Tangor Research Articles

PEMBUATAN MINUMAN SARI TEMPE DENGAN EKSTRAK JERUK SIAM (Citrus Nobilis) DITINJAU DARI MUTU ORGANOLEPTIK KADAR VITAMIN C DAN KADAR AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN ISOFLAVON

Tempe is a processed soy product that has been experiencing a decline in odor as a result of fermentation. Tempe juice beverage is one example of product diversification of food products based on tempe. Siam is one of the local fruits that are quite popular by the community and become the main commodity in West Kalimantan. In the process of making tempe juice, need to add a stabilizer CMC (Carboxy methyl cellulose) as much as 0.25% to produce quality tempe juice. The purpose of this research is to know the making of tempe juice extract with orange extract of siam (citrus nobilis) in terms of organoleptic quality, vitamin C level and isoflavone antioxidant activity level. The research method used experiment with 3 treatment of Siam orange extract 30%, 40% and 50%. The panelists used in the study were slightly trained panelists totaling 25 people. Based on statistical test, there is no effect of making tempe juice with orange extract (citrus nobilis) in terms of organoleptic quality based on color, flavor and taste. Due to the color -0.10 <3.23, the aroma is 2.42 <3.23 and the flavor is 0.17 <3.23. The results of this research is the addition of 50% more siam orange extract can be accepted by panelists. The results of this beverage viscosity were 30% concentration 0.40 dpas, 40% 0.34 dpas and 50% 0.32 dpas. Vitamin test results showed vitamin C content in tempe juice is 56.556 mg / 250 ml sample. Based on the results of isoflavone antioxidant activity test showed antioxidant levels 23%. Can be recommended as one of the beverages that contain antioxidants and vitamin C to meet the needs of the day and need to do further research on the storage power of tempe juice with the addition of orange extract.

Using soft computing approaches for orange (Citrus nobilis Lour. var. nobilis) oils extraction process

Orange oil with many applications in food and beautify people. In this sense, traditional methods of extracting essential oils have been less effective and gradually replaced by more optimal methods. The combination of microwave assisted hydro-distillation and treated with response surface methodology are considered as a new and modern method for extracting oranges and optimizing the factors that influence the extraction process. The results showed that influencing factors such as the ratio of water to the raw materials were 3.2: 1 (mL/g), the microwave power used at 465 (W) for the extraction time was 96.63 (min) for the essential oil yield of 4.0 (%) with 99.5 % reliability.

INSPECTION AND DIVERSITY ON SIAM ORANGE PLANTS (Citrus nobilis l.)

The research was conducted to determine the diversity of species and the role of insects between pests and natural enemies insect in siamese orange (Citrus nobilis l.). Observation was done in Karangsari villege, Karangpawitan subdistrick, Garut districk from April to Jone 2018. The method used in qualitative method in five different land basedon the age of siamese orange plants (Citrus nobilis l.) where on the first and seccond field of the plant age 1,5 years, the third land the plant age of 2,5 years, the fourth land the age of the plant 4 years, and on the fifth is the age of 8 months of plant life which concists of 2 observation, that is observation using yellow trap and visual observation at 5 sample points of siamese orange (Citrus nobilis l.). The results showed that the insects found in citrus (Citrus nobilis l.) plants consisted of 9 orders and conculated using the diversity index and dominance index. Insects found from five different fields, generally insect pests are the highest compared to natural enemies. The highest insects populations is on experiental land 5 with 8 moths of plant life and diversity index on five fields of siamese orange (Citrus nobilis l.) planting has a moderate measure value and a low dominance index.

