Citrus Pulp Silage Research Articles

Effects of maize silage substitution with sugarbeet or citrus pulp ensiled with corncobs on growth performance, digestibility, and economic benefits in buffalo calves.

Ensiling of high-moisture agro-industrial wastes with dry roughage as animal feeds may be a secure way to reduce the feeding cost. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of either sugarbeet or citrus pulp ensiled with ground corncobs and used as a replacement of maize silage or maize fodder in total mixed ration (TMR) for fattening of buffalo calves. Twenty male calves of Nili-Ravi buffalo (aged 14 ± 2months weighing 133 ± 5kg) were randomly assignedto one of four iso-nutritious (12% CP and 69% TDN) experimental diets with 50:50 forage to concentrate ratio (dry matter basis) as: (1) TMR maize silage, (2) TMR sugarbeet pulp ensiled with corncobs, (3) TMR citrus pulp ensiled with corncobs, and (4) TMR green maize fodder with wheat straw. All calves received TMRs for ad libitum intake twice daily for 80-day period. Daily feed intake, fortnightly body weights, and digestibility and N balance study during last 15days were recorded of individual animals. The calves fed TMR sugarbeet pulp silage got highest daily gain (856g/d, P < 0.05) than citrus pulp silage (776g/d) or green maize fodder (704g/d). Average intake of nutrients was same among all the calves. Feed conversion ratio and digestibility of DM, NDF, and ADF were higher (P < 0.05) with TMR sugarbeet pulp silage compared to other TMRs. Economic benefit (output/input) with TMR sugarbeet pulp silage had 15.46, 34.27, and 37.36% higher effect for fattening of buffalo calves compared to citrus pulp silage, green maize fodder, and maize silage-based TMRs, respectively. In conclusion, sugarbeet pulp ensiled with ground corncobs is simple and appropriate method for silage making and its inclusion up to 50% of DM in TMR had pronounced economic impact to the production of buffalo calves.

ADDING PROBIOTICS TO RATIONS OF FATTENED CROSSBRED FRIESIAN CALVES AND ITS INFLUENCE ON CALVES’ PERFORMANCE

As the impact of upcoming climate change scenarios on livestock feeding security (quality, availability, and price), applying alternative feedstuffs is a must. Fattening calves considered as a most process related to traditional feeding system. In the present study we purposed new feedstuffs for fattened calves consisting citrus pulp silage, wheat germ, barley sprout and molasses. Within the above feedstuffs we using mechanical, chemical, and biological treatments. Moreover, the present study evaluates the production performance of 14 male cross Friesian calves (7 per each group) for adding 10ml/calve/day probiotic ZAD in treated group. Weight data where used to calculate Average Daily Gains ADG, nutrients digestibility, boneless meat percent, and feed conversion rate. From our results applying probiotics (ZAD) increased significantly (P<0.05) ADG in the hall fattened period by 1.011±0.107 kg/calve/day and 0.886±0.107kg/calve/day, also, increased the percent of boon less meat from 51.097±1.140 % and 44.410±1.518% in the treated control group respectively. Applying probiotic increasing significantly (P<0.05) digestibility of nutrient detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber by 42.853±7.092 and 54.010±3.774 in treated group compared with 25.180±7.902 and 37.679±3.774 respectively. Based on the results of the present study concluded that the effect of probiotic treatment on feed conversion rate of intake nutrients showing significant different (P<0.05) in Total Intake of Digestible Nutrients TDNI was higher in control group (4.579) compared with treated group (3.305). However, Dry Matter Intake DMI and Crud Protein Intake CPI tended to be higher in control group compared with treated group. In conclusion applying probiotics in agriculture byproduct silage in presence of sprout, molasses and wheat germ results in improving in nutrients digestibility, growth performance, and feed conversion rate of fattened calves. Based on our results we recommend such feeding system as a solution in calves' meat production to facing the upcoming climate change scenarios (i.e. direct and indirect effects on livestock sector.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ADDITIVES ON THE SILAGE QUALITY OF SWEET POTATO BRANCHES

ABSTRACT Sweet potato branches have potential use in animal feeding, even fresh or ensiled, and some additives may enhance their quality. This study aimed at assessing silage quality of sweet potato branches using different additives. We ensiled sweet potato branches without additive (control) and with the addition of 10% disintegrated corn with straw and corncob (DCSC), 10% sugarcane bagasse from alembic, 10% citrus pulp, and 10% coffee husk. Three samples of each plot were obtained after drying for measurements of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, mineral matter, starch, soluble sugars, pH, lactic acid bacteria population, gas, and effluent losses. Silage with DCSC, citrus pulp, and coffee rusk reached the highest dry matter contents. Moreover, citrus pulp silage had a high content of NDF. In contrast, DCSC silage showed the lowest content of ADF. Lignin was low in silage with DCSC, citrus pulp, and control (without additive). Suitable amounts of starch, crude protein, and lactic acid bacteria population were found in all treatments. Silage with DCSC achieved the best results for the assessed variables. Therefore, DCSC is the most suitable additive to improve silage quality of sweet potato branches.

