Citrus Seeds Research Articles

Analysis of physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity of seed oil extracted from 12 citrus materials

SummaryThe massive citrus seed waste provides a new approach to the shortage of edible oils in China. In this study, the physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity of 12 citrus seed oils from China were determined, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilisation of citrus seed oil. Results show most of the citrus seeds had a high oil content (28.3%–41.4%), with 2.6% in Zhi (Poncirus trifoliata). The crude oil extracted from the seeds of Dahongpao (Citrus reticulata) and Tongnanningmeng (Citrus limon) could directly meet the ‘National Standard for Food Safety Vegetable Oil’ (GB 2716‐2018). With total phenolic content (TPC) (62.1–2086.8 μg GAE g−1 DW), total flavonoid content (TFC) (59.6–2275.3 μg RE g−1) and total carotenoid content (TCC) (37.4–896.6 μg g−1), seed oil of Zhi had the highest content of bioactive substances and the strongest antioxidant capacity. The content of unsaturated fatty acids in citrus seed oil ranged from 72.4% to 82.2%, and the SFA: MUFA: PUFA ratio was closer to the recommended intake ratio of 1:1:1 by the Chinese Nutrition Society than other vegetable oils, which have higher nutritional value. Therefore, citrus seed oil is a potentially valuable oil source for healthy edible oil.

Ekspresi morfologi tiga jenis jeruk sebagai indikator ketahanan terhadap serangan Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae)

Salah satu hama penting benih tanaman jeruk adalah tungau perak jeruk (TPJ) Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh serangan TPJ terhadap morfologi daun dan tingkat ketahanan tiga jenis jeruk. Tiga jenis jeruk, yaitu Siam, Keprok, Manis digunakan sebagai tanaman uji. Tunas dari ketiga jenis jeruk tersebut diuji kandungan nutrisinya dan dilakukan infestasi TPJ sebanyak 5 individu pada tunas yang berumur lebih kurang 10 hari. Pengamatan populasi TPJ dilakukan 7 hari setelah infestasi (HSI) dan pengamatan selanjutnya dilaksanakan 4 hari sekali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kelimpahan TPJ paling rendah pada 23 HSI didapat pada jenis Siam (0,5 ± 0,38 individu) dan Keprok (0,25 ± 0,16 individu). Populasi TPJ meningkat pada 11 sampai 15 HSI, dan mulai menurun pada 19 HSI. Berdasarkan analisis korelasi Pearson, kelimpahan TPJ dipengaruhi oleh kadar lemak dan serat kasar daun. Hasil pengamatan juga menunjukkan bahwa jenis Manis lebih tahan dibandingkan dengan jenis lainnya. Dapat disimpulkan, jenis Manis masih lebih tahan dibandingkan dengan jenis Siam dan Keprok.

Physicochemical Properties and Nutrition Element Contents of Citrus Seeds and Agroindustrial Waste

Physicochemical Properties and Nutrition Element Contents of Citrus Seeds and Agroindustrial Waste

Quality Properties, Fatty Acid Composition, and Mineral Contents of Some Citrus Seeds and Oils Extracted by Solvent Extraction

Quality Properties, Fatty Acid Composition, and Mineral Contents of Some Citrus Seeds and Oils Extracted by Solvent Extraction

MANAGEMENT AND PROCUREMENT OF SWEET ORANGE PRODUCTION INPUT RESEARCH CENTER FOR ORANGE PLANTS AND SUBTROPICAL FRUIT (BALITJESTRO), CITY OF BATU, EAST JAVA