Influence of varying environmental conditions on biennial bearing habit of Kinnow fruit (Citrus nobilis Lour x C. deliciosa Tenora) grown at different clusters in the Punjab province, Pakistan

Influence of varying environmental conditions on biennial bearing habit of Kinnow fruit (Citrus nobilis Lour x C. deliciosa Tenora) grown at different clusters in the Punjab province, Pakistan

Effects of film coating materials on the quality of postharvest ‘Sanh’ orange fruits (Citrus nobilis var. Typica) during storage

Postharvest orange fruit coating is an effective method to replace natural waxes which lost during washing and handling. The coatings can reduce water loss and impart gloss to the fruit. In this study, the oranges were stored at room temperature (30 ± 2oC) with five coating materials: polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) bags, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film, Citra Shine preservatives and 1% chitosan and the control were used. Some typical nutritional values and weight loss were determined during storage time. Research results show that PVC coated ‘Sanh’ oranges could be prolonged their shelf life up to 25 days with low damage ratios (7.10%, lower than other bags) which were acceptable in appearance with green peel color. Ascorbic acid content still maintained at a high level (12.32 mg/100 g), and weight loss relatively low (13.91%). Moreover, pH (3.77) and TSS (9.70) values did not significantly change during storage time.

COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE OF SIAMESE ORANGE (Citrus Nobilis) FARMING IN DISTRICT OF 50 KOTA, WEST SUMATERA

Citrus Nobilis, known as Siamese orange, is one of the strategic fruits commodities for West Sumatera because of its higher productivity, approximately 6 - 9 tons per hectare. However, this commodity faces a fluctuated demand both in domestic and international markets. This is a serious problem due to its impact on farm income as well as in its competitive advantage. The aim of this study was to analyze the comparative advantage level of siamese orange farming. Survey of 84 siamese orange farmers selected using simple random sampling is conducted to get orange farming data. The comparative advantage level is measured using Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) approach. The results show that siamaese orange farming has a high comparative advantage. This showed by a value of social profitability was more than zero and domestic resource cost ratio was less than one. This comparative advantage could be sustainable by domestic resources utilization efficiently. The improvement of skills and the use of modern siamaese orange farming technology are recommended.Keywords: Comparative advantage, siamese orange farming, PAM

Polyamines provide new insights into the biochemical basis of Cr-tolerance in Kinnow mandarin grafted on diploid and double-diploid rootstocks

The present investigation was executed to determine the effect of rootstock ploidy level on polyamine metabolism and phenolic acid contents in leaves. Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour × Citrus deliciosa Ten) plants were grafted on the diploid (2x) and double-diploid (4x) of Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf, Citrus reshni, and Citrus limonia Osbeck. Plants were grown in greenhouse under controlled conditions and fertigated with nutrient solution containing chromium (0.75 mM). After four-months of growth under chromium (Cr) stress, polyamines (free, soluble-conjugated and insoluble-bound) and phenolic acid contents (PAC): p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), ferulic acid (FA), p-coumaric acid (PCA), gallic acid (GA) and vanillic acid (VA) in leaves were investigated. Enzymes activity of polyamine biosynthesis, i.e., arginine decarboxylase (ADC), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) and spermidine synthase (SpdS), and polyamine degradation, i.e., polyamine oxidase (PAO) and diamine oxidase (DAO), were also determined. Chromium stress caused reductions in polyamine contents (PAC) and enzymes of polyamines biosynthesis. The responses of Kinnow mandarin (KM) plants grafted on diploid or double-diploid rootstocks showed a similar trend, although Cr-stress induced more drastic effects in diploid grafted plants. In the case of polyamine degradative enzymes, Cr-stress enhanced the PAO and DAO activities, but diploid grafted plants showed greater increases than those grafted on double-diploid rootstocks. Cr-stress inhibited the activities of enzymes of polyamine biosynthesis, but inhibition was expressed more in diploid-grafted plants than in double-diploid grafted plants. So, polyamine biosynthesis and degradation were less affected by Cr-toxicity in double-diploid grafted plants than in diploid grafted plants. Similarly, KM plants with double-diploid rootstocks had greater accumulation of phenolic acid contents in their leaves. Combining the findings of our previous reports and the data of the current study, it is suggested that higher polyamine and phenolic acid content accumulation in double-diploid grafted plants strengthens the antioxidative defense system of the Kinnow mandarin plants by regulating the ROS homeostasis and stabilization of membranes under Cr-toxicity. Therefore, higher levels of polyamines and PACs augmented the Cr-tolerance potential of KM plants grafted on double-diploid rootstocks.

