Citrus Rust Mite Research Articles

OUTCOMES OF PHYTOSANITARY MONITORING IN THE CITRUS PLANTATIONS OF ADJARA-GURIA

Phytosanitary monitoring conducted in 2023 across citrus plantations in the Adjara-Guria region in Georgia indicated an unfavorable situation. The damage caused by mites was particularly severe, with the citrus rusty (silver) mite (Phyllocoptruta oleivorus Ashm.) and the citrus red mite (Panonychus citri McGregor) observed at the highest intensity (3 points). Both old and younger plants were found to be infested by these pests. A widespread distribution of scale insects was also recorded, including the citrus rust mite (P. oleivorus Ashm.), citrus red mite (P. citri McGregor), yellow scale (Aonidiella citrina Coq.), citrus mussel scale (Lepidella beckii Newman), Japanese maple scale (Lopholeucaspis japonica Cockerell), tortoise wax scale (Ceroplastes japonicus Green), wax scale (Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio), brown soft scale (Coccus hesperidum L.), cottony camellia scale (Pulvinaria floccifera Westwood), citrus cottony scale (Pulvinaria aurantii Cockerell), citrus whitefly (Dialeurodes citri Ashm.), citrus blackfly (Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby), woolly whitefly (Aleurothrixus floccosus Maskell), and citrus spiny whitefly (Aleurocanthus spiniferus Quaintance). The citrus blackfly, citrus spiny whitefly, and woolly whitefly were identified as particularly problematic. In Georgia, they are registered as quarantine pests.. KEYWORDS :Citrus, Mites, Monitoring, Pest, Scale insects

Resistance of Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Acari: Eriophyidae) to acaricides in Turkey

Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) (Acari: Eriophyidae) is a significant pest. The use of pesticides is the main strategy for its control and it has increased year by year. However, citrus growers stated that the effects of the acaricides have decreased in recent years. In order to determine whether this is due to resistance, P. oleivora populations were collected from Erdemli (Mersin), Karataş, Kozan, Yüreğir (Adana), and Balcalı (as a susceptible) in Turkey. Adults were bioassayed with abamectin, sulfur, spirodiclofen, and pyridaben, which are widely used and have different modes of action. Based on the bioassay experiments, the most resistant population to abamectin was found to be that from Kozan with 25.31-fold, and the population with the lowest resistance was determined to be that from Yüreğir with 8.13-fold both compared to susceptible population. All populations showed low resistance against sulfur, the highest resistance ratio to sulfur was found in Yüreğir with 2.53-fold. The highest resistance population against spirodiclofen was detected in Erdemli with 24.00-fold, followed by Karataş, Yüreğir, and Kozan populations with 15.39, 14.05, and 9.21-fold, respectively. The resistance ratios of P. oleivora populations against pyridaben were found to be 30.30, 15.85, 10.10, and 7.55-fold in Erdemli, Kozan, Yüreğir, and Karataş, respectively. The detected status of acaricide resistance indicates that this phenomenon takes place and should be a concern in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkish populations of P. oleivora requiring monitoring and planning of resistance management strategies. The use of acaricides with different modes of action in sequential spraying is essential to prevent the development of resistance.

Incidence of eriophyid mites (Acariformes: Eriophyidae) and predatory mites (Parasitiformes: Phytoseiidae) in Florida citrus orchards under three different pest management programs.