The use of citrus pulp silage in Diplodus puntazzo nutrition

PurposeStudying the effect of citrus pulp silage in the growth performance, amino acid retention of sharpsnout sea bream juveniles.MethodsCitrus pulp is an energy and protein source that has been used to replace wheat meal in Diplodus puntazzo fingerlings; 96 fish of 21.5 ± 0.67 g were nourished with two experimental diets for 105 days. The control diet (CON) contained 421.6 g/kg of protein and 22.6 MJ/kg of energy. The citrus pulp diet (CPD) included 442.7 g/kg of protein and 22.02 MJ/kg of energy.ResultsAt the end of this trial, the CPD did not affect the growth parameters, but the feed efficiency values exhibited statistically significant differences, with those fish fed the CPD having higher values, possibly due to the presence of limonene in the diet. The CPD also resulted in a reduction in amino acid (AA) content due to the protein being bound to fibre; this consequence did not affect the final fish AA profile. For AA retention, only arginine displayed significant differences, although the rest of the AAs also showed effects of AA reduction from the CPD.ConclusionCitrus pulp silage can be used in D. puntazzo feeding, without adverse in the growth performance and the amino acid profile, although it did cause a reduction in feed efficiency.

Traceability of Functional Bioactive Compounds in Fresh and Pasteurized Milk Obtained from Goats Fed with Orange Pulp

Traceability is the ability to identify and trace the history, distribution, location, and application of products, parts, and materials. A traceability system records and follows the trail as products, parts, and materials come from suppliers and are processed and ultimately distributed as end products (Prache et al , 2002). In this work, were studied the bioactive compounds (total vitamin C, ascorbic acid, total phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamin A and vitamin E) and antioxidant activity of goat fresh milk and pasteurized one. The goats were fed with a standard diet (control diet) and then with a diet that incorporates orange pulp. The control diet (CD) corresponded with a standard ration (a ration wich provide the energetic and proteic values), daily food for milking animals. From that ration, the Department of Animal Science, from Politechnic University of Valencia replaced the different proportions of the ingredients for incorporating orange pulp diet (OPD). The results of the present study show that the citrus pulp silage mixture used can be fed to goats without any negative effects on the performance of the animals. Results of this study indicate that citrus pulp silage can replace part of the conventional ration of goats, thus lowering the cost of production. The first aim of this study was to compare the two types of goat diets: a standard diet and a diet with orange pulp, by analyzing the bioactive compounds in fresh and pasteurized milk. The results demonstrate that all the bioactive compounds are bigger in the orange pulp diet than in the control diet. The second objective of this study was to analyze the bioavailability and traceability of bioactive compounds in fresh milk. Â

POTENCIAL DE PRODUÇÃO DE GÁS METANO E DIÓXIDO DE CARBONO IN VITRO DOS INGREDIENTES UTILIZADOS EM DIETAS PARA OVINOS

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of CH 4 and CO 2 in vitro production of soybean hulls, sunflower meal, corn, citrus pulp and corn silage. Four rumen-cannulated sheep were fed diets containing the evaluated ingredients at 40:60 forage:concentrate ratio. The gases produced by samples incubation were measured by injection into a gas chromatograph equipped with flame ionization detector. The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measures, with three replicates for each evaluated food at four different periods. Under the experimental conditions, we verified different potential gas production among the ingredients. The citrus pulp meal was the ingredient with the greatest potential for CO 2 production. Corn silage and soybean hulls showed the greatest potential while citrus pulp and sunflower meal showed the least potential for CH 4 production, when expressed in mL/g of degraded dry matter; therefore, they can be considered, among the evaluated ingredients, those with the lowest environmental impact. KEYWORDS: CH 4 ; CO 2 ; degradation; feed; ruminant.

Perfil fermentativo, composição bromatológica e perdas em silagem de bagaço de laranja com diferentes inoculantes microbianos

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of microbial inoculants on the reduced concentration of gases and effluent, dry matter recovery, pH, volatile fatty acids, and chemical composition of orange pulp silage, using a completely randomized design, with four treatments and four replicates per treatment. The treatments were: orange pulp silage (CONT), citrus pulp silage + Lactobacillus plantarum (LAC), citrus pulp silage + Lactobacillus buchneri (BUCH), citrus pulp silage + Lactobacillus plantarum and buchneri (LACBUCH). Inoculants were applied at a rate of 25 liters of solution per ton of citrus pulp containing 1x103 CFU respectively of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri per gram of silage. There was no effect of the usage of different inoculants on the reduction of gas and effluent, as well as the pH of the silage. The dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC), mineral matter (MM), ether extract (EE) and the profile of fatty acids did not change significantly with the inclusion of the inoculants. The contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were higher for silage with Lactobacillus buchneri compared to control. The administration of microbial inoculants in orange pulp silage did not result in benefits relative to the dry matter losses during ensiling or the nutritional components.