The purpose of this activity is to be able to manage the production process of sweet oranges and be able to carry out and organize production and post-production activities of sweet oranges. The activity was carried out for 3 weeks (starting from March 02–23, 2020) at the Tlekung Experimental Garden (KP), Research Institute for Citrus and Subtropical Fruits (Balitjestro), Batu City, East Java. PKL activities at Balitjestro were planned to be carried out until May 9, 2020, but had to be stopped on March 23, 2020 due to the Covid 19 pandemic in Indonesia. PKL activities are continued with guided street vendors for 9 days starting from June 02–09, 2020, so that they meet the minimum number of practice hours of 60%.The conclusion obtained is that the activities of managing and procuring production inputs for sweet orange agribusiness are realized in Balitjestro with a literature study on sweet orange cultivation and leaf pruning on citrus seeds. The activities of managing the production process of the sweet orange agribusiness business are realized in Balitjestro starting from the maintenance of citrus plants including the installation of mulch on citrus seed mounds, pruning of twigs on citrus plants, and thinning of citrus fruit plants. Other activities include planting beets and head lettuce.

Metabolomic navigated Citrus waste repurposing to restore amino acids disorder in neural lesion

The fruit juice food industry produces huge waste annually, mainly Citrus peel and seeds. We investigated their chemical composition using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC-) and reverse phase liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (RPLC-MS/MS), revealing 277 compounds, mainly containing flavonoids and limonoids. As the primary representative component in Citrus waste, limonin was selected to be explored new bio-functions. We applied Zebrafish larvae to study the metabolomic response invoked by limonin. The differential metabolites (DMs) varied depending on the exposing concentration of limonin. Enrichment analysis indicated that the identified DMs related to inflammation and neurologic disorders, including epilepsy which were newly discovered for limonoids and Citrus waste. Limonin was found to restore amino acids disorder to take neuroprotection against epilepsy. Our findings provided a new bio-function and purpose for Citrus waste and limonoids. Also, we demonstrated a concise case to repurpose food waste for new applications under metabolome investigation.

Efficient Detection of Limonoid From Citrus Seeds by Handheld NIR: Compared with Benchtop NIR

Efficient Detection of Limonoid From Citrus Seeds by Handheld NIR: Compared with Benchtop NIR

Comparative Analysis of Some Selected Citrus Seeds Oil from North Central, Benue State, Nigeria

The physicochemical properties of oils from citrus seeds of different species; tangerine (citrus reticulate), sweet orange (citrus sinesis), lime (citrus aurantifolia) and Grape (citrus paradise) were investigated. The seeds of each species were collected from the central zone of plateau state, washed, sun dried for three days and finally crushed with mortar and pestle. One hundred grams (100 g) of each seeds were measured for oil extraction using n-hexane with soxhlet extractor for six hours. The percentage yield and moisture content of each oil extracted from seeds of each species were determined. The physicochemical properties for seeds were also carried out using Wijs method for Iodine value and Titration method for Acid value, Saponification value, Peroxide value and Free Fatty Acids. The results reveals that the moisture content ranges from 2.25 – 4.08 %, percentage yield 30 – 42.20 %, iodine value 78.32 – 98.04 gI2/g, acid value 2.06 – 4.44 %, saponification value 187.38 – 196.06 mgKOH/g, peroxide value 36.52 – 53.57 mEq/kg, free fatty acid 1.41 – 8.74 % and density 0.78 – 0.96 gml-1. The result obtained indicates that oils from these seeds can be used as raw material for the production of cosmetics, soap and domestic cooking.

Design and Build a Soil Nutrient Measurement Tool for Citrus Plants Using NPK Soil Sensors Based on the Internet of Things

A suitable planting medium is a medium of good quality soil that can support plant growth quickly. Fertile soil is the primary need for plants. The quality of the planting medium dramatically affects plant growth. The types of soil needed for plant growth vary, namely sandy soil, red soil, alluvial soil, and humus soil. Using an NPK sensor that functions to detect nutrients in the soil and can work if the tip of the sensor is plugged into the soil they want to detect, the results detected by the sensor will be sent in the form of analog signal data to nodemcu, which will be processed and displayed on the screen. Thingspeak. This tool is controlled by nodemcu with an NPK sensor to detect nutrients in the soil with output to thingspeak. The function of the NPK sensor tool will measure the nutrients in the soil for citrus seedlings, and the results read by the Npk sensor will be sent to the Thingspeak web, making it easier for farmers to seed citrus seeds. The data read by the sensor will be sent to thingspeak, making it easier to monitor nutrients in the soil. From the results of the tests carried out, it is found that the nutrient content in wet soil is higher than in dry soil; from the tests carried out, the NPK sensor accuracy rate is 90%.