The abundance and diversity of eriophyid and phytoseiid mites in south and central Florida were assessed in six citrus orchards under three different pest management systems, conventional, organic, and untreated. Tree canopy, ground cover, and leaf litter were sampled every two months in two groves foreach of the three pest management systems from April 2019 to February 2021. The citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) represented 95 to99% of the rust mites sampledin each grove except in one untreated orchard where it accounted for 45% of the samples (n = 938 total P. oleivora mounted specimens). The pink citrus rust mite, Aculops pelekassi (Keifer) was present in organic and untreated orchards at 5% and 28%, respectively, but absent from conventional orchards (n = 134 total A. pelekassi mounted specimens). Twenty-nine species of phytoseiid mites were identified from 1778 specimens. Thirteen species were present in the canopy, fifteen in the ground cover, and eighteen in the leaf litter with some common species among these habitats. In the tree canopy, Typhlodromalus peregrinus (39%), Euseius spp. (25%), and Iphiseiodes quadripilis (19%) were the dominant species. Typhlodromalus peregrinus (43%), Typhlodromips dentilis (25%), and Proprioseiopsis mexicanus (13%) were the major species in the ground cover. Species richness was lower in organic orchards (3.0) compared to conventional and untreated orchards (5.0 and 4.7, respectively). In the leaf litter, Amblyseius curiosus (26%), Proprioseiopsis carolinianus (15%), Chelaseius floridanus (14%), and Amblyseius tamatavensis (12%) were the most common species. Shannon index was significantly higher in conventional orchards (1.45) compared to organic and untreated orchards (1.02 and 1.05, respectively). Evenness was also higher in conventional orchards (0.86) compared to organic and untreated (0.72 and 0.68, respectively). Finding of several phytoseiids in abundance across pest management programs suggest the need for identifying their role in pest suppression particularly mites.

Field evaluation of the efficacy of copper nanoparticles against mites associated with orange trees.

Phytophagous mites are dangerous pests, causing economic losses to the world's crops. Nanotechnology is a promising field for pests and disease management, and enhancement of agricultural productivity. The aim of the study was to evaluation of the effectiveness of copper nanoparticles (CuNP) against all stages of eriophyid mite, the citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) (Acari: Eriophyidae) and tetranychid mite, the citrus brown mite Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) (Acari: Tetranychidae), and Tenuipalpid mite, the false spider mite, Brevipalpus obovatus Donnadieu (Acari: Tenuipalpidae). This includes its impacts on predacious mites, Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot and Euseius scutalis (Athias-Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), on orange trees under field conditions. Five different concentrations of copper nanoparticles (40, 80, 160, 240, and 320 ppm), as well as the control (well water) were examined. The obtained results indicated that the mortality rate of both phytophagous and predacious mites was associated with an increase in the concentrations of copper nanoparticles. Copper nanoparticles were significantly effective in killing P. oleivora, E. orientalis and B. obovatus with minimal effects on A. swirskii and E. scutalis. The mortality percentage was 15.24, 20.32, 46.32, 78.97 and 86.37% for P. oleivora, 6.87, 9.86, 28.91, 56.30 and 77.52% for E. orientalis and 8.38, 23.50, 48.83, 68.80 and 84.08% for B. obovatus while the mortality percentage was 0.00, 0.56, 5.83, 9.91 and 15.19% for A. swirskii and 0.44, 3.96, 6.93, 8.63 and 21.39% for E. scutalis one week after exposure to 40, 80, 160, 240 and 320 ppm of copper nanoparticles, respectively. Moreover, the results showed that copper nanoparticles caused a reduction in the percentage of eggs hatching. The percentages of larvae hatching from eggs were 96.29, 80.00, 64.13, 45.66 and 32.17% for P. oleivora, 97.38, 83.28, 69.41, 48.01 and 35.29 for E. orientalis and 96.60, 76.92, 56.38, 40.55 and 33.28% for B. obovatus one week after exposure to copper nanoparticles at 40, 80, 160, 240 and 320 ppm respectively, compared with the control (well water). According to the results, the use of copper nanoparticles significant effect on reducing the population of phytophagous mites associated with orange trees, with low detrimental effects on predatory mites.

Occurrence of Tegolophus brunneus and Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Acari: Eriophyidae) on the main citrus belt of Brazil and the differential toxicity of the acaricides to these species.