Proposal and validation of colour index for Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis × Citrus deliciosa)

Kinnow (Citrus nobilis Lour × Citrus deliciosa Tenora) acceptability by consumer and processors depends on their bright orange colour, size and other quality traits like TSS and acidity. More bright orange coloured Kinnow fruits are preferred. The objective of this study is to propose an index for growers and researchers to know the harvesting date and better quality of fruits respectively. Kinnow fruits of varying colour gradient were harvested from ten treatments. These ten treatments were different doses of N: P: K. They acted as a source to produce variability in Kinnow peel colour, which was utilized for index formulation and validation. They were compared with a standard. Standard comprised of most uniform bright orange coloured fruits of Kinnow orange. The observations for L, a and b were recorded by Hunterlab. There were total eleven colour indexes studied. Out of eleven indexes, seven were previously validated by other workers for different fruit crops. Four indexes were formulated in this study to validate them for Kinnow along with remaining seven indexes. Index a/b showed highest positive correlation with total carotenoid content of peel (0.548 and 0.519 respectively). It recorded minimum value for standard (0.52±0.02) indicates that lower values for these indices will represent brighter colour of kinnow.

QTL mapping of male sterility and transmission pattern in progeny of Satsuma mandarin.

Seedlessness is one of the important traits in citrus breeding. Male sterility derived from Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu) has been used in Japanese citrus breeding programs to obtain seedless cultivars. The efficiency of seedless cultivar breeding would be improved by developing a selection marker linked to seedlessness. In this study, we performed QTL mapping in ‘Okitsu No. 46’ × ‘Okitsu No. 56’ (O46-O56) crosses for the number of pollen grains per anther (NPG) and apparent pollen fertility (APF), two traits used as an index of male sterility, and detected a candidate QTL for NPG (MS-P1) on linkage group 8 with a significant LOD score (7.31) and 47% of variance explained. The QTL for APF (MS-F1) was detected on linkage group 6 with a significant LOD score (5.71) and 63.6% of variance explained. The role of both MS-P1 in reducing NPG and MS-F1 in decreasing APF were confirmed with the ‘Okitsu No.46’ × ‘Kara’ (O46-K) cross. Pedigree analysis inferred that both MS-P1 and MS-F1 in ‘Okitsu No. 46’ were derived from kunenbo (Citrus nobilis) through hassaku (C. hassaku) and ‘Sweet Spring’. Cytoplasm analysis revealed that both male-sterile ‘Sweet Spring’ and ‘Okitsu No. 46’ have cytoplasm derived from Kishu (C. kinokuni hort. ex Tanaka), but the cytoplasm of male-sterile kunenbo and hassaku were derived from other varieties rather than Kishu. These results suggest that MS-P1 and MS-F1 primarily reduce the NPG and decrease APF, but their expression requires a cytoplasm derived from Kishu. These findings will improve our understanding of the molecular mechanism of male sterility in citrus and help to develop a DNA marker for seedless breeding in citrus.