The effect of using uncertified citrus seeds on huanglongbing disease incidence in Karo District

North Sumatra Province is one of the major citrus producers for Siam cultivars in Indonesia. Recently, it experienced a significant decline in citrus production. One of the causes is the presence of huanglongbing (HLB) disease which results in decreased production and plant mortality. The research aim to obtain information on the origin of citrus seeds and to map HLB incidence in eight subdistricts within Karo District. This research was carried out through direct questionnaires to farmers, visual symptoms scoring, and molecular detection with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). At least two villages were taken from each sub-district and three orchards were taken from each village as samples in January 2019. The results showed that in general, citrus plants aged 3 to 15 years. Mostly, citrus planted in Karo originated from uncertified seedlings bought from local and outside seed breeders in the province of North Sumatra. The highest symptoms severity of HLB diseases based on leaf scores and canopy scores were recorded in Barus Jahe subdistrict with 82-83% intensity. The highest HLB incidence were recorded in three subdistricts namely Kabanjahe, Munte, and Brastagi, each with 100% HLB prevalence. This shows that asymptomatic plants are not always free from CLas pathogens. Certified citrus seeds which are free from systemic diseases, followed by improve farmer’s awareness to apply good agriculture practice the initial to sustain Indonesian citrus agroindustry.

M244 POMEGRANATE SEED ALLERGY IN A TREE NUT-ALLERGIC CHILD

Reports of pomegranate allergy are rare and often linked to pollen/fruit cross-reactivity. While reactions to citrus seeds have been reported among cashew-allergic children, pomegranate seed allergy has not been well-described in tree nut-allergic patients. We present a rare case of IgE-mediated pomegranate seed allergy in a tree nut-allergic child.

A Comparative Study of Biosynthesized Silver-Nanoparticles from Citrus maxima Peel, Pulp and Seed: A Special Retrospect for Antimicrobial Activity

Background: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been used in various medicinal products because of its anti-microbial properties. This research study has reported a simplistic, cost effective and eco-friendly method for the synthesis of Silver nanoparticles.
 Objective: The objective of present study was to compare the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from various parts of Citrus maxima fruit like pulp, peel and seed.
 Methodology: The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by the use of UV-visible spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Time-dependent synthesis of AgNPs was studied spectrophotometrically. UV–visible spectrophotometer was used to confirm the synthesis of AgNPs which showed maximum absorption at 410 nm, 420 nm and 430 nm respectively.
 Expected Results: Fresh peel extract exhibited the highest concentration of silver nanoparticles in comparison to pulp and seed. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra analysis confirmed the presence of possible functional groups in AgNPs which can be responsible for reduction of nanoparticles. Morphological characters of AgNPs were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) depicting the particles size as 12.58-47.80 nm. The antibacterial property of synthesized AgNPs was analyzed viz Escherichia coli (MTCC 1687) and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 902), specify them to be effective against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
 Conclusion: These results suggested that the fresh peel extract of Citrus maxima is a high-quality bioreductant for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and have prospective for various biomedical applications.

Identification Of F1 Hybrids From Crosses Of Citrus Rootstocks Tolerant To Shilling Stress Using Molecular Markers SSR

