Tangor Research Articles

HISTOPATOLOGI JANTUNG TIKUS PADA TOKSISITAS SUB KRONIS EKSTRAK ETANOL 70% KULIT BUAH JERUK Citrus nobilis Lour.

This research aimed to study the histopathological heart rat of sub chronic toxicity 70% ethanol extract Citrus nobilis Lourr. Peel. This study used 40 male white Galur Wistar rats in sub-chronic toxicity and each divided into 4 groups (control group giving CMC Na 0,5%, dose group 40 mg/kg BB, dose group 200 mg/kg BB, and dose group 1000 mg/kb BB). Each group consists of 10 males. Each cage contains 5 rats of the same age and gender, fed and drunk in ad libitum method. Furthermore, the rats are being weighing in. 70% extraction of Citrus nobilis Lour peel is orally given to the rats, every day for 90 days accordance with the group. After rats were given dose treatment for 90 days then observed histopathology of heart. Each rat organ preparation was observed in five different fields of view then scored and processed with rank ratings then analyzed using non parametric statistical test using Kruskal Wallis test. 70% extraction of Citrus nobilis Lour peel for 90 days with a dose of 1000mg / kg of rats based on statistical tests showed damaged heart muscle cell on histopathological observation of the heart. It is then expected to continue on the chronic toxicity test of 70% extraction of Citrus nobilis Lour peel for 12 months to predict the safety of clinical use in humans in the long term.
 Key word: heart, Citrus nobilis Lour.of peel, sub chronic toxicity

KARAKTERISASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI GENUS BAKTERI ENDOFIT DARI DAUN DAN BATANG JERUK SIAM (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa) SEHAT DI DESA ANJUNGAN KALIMANTAN BARAT

Endophytic bacteria that live in the tissues of plant organs act as biological control agents and growth accelerator such as for plants Siam Orange (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa) which is included in main commodity horticultural crops in West Kalimantan. This study was aimed to know the genera of endophytic bacteria from healthy Siam Orange stems and leaves. The study was conducted through the steps of endophyte bacteria isolation, and identification. Systematic sampling method was used and data collected were descriptively analyzed. The study results obtained nine isolates from leaves of Bacillus, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Erwinia, Microbacterium, Cellulomonas and one unidentified isolate, one isolate from stems of Micrococcus.

In vitro selection to increase Huanglongbing tolerance of citrusderived from in vitro breeding

Until now, Huanglongbing-HLB disease caused by a simple bacterium (Ca. Liberibacter spp) and distributed by Asian citrus psyllid vector (Diaphorina citri) and clonal propagation (grafting), was a major challenge in the national citrus production even almost all citrus nation production center in Asia, Africa also at the USA. This disease attack at phloem vessels by callouses forming that covering plasmodesmata and could be crop failure. There have been no citrus varieties reported resistant to HLB attack. Plant ploidy increase derived from in vitro breeding through somatic hybridization and endosperm culture expected to increase the plant’s defense system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of polyploidy plant to HLB attack. Tolerance of in vitro shoot of citrus regenerated from protoplast fusion (Citrus nobilis + C. unshiu) and culture of tangerine (C. nobilis) endosperm were screened by HLB pathogen suspense as selecting an agent and local lime as a negative control (HLB susceptible citrus). In vitro selection result that in vitro shoots derived from somatic hybridization shows resistance increase to HLB and characterize by recoverability after were selected.

Release test of N, P, and K of complete slow release fertilizer (PUKAP JESTRO-1) and its effect on the growth of young siam citrus (Citrus nobilis Lour.)