Many mites of the family Eriophyidae are important pests worldwide. In citrus crops, the eriophyid Phyllocoptruta oleivora stands out for the economic losses caused. The pest's injuries cause the darkening of leaves, twigs, and fruits, making them unfit for the fresh fruit market and affecting plant productivity. Another species that causes similar symptoms was described in Brazil recently, the brown citrus rust mite, Tegolophus brunneus. Although studies have not been performed with this species, growers and technicians have attributed the rise in rust damages in Brazil to T. brunneus, affirming that this mite is more aggressive and resistant to acaricides than P. oleivora. In this study, the distribution of T. brunneus in the main Brazilian citrus belt and the differential toxicity of the acaricides sulfur and abamectin were evaluated for both species. Infested fruits were collected from different orchards in many municipalities, covering the main citrus species and cultivars grown, aiming to show the main T. brunneus hosts. It was observed that only plants of Tahiti acid lime (Citrus latifolia) were infested by T. brunneus, whereas P. oleivora infested all citrus cultivars and species evaluated (Citrus spp.). In our study, T. brunneus and P. oleivora were never observed coinfesting the same fruit/leaf or plant. The acute toxicity test of sulfur and abamectin as acaricides showed that T. brunneus has greater tolerance to abamectin than P. oleivora. However, the acute toxicity of sulfur was similar for both species. These results showed T. brunneus specificity to infest Tahiti acid lime, causing important damage to this crop, and suggest that attention should be paid to managing this mite using abamectin.

Citrus Pest Quick Guide: Citrus Rust Mite and Pink Citrus Rust Mite (Phyllocoptruta oleivora Ashmead) (Aculops pelekassi Keifer)

This publication is a brief description of the life cycle and damage of citrus rust mite and pink citrus rust mite. It is one publication in a series of quick guides to citrus pests. Each fact sheet is designed to be a quick reference of citrus pests for both residential and commercial industry audiences.

Prey suitability and life table analysis of Amblyseius swirskii and Amblyseius aerialis (Parasitiformes: Phytoseiidae) on Panonychus citri (Acariformes: Tetranychidae) and Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Acariformes: Eriophyidae)

Phytoseiid mites are important predators of several pests including mites and are widely used in enclosed and open crop production systems. We evaluated two phytoseiid species, one that is commercially available (Amblyseius swirskii), and a species found in Florida citrus (A. aerialis), against pest mites Panonychus citri and Phyllocoptruta oleivora. These pests cause significant losses to citrus grown in traditional orchards and enclosed systems such as Citrus Under Protective Screen (CUPS). CUPS is a new undercover system being implemented to produce citrus free of Huanglongbing (HLB) disease and its vector psyllid. Development period, longevity, reproduction, and life table parameters of the two predatory mites were evaluated under laboratory conditions at 22 ± 2 °C and 60 ± 5% RH. Phyllocoptruta oleivora was not suitable for both predatory mites even to complete development through protonymph stage. When fed on P. citri, A. swirskii developed faster than A. aerialis, (8.9 vs. 10.2 days, respectively) and exhibited a shorter pre-oviposition period than A. aerialis (3.6 vs. 5.5 days, respectively) and a longer oviposition period (31.9 vs. 24.1 days, respectively). Fecundity and oviposition rate were also higher for A. swirskii than A. aerialis averaging 43.4 vs. 17.3 eggs/female, respectively, and 1.4 vs. 0.7 eggs/female/day, respectively. The positive effects of feeding on P. citri also improved several life table parameters of A. swirskii compared to A. aerialis. The intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, and net reproductive rate were all significantly higher for A. swirskii (1.173, 0.16, and 32.52, respectively) than A. aerialis (1.105, 0.10, and 10.71, respectively). Findings suggest that both predatory mites benefited from feeding on P. citri and will be useful for their production and implementation in citrus pest management particularly against P. citri.