Ploidy level of citrus rootstocks affects the carbon and nitrogen metabolism in the leaves of Chromium-stressed Kinnow mandarin plants

This study compared the effects of chromium toxicity on the carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Ten) plants grafted on the diploid (2x) and tetraploid (4x) of Poncirus trifoliata [L.], Citrus reshni, and Citrus limonia Osbeck. Plants were grown under controlled conditions and fertigated with complete nutrient solution supplemented with chromium (0.75 mM). After 120-d of growth under chromium (Cr) stress, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolism in leaves were studied. In the C metabolism study sucrose, glucose, fructose, starch contents, and the enzymatic activities of acid invertase (AI), neutral invertase (NI), sucrose synthetase (SS), sucrose phosphatesynthetase (SPS), fructokinase (FK), hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase (PK) were investigated. Nitrogen metabolism study was comprised of determination of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium content and the nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthetase (GOGAT), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activities. Basically, in the C metabolism study the Cr enhanced the enzymatic activities and sugar contents, and decreased starch. Chromium stress caused a decrease in nitrate and nitrite, and an increase in ammonia; it also inhibited all measured enzymatic activities except GDH which was increased. The responses of Kinnow mandarin plants grafted on 2x or 4x for any rootstock followed a similar pattern, although the effects of Cr toxicity were more drastic in 2x grafted plants. Glycolysis was the only metabolic process which had a different behavior between 2x and 4x grafted plants under Cr stress: FK and HK activities under Cr stress were significantly increased in 4x grafted plants than in 2x grafted plants. These data suggest that in Kinnow mandarin plants grafted on 4x rootstocks the C metabolism is modified thereby strengthening the plants to adapt Cr stress, but N metabolism was inhibited by Cr toxicity.

Rapid screening and quantification of major organic acids in citrus fruits and their bioactivity studies.

Organic acids (OAs) are small non-volatile molecules with widespread usage in processed foods, feeds and instant beverages. The prime aim of this study was to explore major OAs in local citrus fruits (Citrus limetta, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus nobilis, Citrus karna, Citrus medica, Citrus ichangensis and Citrus aurantium) and assessment of their bioactivities. A RP-HPLC-DAD method was developed using buffer free solvent system for rapid detection and quantification of major OAs from citrus fruits and derived products. Method validation studies showed good linear calibration curve (0.985-0.998) for all OAs. The values of %RSD ranged between 0.0001-1.129 and 0.142-1.941 for interday and intraday variability respectively. The limit of detection and limit of quantification values for different OAs were ranged between 1.5-12 and 5-40µgmL-1. The juice of above mentioned citrus fruit cultivars were assessed for OAs, total phenolics, free radical scavenging antioxidants and their antimicrobial potential against selected bacterial and fungal strains. The results showed variable contents of phenolics [0.28±0.001-1.17±0.014mg (GAE) mL-1] and antioxidant compounds (1.26±0.009-2.84±0.006mg of trolox equivalents mL-1) in all juice samples besides significant antifungal activity against C. albicans and A. niger strains. However, in case of antibacterial activity, only C. aurantifolia showed inhibitory effects against selected strains. It was found that citrus fruits have immense potential for their utilization as economic source of natural OAs and development of value added products, beverages and bio-preservatives.

Đánh giá một số đặc tính lý hóa học và sinh học đất trên vườn cam sành (Citrus nobilis) bị bệnh vàng lá thối rễ tại huyện Tam Bình, tỉnh Vĩnh Long

Dry root rot has been damaging over a wide range of Citrus nobilis, causing a decline in fruit yield and quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate some selected physical, chemical and biological soil properties in order to provide the basic data for reducing dry root rot disease. Forty soil samples were collected from orange orchards in Tuong Loc and My Thanh Trung communes, Tam Binh district, Vinh Long province. The results showed that the density of Fusarium spp. was highest on orange orchards which were severely infected the dry root rot disease (P

ISOLASI KUMARIN DARI KULIT BUAH LIMAU SUNDAI (Citrus nobilis Lour)

Coumarin has been isolated and characteritated from rind of Citrus nobilis Lour by maseration methode with methanol. After fractionation by n-hexane and ethyl acetate, collected the phase ethyl acetate which positive of coumarin. From ethyl acetate extract coumarin have been isolated by column chromatography. The isolation results was obtain 2,159 g of pure white needle-shape crystalline with the melting point of 126,2-127,60C. Structure of the isolated coumarine was elucidated by spectroscopic methodes, UV-Vis,13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, 2D-NMR (DEPT/HSQC, COSY, NOESY, HMBC) and IR spectra. Based on the spectra data the isolated coumarine is marmin.