The research aimed to study the release of N, P, K elements from slow release complete fertilizer (PUKAP JESTRO-1) and its effect on the growth of Siam citrus in a high density planting system (HDP). The release test of PUKAP JESTRO-1 was carried out in a laboratory, where the remaining N, P, K content in fertilizer was measured periodically. The influence test of PUKAP JESTRO-1, which compared with conventional fertilizer in the form of a single fertilizer and NPK compound fertilizer, was carried out on a 1-month old Siam citrus planted on Grumusol (vertisol). The study used randomized block design with 5 treatments and 3 replications, namely 400 g/plant/year mixed fertilizer (200 g Urea + 150 g SP36 + 50 g KCl); 200 g/plant/year PUKAP JESTRO-1; 300 g/plant/year PUKAP JESTRO-1; 400 g/plant/year PUKAP JESTRO-1; 400 g/plant/year NPK YaraMila (16-16-16). The experimental results showed that PUKAP JESTRO-1 released N, P, and K until the fourth, tenth, and eighth week respectively. Application of PUKAP JESTRO-1 at 25% lower dosages produced better plant height compared to mixed fertilizer applications but did not significantly increase leaf N, P, and K levels due to the effect of dilution of elements in plant tissue.

Impact of climate variables on fruit internal quality of Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenora) in ripening phase grown under varying environmental conditions

Kinnow orchards were selected in districts Sargodha, Toba Tek Singh (TTS) and Vehari of Pakistan, to assess the impact of climate variables on fruit internal quality during maturing months. Analysis of variance technique was used and triplicated determinations of all samples were performed for biochemical analysis at the end of each month starting from August to February. Fruit juice contents remained low in August till October and attained uniform level from November to February by showing insignificant differences among three districts. Less count of agrometeorological indices were accrued at immature stage of green fruit in August, therefore, low level of pH, total soluble solid (TSS) and sugars were recorded. As maturing stage started after color-break to onwards, more increasing trend in soluble solids, pH and sugars were seen due to accretion of more agrometeorological indices which had hastened non-climacteric process in Kinnow fruit till arrival of peak ripening stage in the month of February. More level of titratable acidity was observed in August and then started to decrease afterward till arrival of peak maturity at the end of February. However, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity were increased to maximum level in September-October and then started to decrease afterwards. Total phenolic contents, flavonoids and flavonols were slightly changed while anthocyanins were increased gradually. More growing degree days (GDDs) and helio thermal units (HTUs) were computed at warm conditions of Vehari, followed by TTS, hence more reducing trend in titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity, and reducing-sugar were observed in these districts. Climate variables had fluctuated in agrometeorological indices count in both fruiting seasons of three sites. Resultantly, fruit growth and development stages were altered which directly influenced on fruit internal quality parameters.

A study on functional outcome of Thoraco lumbar vertebra fracture treated with posterolateral instrumental fusion

Background: The spinal injuries are common problems encountered by an orthoPaedician in day to day practice. The data on clinical outcome after instrumented spinal fusion is scant. Hence this study was undertaken to study the clinical outcome of the instrumented spinal fusion. Material and Methods: A prospective interventional study was undertaken among adult patients with acute thoracolumbar injuries admitted to the tertiary care hospital were included. Fifty adult patients with acute thoracolumbar injuries underwent the fusion with pedicle screws and rod instrumentation (Tango RS, Fa. Ulrich, Germany) with posterolateral fusion. The patients were followed up at 6th, 12th and 24th post-operative weeks. Results: The mean age was 40.1 years and more than three fourth were males. Fall from height was the major cause for the injury. The decrease in regional angle was statistically significant at 6th, 12th and 24th follow up visits when compared to baseline. The anterior wedge angle decreased to 5.240, 5.80 and 5.720 at 6th, 12th and 24th post-operative weeks respectively which was statistically significant when compared with the baseline. About 44%, 48% and 54% of the patients had normal sensory and motor functions at 6th, 12th and 24th weeks of follow up after surgery which was statistically significant when compared to the base line. Conclusion: This study was able to show that the postero lateral fusion had good clinical outcome.