English

Miticidal action of hexythiazox has been investigated against three mites, Citrus Rust Mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) (Acari: Eriophyidae), False Spider Mite, Brevipalpus californicus (Banks) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) and Citrus Brown Mite, Eutetranychus orientalis Klein (Acari: Tetranychidae), infesting citrus trees in the region of Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia. Three concentrations of hexythiazox, half of the recommended dose (HRD), the recommended dose (RD) and double recommended dose (DRD) were used against the selected mite species at immature and adult stages. Mortality data was recorded after regular intervals of a day till seven days of post-treatment application. Larvicidal action of the pesticide was observed in terms of post spray percentage of egg hatching. Trails regarding mortality of immature and adult mites were carried out under laboratory and field conditions. A maximum of 72.88% and 64.41% mortality was observed in immature mites of P. oleivora at RD under laboratory and field conditions respectively. The highest mortality of adult mites at RD was recorded again in P. oleivora that was 18.97 and 20.39% under laboratory and field conditions respectively, showing that mortality percentage was insignificant in adults. Under the same conditions, mortality of mites observed at HRD was non-significant and there was negligible increase in mortality when concentration was increased from RD to DRD. Success of hatching for the treated eggs of the three selected mites was observed in the range of 5.00 to 12.50% at the recommended dose. This indicated that hexythiazox has the significant potential of inhibiting hatching process. For the successful control over citrus mites, the appropriate time of spray is prehatching stage

Study of the population dynamics of phytoseiid mites on citrus under natural conditions

Citrus is the most extensively produced tree fruit crop in the world, and the citrus red mites, Panonychus citri (McGregor) and citrus rust mites, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) are the serious pest mites of citrus crops. Except for chemical control, biological control is an important component of integrated pest management and plays an essential role in regulating populations of pest mites. Predatory mites from the family Phytoseiidae are important natural enemies. The populations of P. citri are usually controlled by indigenous predators, mainly the phytoseiid mites. As native phytoseiids are more likely to adapt to the local environmental conditions than the commercially available phytoseiids, conservation of local phytoseiid species is a key factor for the IPM success in citrus orchards. Investigation into the species and population dynamics of phytoseiid mites in citrus orchards will provide important references to the conservation and utilization of predatory mites. This work aimed to investigate the species of phytoseiid mites and their seasonal population dynamics associated with P. citri in different citrus cultivars orchards. We sampled phytoseiid mites from orchards planted with three citrus cultivars of citron-lemon, Ehime Kashi No. 28 and Shatangju, respectively, from April to December in 2018⁓2021. Species of phytoseiid mites, and their developmental stage and gender were identified under a microscope. In the citron-lemon orchard, we recorded nine phytoseiid species in 2018, but only three species in 2019. The dominant species was Scapulaseius newsami (Evans). In 2020, five species with a dominant species of Euseius nicholsi (Ehara et Lee) were found in Ehime Kashi No. 28 orchard, but only two with a dominant species of Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) detected in the Shatangju orchard. In the Shatangju orchard in 2021, six species were recorded with N. californicus being dominant from April to July, and Amblyseius eharai Amitai & Swirski being dominant from August to December. The population of predatory mites peaked in May and October in the citron-lemon orchard, and in May, July and October in the Ehime Kashi No. 28 and Shatangju orchards. All active life stages (i.e., larva, nymph and adult) were found and most were adults. The sex ratio was female-biased (over 80%) in each orchard. In conclusion, the population size of phytoseiids changed over the growing seasons. Whether this could be attributed to the different tolerance capacities of different species to the local climate conditions or chemical pesticides remains for future studies.

Leipothrix argutae (Acari: Eriophyidae) infesting kiwi fruit trees in Jilin province, Northeastern China