Influence of wheat bran as a silage additive on chemical composition, in situ degradability and in vitro gas production of citrus pulp silage

The effect of wheat bran (WB) as a silage additive on chemical composition, in situ degradability and in vitro gas production of citrus pulp silage (CPS) was investigated. The whole fresh citrus pulp was manually chopped and used as untreated or treated with 6, 12, or 18 g WB/kg fresh citrus pulp for ensiling. The data were analyzed in a completely randomized design that showed experimental treatments had no significant effect on DM% of silages but with increasing WB, crude protein (CP%) linearly and quadratically increased (P 0.05). Result showed that with increasing WB, NDF concentration linearly increased (P 0.05). The fractional degradation rate ( c ) with increasing of WB significantly increased (P 0.05). Potential gas production ( b ) and fractional rate of gas production ( c ) demonstrated a linear and quadratic relationship (P < 0.05) with increasing WB. The organic matter digestibility (OMD), net energy (NEl), metabolisable energy (ME) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were significantly different between control group and treatments with WB (P < 0.05). This data suggest that the addition of WB to CPS can improve the nutritional value of citrus pulp silage without any adverse effects on this by-product. Keywords: Aerobic stability, citrus pulp silage, silage additive, degradability

Desempenho, características da carcaça, digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, metabolismo de nitrogênio e parâmetros ruminais de cordeiros alimentados com rações contendo polpa cítrica úmida semidespectinada e/ou polpa cítrica desidratada

O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da substituição parcial da polpa cítrica desidratada (PCD) pela polpa cítrica úmida semidespectinada in natura (PCUD), silagem de polpa cítrica úmida semidespectinada (PCUDS) ou silagem de polpa cítrica úmida semidespectinada adicionada de benzoato de sódio (PCUDS+B) sobre o desempenho, as características da carcaça, a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, os parâmetros ruminais e o metabolismo de nitrogênio. Na avaliação de desempenho, 64 cordeiros Santa Inês foram alimentados com rações contendo 95% de concentrado e 5% de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar in natura durante 56 dias. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados (BCC). A dieta controle continha 69,5% de PCD e foi substituída em 30% na matéria seca (MS) pela PCUD, PCUDS ou PCUDS+B. Não houve diferença no consumo de MS, no ganho médio diário de peso e nas características das carcaças. No entanto, a eficiência alimentar dos cordeiros alimentados com PCUD foi maior que a daqueles alimentados com PCD. No ensaio de metabolismo, 16 borregos Santa Inês, canulados no rúmen, foram distribuídos em BCC e alimentados com rações contendo 85% de concentrado e 15% de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar in natura. A dieta controle continha 75,3% de PCD e foi substituída em 30% na MS pela PCUD, PCUDS ou PCUDS+B. Não houve diferença nos coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS, matéria orgânica e proteína bruta. O coeficiente de digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro, porém foi maior para a PCUD comparado à PCD. A concentração de amônia no fluido ruminal foi maior para as rações contendo PCD em comparação àquelas com PCUDS e PCUDS+B. No entanto, para os demais parâmetros ruminais não foi verificado efeito dos tratamentos. A PCUD in natura ou ensilada pode substituir parcialmente a PCD em rações com alta proporção de concentrado para cordeiros em confinamento.

Olive cake, citrus pulp and wheat straw silage as an ingredient in lamb diets: 1. Effects on growth and carcass characteristics

In the Mediterranean area the olive cake and the citrus (orange) pulp are two important agro-industrial by-products. Their elimination can have high costs. These two by-products are used separately or as part of mixture in animal feeding since many years (Accardi et al., 1979; Dattilo and Congiu, 1995; Hadjipanayiotou, 1999; Scerra et al., 2001)...