The effect of siam orange (Citrus nobilis Lour.) and pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) juices combination in extender on Garut Ram (Ovis aries L.) spermatozoa quality post-cryopreservation

The research aimed to find out the effect of various concentrations of siam orange (Citrus nobilis Lour.) and pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) juices combination (1:1) in extender on garut ram (Ovis aries L.) spermatozoa quality 24 hours post-cryopreservation. Semen samples were collected from five Garut Rams once a week using an artificial vagina. The samples were diluted in Tris-egg yolk extender with siam orange and pineapple juices combination 0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 %. Diluted semen samples were loaded into mini straws (0.25 mL) with 50 million cells/ml dosage. Samples were equilibrated at 5°C for two hours, then frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen. The one factor ANOVA and continued with Duncan test showed a significant differences (P<0.05) between control and sample with 10 % juices combination in the percentage of spermatozoa motility and membrane integrity, a significant difference (P<0.05) between control and sample with 5 % along with 10 % juices combination in the percentage of spermatozoa viability. Siam orange and pineapple juices combination 10% in extender was able to minimize the reduction of spermatozoa quality post-cryopreservation based on the percentage of spermatozoa motility (68.06 ± 2.34 %), viability (41.47 ± 6.64 %) and membrane integrity (46.00 ± 5.65 %).

Chemical composition and insecticidal effect of fruit peel powders of two citrus species against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in stored cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)

Citrus which belong to family Rutaceae is one of the most important commercial crops with a growing demand. Outer peel of Citrus fruits of several species is known to possess oil with some insecticidal properties. The one year study was thus carried out to evaluate the repellent and toxic effects of the fruit peel powder of Citrus nobilis and Citrus medica against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus. Increasing repellent activity against insects was observed with increasing dose for both plants where the highest repellency was elicited by C. nobilis. Significant reduction in oviposition, egg hatchability and adult emergence were observed in both Citrus species. Moreover, no significant effects were observed on seed viability and consumer acceptability between control and treatments. Chemical constituent characterization revealed, d-Limonene to be the major constituent of both C. nobilis (45.3%) and C. medica (68.3%) plant species. Overall results indicate high potential of both Citrus species, particularly C. nobilis as a repellent, toxicant and growth inhibitor to reduce the damage caused to leguminous crops by C. maculatus.

Postharvest application of methyl jasmonate, 1-methylcyclopropene and salicylic acid extends the cold storage life and maintain the quality of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin (Citrus nobilis L. X C. deliciosa L.) fruit

Abstract The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP; 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 μL L-1), methyl jasmonate (MeJa; 0.001, 0.002 and 0.003 μmol L-1) and salicylic acid (SA; 0.001, 0.002 and 0.003 μmol L-1) on cold storage life and fruit quality of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin for up to 75 d. Weight loss, spoilage loss, firmness, juice percentage, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, pectin content, total carotenoids and ascorbic acid content, organoleptic sensory attributes, pectin methylesterase and cellulase activity were determined. MeJa (0.001 μmol L-1), 1-MCP (1.5 μL L-1) and SA (0.002 μmol L-1) were the most effective in decreasing the weight loss, spoilage, firmness, juice content, and were retarding the activities of pectin methylesterase and cellulase compared to control. Treated fruit also had higher contents of ascorbic acid, pectin, total carotenoids and sensory attributes for 75 d of cold storage. In conclusion postharvest treatment of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin with MeJa (0.001 μmol L-1), 1-MCP (1.5 μL L-1) fumigation and SA (0.002 μmol L-1) extended cold storage life and maintained quality.

Influence of carboxy methylcellulose, chitosan and beeswax coatings on cold storage life and quality of Kinnow mandarin fruit