Eriophyoid mites are herbivorous mites of a worldwide distribution. The genus Leipothrix (Eriophyidae) was established by Keifer (1966) and currently consisted of 53 species (including two species unpublished). This genus is characterized by (1) the absence of femoral setae bv from both legs and (2) the distinctive form of dorsal palp genual setae d, which is moderately long and bifurcate, with its branch being minute or very minute (sometimes seen as a sharp bend in the seta). Most Leipothrix spp. cause no damage and are vagrant on the leaf surface. However, some of them caused russeting and drying of the leaves when the mites were in high density. During field surveys in Zuojia Experimental Plot in Jilin Province, China, we collected two sympatric morphs of Leipothrix species from the hardy kiwi, Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. (Actinidiaceae), a cultivated vine. The mites were later described as L. argutae Han, Wang & Ai, 2020, which is a deuterogynous species (Han et al. 2020). These mites were found with large rust on the surfaces of leaves and fruits of the host plant. Local people wrongly attributed these symptoms to a kind of plant disease. Sometimes L. argutae is also confused with Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead), which also causes rust in Citrus sp. and other related plant species. This is the first record of Leipothrix species on a species of Actinidiaceae, and also a new record of an eriophyoid mite causing serious symptoms and affecting fruit quality in kiwi fruits. 

Development and Reproductive Capacity of the Miyake Spider Mite Eotetranychus kankitus (Acari: Tetranychidae) at Different Temperatures.

Simple SummaryEotetranychus kankitus (Acari: Tetranychidae) is an important pest of citrus and occurs mainly in Oriental and Palearctic areas. E. kankitus often coexists with Panonychus citri or Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Acari: Tetranychidae, Eriophyidae), resulting in a pest complex that is extremely difficult to control. As adaptable organisms, insects and mites respond differently to environmental changes, especially to changes in temperature that may occur as a result of climate warming. In this study, E. kankitus was used as a test organism to see how temperature affects development time, survival rate and fecundity. We used the bootstrap-match technique to construct the life-table parameters. The results showed that oviposition was highest at 20–25 °C, while growth rate was highest at 25–30 °C. Although the optimal temperature for growth differs among spider mite species, the species–specific thermal constants could also be used as a potential indicator of the distribution and abundance of arthropods.Eotetranychus kankitus (Acari: Tetranychidae) is an important pest of citrus. Assessing life history parameters is crucial to developing an ecologically sound pest management program. Of the many factors that affect life history parameters of herbivorous insects and mites, temperature has the greatest influence on development rate and reproductive potential. We investigated the effects of temperatures from 15 to 40 °C on the demographic parameters of E. kankitus under a long-day (16:8 (L:D) h) photoperiod. The egg-to-adult development time of E. kankitus decreased as the temperature increased from 15 to 32.5 °C. At 35 °C, the female laid eggs that died at the larval stage. The estimated lower thermal thresholds (t0) were 11.01 and 10.48 °C, and the thermal constants (K) were 190.67 and 188.63 degree-days for egg-to-adult females and egg-to-adult males, respectively. The intrinsic optimal temperatures (TØ) for development were 21.79 and 21.74 °C, respectively. The bootstrap-match technique was used in the construction of the life table paramaters. The net reproductive rate (R0) decreased as temperature increased from 20 to 30 °C, but the lowest rate was observed at 15 °C. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) increased from 0.0299 day−1 at 15 °C to 0.1822 day−1 at 30 °C. These findings provide a critical theoretical basis for predicting the occurrence of E. kankitus populations under climate warming and for developing appropriate control strategies.

Effects of intraguild predation and cannibalism in two generalist phytoseiid species on prey density of the pink citrus rust mite in the presence of high-quality food

Effects of intraguild predation and cannibalism in two generalist phytoseiid species on prey density of the pink citrus rust mite in the presence of high-quality food

How long do eriophyoid mites live?

The eriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea) are extremely small, highly specialized and obligately phytophagous, and ~ 80% of the ~ 5,000 known species are monophagous. They include pests of more than 50 important food and industrial crops and ornamental plants. Conversely, other species have been investigated for their potential role in the biological control of weeds. In this literature review, the data on the development time, adult longevity and lifespan of eriophyoid species generated in 74 studies from 1930 to 2021 was compiled. The eriophyoids were from three families, Eriophyidae, Diptilomiopidae and Phytoptidae, 24 genera and 47 species that included 43 eriophyids, two phytoptids and two diptilomiopids. The most studied genus was Aceria (13 species), followed by Aculus (4) and Calacarus (3). The host plants were in a range of vegetative forms, including grasses, a climber, shrubs and trees, in different families that included Poaceae, Rosaceae and Rutaceae. Almost all the investigations were carried out in laboratory settings under numerous combinations of species, gender, diet/host plant, temperature, relative humidity and photoperiod. These variables all affected the development time, adult longevity and lifespan of eriophyoid mites, with temperature consistently a major influence and relative humidity consistently important. Male life stages were always shorter than female life stages. Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) males had the shortest lifespan of 7.1 d at 32 °C on green orange fruit and Aculops lycopersici (Massee) females had the longest lifespan of 46.4 d at 11 °C on young tomato leaves. Biological studies on the duration of their life stages are required to develop models that predict the dynamics of eriophyoid populations in the field to support IPM programs and organic farming. Moreover, these studies are becoming increasingly valuable as globalization and climate change facilitate the spread of invasive eriophyoid mite species.

First report of Amblyseius tamatavensis Blommers, 1974 (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in Peru, with predation observation and a key for the Amblyseius species reported so far from that country

Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) is an important family of predatory mites, with some species being commercialized as biological control agents for the control of phytophagous mites and small insects. In Peru, 65 species of this family have been recorded so far, with Amblyseius being the most diverse genus, with 11 species. The aim of this study is to report for the first time the presence of Amblyseius tamatavensis Blommers, 1974 in Peru. In South America, this species has so far been reported only in Brazil and Venezuela. In Peru, A. tamatavensis was found on orange plants [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] in the district of Pangoa, department of Júnin. In the laboratory, collected specimens were observed to feed on Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmed, 1879) (Acari: Eriophyidae) and Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Studies to verify the potential of this species as a biological control agent for pests occurring in Peru should be conducted. A key to the Amblyseius species recorded in Peru is presented.

Development of Molecular Marker to Detect Citrus Melanose Caused by Diaporthe citri from Citrus Melanose-like Symptoms

It is difficult to distinguish melanose and melanoses-like symptoms with the naked eye because they appear similar. To accurately detect melanose symptoms caused by Diaporthe citri from melanose-like symptoms, we developed PCR-based specific primers Dcitri by aligning the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of D. citri with the ITS of Diaporthe cytosporella, Diaporthe foeniculina, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria citri, and Fusarium oxysporum found on citrus peel. PCR results showed that the specific product was amplified in D. citri but not in other isolates including, C. gloeosporioides, B. cinerea, A. citri, F. oxysporum. In addition, specific products were observed in melanose symptoms caused by D. citri but not in melanose-like symptoms, such as copper-injury, sunscald, damages by yellow tea thrips, and pink citrus rust mite. Using the Dcitri primers developed in this study, it is expected that melanose caused by D. citri could be accurately distinguished from melanose-like symptoms.

Biological and economic efficiency of optimised pest control schemes for mandarin fruit in Abkhazian

