance of transparent communication across all parties. As a result of engaging with this case, readers will be able to explain and analyze how the challenges of collaboration in the environmental justice context manifest themselves and how they can be mitigated.