Edible coatings are safer for human health and environment compared to synthetic waxes. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of different edible coatings on extending cold storage life and maintaining fruit quality of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin (Citrus nobilis L. x Citrus deliciosa L.). Kinnow fruit coating treatments included 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g L−1 carboxy methylcellulose (CMC), 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g L−1 chitosan and 5, 10 and 15 g L−1 beeswax were contrasted to the uncoated (control) fruit. The coated and uncoated fruit were kept under cold storage conditions (5–7 °C and 90–95% RH) up to 75 days. The fruit were sampled following 30, 45, 60 and 75 days cold storage and evaluated for different quality parameters and scanning electron microscopy of the peel surface. The results indicate variability among the different polymer coatings for weight loss, spoilage loss, juice content, firmness, pectin content, the activity of pectin methylesterase and cellulase, soluble solids concentration (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), ascorbic acid content, total carotenoids content and organoleptic sensory attributes. Improved fruit gloss was observed in all coatings treatments, however, with the extension of the cold storage period, the fruit coated with chitosan and beeswax showed outward ruptures on the rind. Amongst all, the coatings tested, CMC (2.0 g L-1) coating was the most effective in maintaining various fruit quality parameters such as SSC, TA, vitamin C, sensory attributes and retarding the activities of cell wall degrading enzymes such as pectin methylesterase and cellulase up to 60 days in cold storage.

Impact of climate variables on growth and development of Kinnow fruit (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenora) grown at different ecological zones under climate change scenario

Kinnow orchards of uniform age, planting density and vigor were selected in three different ecological zones situated in the districts of Sargodha, Toba Tek Singh (TTS) and Vehari of Pakistan. Climate change has adversely affected plants; particularly perennial fruits cultivated in tropical (banana, mango), subtropical (citrus, olive, grapes) and temperate (apple, apricot, plum) zones owing to their slow adaptability. In this context, the fluctuating effect of agrometeorological indices and energy-use efficiency on Kinnow mandarin's fruit growth and development was evaluated. Each experiment was performed in three biological replicates. Ten fruits were randomly collected at the end of each month (April-December) from a single plant to study fruit growth and development. Similarly, physical fruit parameters were recorded from August to February. More days were passed between fruit-setting till arrival of maturity at Vehari, whereas less number of days was counted in Sargodha. More growing degree days and photothermal index were calculated at Vehari during different phenophases of Kinnow fruit as compared to Sargodha. Hydrothermal units were more recorded in Sargodha than Vehari. More yields were obtained from TTS which had increased energy use efficiency than other two districts. Fruit cell division and cell enlargement stages were commenced afore and had finished earlier in Vehari district, followed by TTS. Fruit diameter, peel and pulp thickness as well as fresh weight were recorded in higher values at TTS and Vehari. Non-significant differences were seen in moisture percentage. More fruit size and shape indices were also recorded in TTS and Vehari. Fruit volume was measured larger at TTS, whereas fruit specific gravity was recorded higher at Sargodha from August to February. More intercellular space was seen in fruit samples collected from Vehari and TTS, which at maturity had reduced fruit firmness. Fruit color was recorded as green in samples from all three districts until the beginning of color-break in October. At the arrival of ripening phase in February, more values of color parameters a, b, C and L were enumerated at Vehari. Hue angle of fruit color was found to be at 1200, depicting green color that was rotated at 600 by portraying deep yellow or orange tinge on Kinnow mandarin. Climate variables have had a substantial effect on fruit growth and development phases as well as physical characteristics. Better physical quality and timely color development of Kinnow fruit was noted at Sargodha due to milder environmental conditions compared to TTS and Vehari.

Improvement in growth, productivity and quality of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin fruit after exogenous application of Moringa olifera leaf extract

Low productivity and poor fruit quality of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour × C. deliciosa Tenora) are major issues faced by growers. Moringa (Moringa olifera L.) leaf extract (MLE) being rich in minerals, growth hormone (cytokinins), phenolic compounds and antioxidants is considered as promising natural growth promoter for plants. Hence, the present research was planned to evaluate the efficacy of MLE on leaf nutrient concentration, productivity and fruit quality of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin. In first experiment effect of different concentration of MLE (2%, 3%, 4% or 5%) sprayed to ‘Kinnow’ trees after harvest were studied on leaf mineral nutrients, chlorophyll and ascorbic acid contents. Result showed that 3% MLE foliar application increased the levels of mineral nutrients, chlorophyll a and ascorbic acid contents in ‘Kinnow’ mandarin leaves as compared to other treatments. In second experiment, 3% MLE was sprayed at different growth stages viz., at before flowering (February), at full bloom stage, before flowering + fruit set stages, pre mature stage (3rd week of September) or flowering + full bloom stage + pre-mature stages. Results indicated that highest increase in leaf K, Ca and Zn contents, yield, number of marketable fruits, soluble solid contents, reducing sugars and total phenolic contents were found with 3% MLE application at pre mature stage. Whereas, maximum leaf Mn, chlorophyll a and b concentrations, fruit weight, fruit size, juice weight, titratable acidity (TA), total and reducing sugars were observed in trees treated with 3% MLE at before flowering + fruit set stages. Total antioxidants were found to be higher in fruits treated with 3% MLE at before flowering. Thus, it may be concluded that exogenous application of 3% MLE at before flowering + fruit set stage improves fruit physical quality; whereas, 3% MLE at pre mature stage increases the yield and bio-chemical quality of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin fruit.