The study was carried out at the Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Lattakia, Syria, during (2018-2019) and (2019-2020), after obtaining F1 seedlings resulting from different crosses between the following citrus rootstocks: sour orange., Cleopatra mandarin. and the trifoliate orange. The individuals were selected according to the characteristic of the formal leaf, and then selected individuals were subjected to shilling stress, that is one of the determinants of citrus cultivation in Syria by placing the one-year-old individuals in controlled freezers.The results shows that the percentage of damage in the leaves of the tri-leaf orange hybrids did not exceed 32%, while Cleopatra tangerine hybrid it ranged between 0% and 58%, and in the sour orange hybrids between 6% and 16%. Within 24 hours of applying stress and 11 individuals were selected from the F1 tolerant to the stress of cold shilling (10-)°C and (0)°C for 24 hours, the hybrids continued to grow normally the following spring, Since the citrus seeds are polyembryonic and give nucellular embryos; its genotype similar to the seed parent, the objective of moleculare markers SSR is identification tolerant hybrids. Whereas,. as a result, four primeres were able to effectively identify hybrids, that showing difference with seed parent; and all the individuals were hybrids. Corresponding author: E-mail(venushasan80@gmail.com) Al-Muthanna University All rights reserved

PM 7/121 (2) ‘Candidatus Liberibacter africanus’, ‘Candidatus Liberibacter americanus’ and ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’

Specific scopeThis Standard describes a diagnostic protocol for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter africanus’, ‘Candidatus Liberibacter americanus’ and ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’.1This Standard should be used in conjunction with PM 7/76 (5) Use of EPPO diagnostic protocols.Specific approval and amendmentFirst approved in 2014–09. Revised in 2021–04.

Siam Madu citrus seeding in supporting the development of Sumatra citrus zone

The purposes of this study were to identify the potency of citrus farming and to recommend citrus seeding development policy in North Sumatra Province. The method used in this study was desk study, and secondary data was analyzing descriptively. Citrus seeding is one of the keys to the success of citrus farming. North Sumatra Province is one of the centers for citrus development in Indonesia. The seed is one of the keys to the success of farming. Currently, citrus development in North Sumatra is still constrained by the availability of seeds. Only a few proportions of the seeds that are currently used by farmers were from local breeders and usually carried out if there was a government program. The shortage of citrus seeds came from outside of North Sumatra Province as the Bangkinang citrus variety which is parent stock source was not guaranteed. One of the citrus types in North Sumatra Province is called ‘siam madu’ citrus. The opportunity for siam madu citrus seeding development was feasible, considering that siam madu citrus was very popular for citrus farmers.

Experimental design of hydrotropic extraction for recovery of bioactive limonin from lemon (Citrus limon L.) seeds

ABSTRACT A potential bioactive compound limonin is found in citrus fruits, especially tremendous extent in seeds. In this study, an attempt has been made to develop a novel and proficient extraction method by using the hydrotrope solution to recover limonin from lemon (Citrus limon L.) seeds. Initially, the extraction time (4 h) was screened by varying the time from 3 to 6 h by fixing the concentration of hydrotrope (sodium salicylate), raw material loading and temperature of the extraction. To enhance the yield of hydrotrope extraction, Box–Behnken experimental design (BBD) was proposed. The maximum yield of limonin recovered was 6.41 mg g−1 at optimized process conditions such as the hydrotrope concentration of 1.65 M, raw material loading of 8.08%, and temperature of 44°C. The obtained limonin yield in this study was higher compared to the other studies using different citrus seeds. The recovered limonin was identified by using Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Furthermore, the scavenging ability was evaluated for the extracted limonin, and it is proved to be a potent antioxidant. Therefore, the results revealed that the extraction of bioactive compounds using hydrotrope is efficient, eco-friendly and can also lower the usage of organic chemicals.

Limonin Enhances the Antifungal Activity of Eugenol Nanoemulsion against Penicillium Italicum In Vitro and In Vivo Tests.

Penicillium italicum, the cause of citrus blue mold, is a pathogenic fungus that seriously affects the postharvest quality of citrus fruit and causes serious economic loss. In this study, a eugenol nanoemulsion containing limonin, an antimicrobial component from citrus seeds, was prepared using a high-pressure microfluidizer and the antifungal activity of the nanoemulsions against P. italicum was evaluated based on the conidial germination rate, mycelial growth, and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration and the inhibition rate of limonin-loaded eugenol nanoemulsion was 160 μg/mL and 59.21%, respectively, which was more potent than that of the limonin-free eugenol emulsion. After treatment with the nanoemulsions, the integrity of the P. italicum cell membrane was disrupted, the cell morphology was abnormal, and the leakage of nucleic acid and protein was observed. In addition, the challenge test on citrus fruits revealed that the limonin-loaded eugenol emulsion inhibited citrus infection for longer periods, with an infection rate of 29.2% after 5 days. The current research shows that nanoemulsions containing limonin and eugenol have effective antifungal activity against P. italicum, and may be used as a substitute for inhibiting blue mold in citrus fruits.