Abkhazian mandarin crop is infected by over 50 pest species incurring marketable yield losses up to 83 %, which prioritises the development of new crop protection strategies that avoid organophosphorus compound usage leading to pest resistance. The studies were conducted during 2019–2020 in full-grown Citrus unshiu mandarin plantations at the Gulrypsh District of the Republic of Abkhazia adhering to the common protocol. Seven schemes were covered in study for the mandarin crop protection from rust mite Phyllocoptruta oleivora Ashmead and brown marble bug Halyomorphahalys Stål. Two schemes have been selected as optimised: scheme 5 (treatment 1 with Confidor Extra tank mix, 0.05 % WDG (imidacloprid) and 0.15 % Cytovit; treatment 2 with Vertimek tank mix, 0.1 % EC (abamectin, 18 g/L) and 0.15 % Cytovit; treatments 3--4 with Karate Zeon tank mix, 0.05 % OEC (lambda-cyhalothrin, 50 g/L) and 0.15 % Cytovit) and scheme 6 (treatment 1 with Metomax tank mix, 0.15 % SC (methomil 250 g/kg + bifenthrin 25 g/kg) and Vertimek, 0.1 % EC (abamectin, 18 g/L); treatments 2--3 with Karate Zeon, 0.05 % ISS (lambda-cyhalothrin, 50 g/L) and Vertimek, 0.1 % EC (abamectin, 18 g/L); treatment 4 with Karate Zeon, 0.05 % OEC (lambda-cyhalothrin, 50 g/L)). The schemes’ biological efficacy against mandarin pests was 80.0–84.2 and 81.3–87.7 %, providing for an average fruit weight improvement by 89.5 and 94.7 % vs. control, and 22.0 and 25.4 % vs. benchmark, respectively. Yield excess in the schemes was 85.7 and 91.7 % vs. control, and 36.8 and 41.3 % vs. economic cultivation, respectively. Class 1 fruits accounted for 63.3–65.6 % total harvest in schemes 5 and 6, whilst were not obtained in control.

Notes on the Citrus Rust Mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead), as a Major Pest of Citrus in Indonesia

Most citrus farmers in Indonesia believed that rust on citrus fruits resulted from insect attacks. This research aims to determine the cause of rust on citrus fruit and its damage intensity. The study was carried out in commercial citrus plantations in three provinces, on Citrus sinensis and C. reticulata plantations in East Java, C. reticulata and C. suhuensis in West Kalimantan and C. suhuensis in North Sumatra. An additional observation was also conducted to collect mite specimens on citrus plantations in Malang, East Java. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and light microscope were used to observe and identify each collected sample. Results showed that the cause of rust-colored citrus fruit in three provinces is the citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead). It belongs to the family Eriophyidae with two pairs of legs with regular segmentation, five-rayed featherclaws, and a net pattern on prodorsum. The specific damage produced by this mite is rust-colored symptoms. Damage intensity of citrus rust mite in tree provinces averaging 32.6%, ranging from 30 to 40%, and ca. the mite attacks 90% of citrus fruits. Predaceous mites, predaceous insects, and entomo-acaropathogenic fungi are found on plantations.

Laporan baru tungau Tarsonemus bilobatus Suski dan karakter utama tungau lain pada daun tanaman jeruk di Pulau Jawa, Indonesia

Citrus is one of the most important fruit crops in Indonesia. One of the main problems in citrus production is mite infestation. Many mite species were reported attacking citrus around the world. This study was aimed to identify mites and describe the main characters of various species of mites on citrus in Java, Indonesia. Sampling was carried out at the location of citrus plantations and citrus plants in the yard of the house which was carried out purposively. In a large planting area, sampling was carried out on 10 citrus trees that showed symptoms of mite attack. The identification process is carried out by a mounting process to obtain specimens that can be observed under a compound microscope using PVA. Eight species of mites were collected from 8 various of citrus from 15 location. Six mites species were identified as phytophagous, i.e., Panonychus citri McGregor, Eotetranychus sp., Eutetranychus sp. (Family Tetranychidae), Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Family Tenuipalpidae), Tarsonemus bilobatus Suski (Family Tarsonemidae), and Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) (Family Eriophyidae). Meanwhile, the other two species, Amblyseius sp. (Family Phytoseiidae) and Cheletogenes ornatus (Canestrini & Fanzago) (Family Cheyletidae) were predators. Unidentified mites were Family Tydeidae and Winterschmidtiidae. According to Regulation No. 31 of 2018, P. citri and Ph. oleivora are quarantine pest. T. bilobatus is firstly reported in Indonesia.

Evaluation of Oils for Crop Use to Control Citrus Rust Mite, 2020

Evaluation of Oils for Crop Use to Control Citrus Rust Mite, 2020

Insecticide Efficacy for Citrus Rust Mite, 2019

Insecticide Efficacy for Citrus Rust Mite, 2019