Perbanyakan Tanaman Jeruk Siam (Citrus nobilis L.) dengan Teknik Kultur in vitro Menggunakan Biji Tanaman Terinfeksi Penyakit Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration (CVPD)

Citrus (Citrus nobilis L.) Propagation Through Culture In Vitro Using Seed From Infected Plants Of Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration (CVPD) Disease. The sample was taken in Belancan Village, Kintamani District, Bangli Regency, and invitro culture was conducted in UPT. Genetics Resource and Molecular Biology Laboratory in February to June 2018. This research purposes were to get the new citrus plant from citrus seed infected of CVPD disease explants with culture in vitro and found the presence of the bacterium Liberobacter asiaticus in results of citrus plants culture in vitro. The sampling method is using plants appearance. Obtained sample 1 is a plant that shows severe symptoms of CVPD disease and sample 2 plants that show no symptoms of CVPD disease. Seed Sample is cultured with MS0 medium for 8 WAP then proceed to acclimatization. The results of this research showed that the seed explants from both samples were able to grow well and did not have the characteristic of CVPD disease, but explant seed sample 2 in vitro culture result showed that the bacterial DNA bacterium Liberobacter asiaticus pathogen CVPD disease does exist in length 1160bp, so it cannot be expected to produce CVPD-free crops.

Morphological and Simple Sequence Analysis of Tangerine (Citrus nobilis L.) From Three Regencies in North Sumatra

Tangerine or Mandarin orange (Citrus nobilis L) is a well known citrus in the world and becomes a fruit commodity in Indonesia. Various types of local tangerine have been produced with different name depends on the village and Regency where the citrus are grown. However, the information about the genetic variation of the citrus are limited. The research is aimed to study the genetic similarity of the local tangerines by using morphological and simple sequence analysis. The research was carried out by collecting citrus samples from eight villages that are spread in three Regencies at North Sumatera. The morphological characteristic of the citrus are documented, and the DNA are analyze by using simple sequence repeat (SSR) for their genetic variation. The results have revealed that different tangerines (local named as Brastepu, Maga, Sipirok) are having similar morphological characters. The protein in the DNA are containing 48 bands (100 bp-300 bp), consisted of 30 polymorphic bands and 18 monomorphic bands, and have compared to four DNA primers. Analysis of the genetic diversity by using NTsys software found that they are clustered on 0.74 similarity coefficient value and the local citrus are devided into 3 groups. The lowest genetic distance on the Sibanggor Tonga with Baringin Siumuran was 0.63 (63%), meanwhile the highest distance was 1.0 (100%) on Huta Namale with Huta Lombang, Aek Kambiri, and Aek Horsik..