Valorization and extraction optimization of Citrus seeds for food and functional food applications

Valorization of food byproducts has attracted recently considerable attention. Citrus fruits provide considerable non-edible residues reach 80% in juice production. They are considered agri-wastes to comprise peel, pulp and seeds. Previous investigations have focused on peel and pulp to recover value-added products. The review presents for the first-time phytochemical composition of Citrus seeds’ products, i.e., oil and extracts. Fatty acids, phytosterols and tocopherols amounted as the major bioactives in Citrus seeds, in addition to limonoids, dietary fibers and flavonoids. Besides their nutritional values, these chemicals have promising applications including production of biodiesel, food enhancers and antioxidants, especially from mandarin and grapefruit seeds. Optimum conditions of the different Citrus seeds' valorization are discussed to improve extraction yield and lessen environmental hazards of solvent extraction. This review presents the best utilization practices for one of the largest cultivated fruit seeds worldwide and its different applications.

Phytotoxic Tryptoquialanines Produced In Vivo by Penicillium digitatum Are Exported in Extracellular Vesicles.

Penicillium digitatum is the most aggressive pathogen of citrus fruits. Tryptoquialanines are major indole alkaloids produced by P. digitatum It is unknown if tryptoquialanines are involved in the damage of citrus fruits caused by P. digitatum. To investigate the pathogenic roles of tryptoquialanines, we initially asked if tryptoquialanines could affect the germination of Citrus sinensis seeds. Exposure of the citrus seeds to tryptoquialanine A resulted in a complete inhibition of germination and an altered metabolic response. Since this phytotoxic effect requires the extracellular export of tryptoquialanine A, we investigated the mechanisms of extracellular delivery of this alkaloid in P. digitatum We detected extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by P. digitatum both in culture and during infection of citrus fruits. Compositional analysis of EVs produced during infection revealed the presence of a complex cargo, which included tryptoquialanines and the mycotoxin fungisporin. The EVs also presented phytotoxicity activity in vitro and caused damage to the tissues of citrus seeds. Through molecular networking, it was observed that the metabolites present in the P. digitatum EVs are produced in all of its possible hosts. Our results reveal a novel phytopathogenic role of P. digitatum EVs and tryptoquialanine A, implying that this alkaloid is exported in EVs during plant infection.IMPORTANCE During the postharvest period, citrus fruits can be affected by phytopathogens such as Penicillium digitatum, which causes green mold disease and is responsible for up to 90% of total citrus losses. Chemical fungicides are widely used to prevent green mold disease, leading to concerns about environmental and health risks. To develop safer alternatives to control phytopathogens, it is necessary to understand the molecular basis of infection during the host-pathogen interaction. In the P. digitatum model, the virulence strategies are poorly known. Here, we describe the production of phytotoxic extracellular vesicles (EVs) by P. digitatum during the infection of citrus fruits. We also characterized the secondary metabolites in the cargo of EVs and found in this set of molecules an inhibitor of seed germination. Since EVs and secondary metabolites have been related to virulence mechanisms in other host-pathogen interactions, our data are important for the comprehension of how P. digitatum causes damage to its primary hosts.

Measurement of Some Citrus Species Content From Total Flavonoids and Antioxidant

The aim of this study was to measure content of total flavonoids for most types of citrus cultivated in Iraq as well as the antioxidant activity. The antioxidant was highest in orange peels [5129] micromole Fe⁺² / gm dry matter. Citrus peels and seeds are a good source of natural antioxidants that can be used both in the medical and commercial fields .