Effect of citrus pulp silage feeding on concentration of beta-cryptoxanthin in plasma and milk of dairy cows

Citrus pulp is known to contain a functional molecule of beta-cryptoxanthin which is one of the carotenoids showing anti-oxidative capacity. Influences of citrus pulp silage feeding to dairy cows on beta-cryptoxanthin concentration in plasma, other blood properties and milking performances were investigated. Four Holstein cows were fed total mixed ration (TMR) containing citrus pulp silage 20% dry matter (DM) for 2 weeks with free access to the TMR. Dry mater intake, milk production and milk components 2 weeks later were not altered compared with those of the control group without citrus pulp silage. Activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanin aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in plasma were not affected by feeding of citrus pulp silage. Concentrations of protein, albumin, sulfhydryl residue, ascorbic acid, thio-barbituric acid reactive substance and urea nitrogen in plasma were also not altered by citrus pulp silage feeding. Concentration of beta-cryptoxanthin in plasma was increased approximately 20-fold compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Content of beta-cryptxanthin in pooled milk fat fraction was also increased approximately three times compared with that of the control group. Feeding of TMR containing citrus pulp silage 15% DM for 30 days to eight dairy cows also increased plasma beta-cryptoxanthin concentration 30-fold compared with that before feeding.

Utilization of an ensiled citrus pulp mixture in the feeding of lactating dairy ewes

Sixty-six 18-month-old lactating ewes of the Sfakian dairy sheep breed were used to study the effects of feeding a citrus pulp silage mixture on ewes milk yield and milk composition. Three kilogram of citrus pulp silage mixture with by-products was offered daily to the ewes as experimental treatment, replacing part of the supplemental feed/pelleted lucerne/oat hay diet given to the controls. Silage pH dropped from 4.79, before ensiling to 3.43 following ensiling. DM of silage was 25.6% lower at the end of ensiling (24.6% versus 18.3%). The orange pulp silage mixture proved palatable to sheep particularly due to its pleasant odour. Milk yield and milk composition were measured for a 9-week period. Mean daily milk yield was 3% higher for controls (653 ± 46.0 g versus 634 ± 45.3 g) not significantly though ( p > 0.05), but the situation was reversed (6.6% lower) when the 6% FCM yield was considered (636 ± 462 g versus 678 ± 45.6 g). Ewes fed orange pulp silage had 17% higher fat and 5.4% higher non-fat-solids content in milk ( p < 0.001 for both milk components). Treatment differences in ewes body weights were not significant during the experimental period. Results show that the inclusion of ensiled citrus pulp in diets of lactating ewes is a viable proposition, particularly for the dairy breed of sheep whose milk is used in the cheese manufacturing industry.

Olive cake, citrus pulp and wheat straw silage as an ingredient in lamb diets: 2. Effects on meat quality

RiassuntoImpiego di una miscela insilata di sansa di olive, pastazzo di agrumi e paglia di grano nell’alimentazione degli agnelli. 2. Effetti sulla qualità delle carni. - Obiettivo della prova è quello di valutare gli effetti di due miscele insilate con percentuali diverse di sansa di olive, pastazzo di agrumi (arancia) e paglia di grano sulla qualità delle carni di agnello. La prova è stata condotta su 21 agnelli razza Merinizzata Italiana, suddivisi in tre gruppi omogenei, sottoposti per 60 giorni ad un regime alimentare predisposto ad hoc. Per quanto attiene le caratteristiche chimiche della carne, non sono state riscontrate, tra i diversi gruppi, differenze significative. Le caratteristiche fisiche non hanno evidenziato alcune differenze statisticamente significative, ad eccezione della tinta che è risultata statisticamente più elevata nelle carni degli agnelli del gruppo S40.

Citrus pulp and wheat straw silage as an ingredient in lamb diets: effects on growth and carcass and meat quality

Twenty “Merinizzata Italiana” lambs were introduced to two experimental diets. Ten animals (five males and five females, control group) received the traditional diet that is supplied by farmers in southern Italy, which comprised of oat hay ad libitum and commercial concentrate. The second group (the same number of lambs, silage group) received citrus pulp and wheat straw silage ad libitum and 70% of the commercial concentrate supplied to the control group. The animals were slaughtered after 80 days of feeding and carcass and some meat quality parameters were measured. No differences were observed for live weight between treatments, and carcass weights were similar for the two diets, but with obvious differences between sexes. Animals on silage produced carcasses with a better muscular conformation and with a lower fatness score ( P<0.05). Subcutaneous fat colour was influenced by sex, being lighter in the female carcasses ( P<0.05). Dissection of different anatomical parts showed a higher percentage of lean and a lower proportion of fat in silage samples compared to control ones. Ultimate pH was highly affected by sex being higher in the samples from male lambs ( P<0.01), but was unaffected by diet treatment. Diet tended to affect meat shear force value which was lower in the silage samples, although, samples from all the animals were extremely tender. Meat from silage samples had a higher water content ( P<0.05). Overall, in our experimental conditions, the use of citrus pulp silage seemed to be economically convenient for producing animals with substantially unmodified carcass and meat quality characteristics.