Monitoreo del proceso fermentativo de cuatro licores de frutas (Passiflora edulis, Citrus cinensis, Citrus nobilis y Citrus máxima)

Recibido: 23 de mayo de 2019Aprobado: 12 de junio de 2019Esta investigación fue realizada en los laboratorios de la Universidad Técnica de Manabí (UTM) extensión Chone, con el objetivo de monitorear el proceso de fermentación alcohólica de cuatro licores de frutas (maracuyá Passiflora edulis; Naranja Citrus cinensis; mandarina -Citrus nobilis; y Citrus máxima) elaborados artesanalmente. Los parámetros evaluados están regidos en normativas europeas para los vinos y contemplan parámetros como el pH, Azúcar, grado alcohólico; desarrollo de las levaduras y temperatura. Los resultados relacionados a los parámetros como pH, densidad y Temperatura no reflejaron diferencia en los análisis siendo su comportamiento muy similar; sin embargo, en el comportamiento de las levaduras en el mosto de toronja presento un desarrollo precoz en el primer día y en los otros tres mostos alcanza el máximo desarrollo al tercer día. Respecto a los °Brix presento un comportamiento regular partiendo de 22 °Brix y llegando hasta 8 °Brix.

Color-break effect on Kinnow (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenora) fruit‘s internal quality at early ripening stages under varying environmental conditions

Peel coloration of Kinnow fruits at early maturation was used as a criteria to investigate the internal quality of fruit. Three districts namely Sargodha, Toba Tek Singh (TTS) and Vehari all of which had varying environmental conditions, were selected for harvest of 10 fruits from each replication with same plant to be judged on peel-color-basis. Produce was arranged in order to dark green to deep yellow-colored fruits, through the use of chroma meter. Biochemical analysis were also performed from the triplicates. More titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, total dissolved salts and solubility was recorded in juice obtained from the produce of all three districts, especially in green-colored fruits whereas sugars, pH and soluble solids remained higher in yellow fruits. Polyphenols like total phenolic contents, flavonoids and flavonols were noted as unchanged in the color-based judgement of fruits harvested. However, anthocyanins, carotenoids and antioxidant activity (DPPH inhibition %) all were recorded to be higher in yellow-colored fruits. At the time of maturity approached nearer, green-colored fruits were in possession of more acids, uniform polyphenols and increased reducing sugars with acidic taste while yellow-colored produce was having lower acidity, more sugars and soluble solid contents to impart furthermore sweetness. Green-colored fruits are nutritionally equal in number of consumers who determined the taste to be acidic.

New Somatic Hybrid Mandarin Tetraploids Generated by Optimized Protoplast Fusion and Confirmed by Molecular Marker Analysis and Flow Cytometry

Six mandarin cultivars, Ponkan (Citrus reticulata), Willowleaf (Citrus deliciosa), Kinnow (Citrus nobilis × C. deliciosa), Murcott (purported C. reticulata × Citrus sinensis), W. Murcott [purported (C. reticulata × C. sinensis) × C. reticulata)], and Snack (purported C. reticulata hybrid), were used in protoplast fusion with different parental combinations to generate somatic hybrids. Sixty-five somatic regenerants were obtained using optimized formulation of enzymes and molecular weight of polyethylene glycol for improved protoplast yield and heterokaryon fusion rate, respectively. Flow cytometry was used to determine the ploidy level of somatic regenerants, and nuclear expressed sequence tag–simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers to determine their parental source. Of the 65 somatic regenerants, 46 were identified as autotetraploids, 18 allotetraploids, and one undefined. The EST-SSR markers also revealed that some ‘W. Murcott’ embryogenic callus lines that were presumed to be of nucellar origin were actually derived unexpectedly from individual ovules of zygotic origin. These mandarin-derived tetraploids are valuable as potential breeding parents for interploid crosses with an aim at seedlessness and easy-peeling traits.

TEKNIK PEMBIBITAN, PEMUPUKAN, DAN PENGENDALIAN HAMA PENYAKIT TANAMAN KOMODITI JERUK SIAM (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa) DI KECAMATAN SIMPANG EMPAT DAN KECAMATAN PAYUNG, KABUPATEN KARO, SUMATRA UTARA, INDONESIA

Citrus is one of the horticultural commodities that has been a focus of development in 2018. Citrus is the fourth largest commodity in the percentage of Indonesia fruit production in 2014. In 2014, citrus fruit production in Indonesia was 1,785,256 tons or around 9.01% of national fruit production. Karo Regency is a citrus production center in North Sumatra, Indonesia. According to the Direktorat Jendral Hortikultura (2015) the production of citrus commodities was 173.921 tons (53,30%). In 2014, there were 3,150,060 productive citrus trees with a harvested area of ​​7,875 ha and a production of 500,243 tons in North Sumatra. One of the varieties grown by farmers in Karo Regency is Siam. High productivity of siam is certainly also influenced by seedlings, fertilization and controlling the pests. To determine this, research has been conducted on farmers in Simpang Empat and Payung Districts, Karo Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia. To get quality Siam seeds, farmers in two research locations used Japansche citroen plants as rootstock because they were resistant to disease and drought. Fertilization of siam uses inorganic fertilizer as much as 3-4 months, while organic fertilizer as much as 10 months. The control of pests of siam citrus is done mechanically and chemically. Pests and diseases that usually attack siam are Bractocera spp, black lice, fruit borers, fungus and powdery mildew.&#x0D; Keywords: cultivation, seedling, fertilizer, pest, productivity, orange, Citrus nobilis

Plant response and huanglongbing disease development against heat treatments on ‘Siam Purworejo’ (Citrus nobilis (Lour)) and ‘Nambangan’ (C. maxima (Burm.) Merr.) under field condition

Huanglongbing is known as a destructive disease in citrus production. Investigation on plant response and development of huanglongbing disease against heat treatment on ‘Siam Purworejo’ (Citrus nobilis (Lour)) and ‘Nambangan’ (C. maxima (Burm.) Merr.) was done. High-temperature treatment was applied by covering plants with an enclosed screen. The treatment plant has three types of CLas pathogen infection status. The result showed that heat treatments could significantly increase new flushes. It was found that intensity of HLB infected plant decreased. The treatments effect on the proline level was dependent on cultivar, leaves age and HLB-infection status. Chlorophyll content of HLB infected plants increased due to high temperature. High-temperature increased Fe content in the artificially infected plant, whereas Zn contents increased in the leaves of infected plants by vector. ‘Nambangan’ had higher Fe content than ‘Siam Purworejo’ on uncovered plants. CLas bacteria still persisted in infected plant based on real-time PCR analysis.

PEMBUATAN MINUMAN SARI TEMPE DENGAN EKSTRAK JERUK SIAM (Citrus Nobilis) DITINJAU DARI MUTU ORGANOLEPTIK KADAR VITAMIN C DAN KADAR AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN ISOFLAVON

Tempe is a processed soy product that has been experiencing a decline in odor as a result of fermentation. Tempe juice beverage is one example of product diversification of food products based on tempe. Siam is one of the local fruits that are quite popular by the community and become the main commodity in West Kalimantan. In the process of making tempe juice, need to add a stabilizer CMC (Carboxy methyl cellulose) as much as 0.25% to produce quality tempe juice. The purpose of this research is to know the making of tempe juice extract with orange extract of siam (citrus nobilis) in terms of organoleptic quality, vitamin C level and isoflavone antioxidant activity level. The research method used experiment with 3 treatment of Siam orange extract 30%, 40% and 50%. The panelists used in the study were slightly trained panelists totaling 25 people. Based on statistical test, there is no effect of making tempe juice with orange extract (citrus nobilis) in terms of organoleptic quality based on color, flavor and taste. Due to the color -0.10 &lt;3.23, the aroma is 2.42 &lt;3.23 and the flavor is 0.17 &lt;3.23. The results of this research is the addition of 50% more siam orange extract can be accepted by panelists. The results of this beverage viscosity were 30% concentration 0.40 dpas, 40% 0.34 dpas and 50% 0.32 dpas. Vitamin test results showed vitamin C content in tempe juice is 56.556 mg / 250 ml sample. Based on the results of isoflavone antioxidant activity test showed antioxidant levels 23%. Can be recommended as one of the beverages that contain antioxidants and vitamin C to meet the needs of the day and need to do further research on the storage power of tempe juice with the addition of orange extract.