Integrated Approach to Control of Fruit Drop and Improvement of Yield in Kinnow (Citrus nobilis X Citrus deliciosa)

Fruit drop is a major problem with Kinnow mandarin in all fruit growing regions of the world. Kinnow growers suffer a greater economic loss when natural fruit drop (98.0 to 99.5 %) is accelerated by pathogenic infection, insect-pest infestation, and physiological or hormonal imbalance due to poor orchard management. The application of fungicides to minimize pathogenic attack; 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) to maintain hormonal balance; and KNO3 (Potassium nitrate) to maintain electrolytic balance and efficient utilization of nutrients for developing resistance against insect infestation has greater potential to reduce fruit drop in Kinnow. The fungicides, namely; Zeneb 75WP (0.25 %), Carzim-50 (0.1 %), Curzate M8 (0.25 %), COPRUS 50WP (0.3 %), and Cyproconazole 25EC (0.1 %), in combination with 2,4-D @ 20 ppm and KNO3 @ 1 %, were applied twice, in September and October, and the number of fruits fallen on the ground were counted to determine fruit drop. It was observed that application of T3 [Curzate M8 (0.25 %) + 2,4-D (20 ppm) + KNO3 (1 %)] was an excellent treatment for the integrated management of fruit drop in Kinnow as it had ensured the lowest (1.90-entomological, 3.53-pathological, and 4.75-physiological) fruit drop percentage with the highest fruit yield (432 fruits per plant).

Screening and Characterization of Polygalacturonase as Potential Enzyme for Keprok Garut Orange (Citrus nobilis var. chrysocarpa) Juice Clarification

Use of thermostable enzyme from bacilli for industrial application is significant. This research aimed to isolate thermophilic pectinolytic bacteria from orange peel and vegetable waste which produced thermostable polygalacturonase, to investigate the polygalacturonase ability in clarifying keprok Garut orange juice, and to characterize polygalacturonase based on pH optimum, temperature optimum, enzyme stability, enzyme kinetics KM, and Vmax. Obtained, 14 isolates that further selected to 4 best isolates based on highest polygalacturonase activity and keprok Garut orange juice clarification ability. Four selected enzyme isolates were AR 2, AR 4, KK 4, and KK 5 had ability to increase juice transmittance, decrease juice viscosity and also reduce total soluble solid. Furthermore 4 selected isolates were partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and dialysis method. Four partially purified enzymes were known that enzyme character of AR 2 optimum at pH 6; AR 4 optimum at pH 5.5; KK 4 optimum at pH 6; and KK 5 optimum at pH 4.5. Four enzymes were optimum at temperature 60°C thus stable at temperature 50-60°C, this characteristic indicate that enzymes were thermostable. AR 2 showed active activity stable at pH 4-7; AR 4 showed active activity stable at pH 6-7; KK 4 showed active activity stable at pH 4-6; however KK 5 stable at pH 4-5. Enzyme AR 2 and KK 4 was getting inactive at pH 11, thus AR 4 and KK 5 inactive at pH 12. KM value of AR 2, AR 4, KK 4, and KK 5 was 0.0959; 0.0974; 0.0966; and 0.178 mg/ml respectively. Vmax of AR 2, AR 4, KK 4, and KK 5 was 0.0203; 0.0202; 0.0185; and 0.0229 U/ml respectively. Enzyme AR 2 was the most compatible enzyme to be applied in keprok Garut orange juice clarification for it had the lowest KM value.

Constraints as perceived by the kinnow (Citrus deliciosa x Citrus nobilis) farmers in adoption of recommended technology in Rajasthan

Constraints as perceived by the kinnow (Citrus deliciosa x Citrus nobilis) farmers in adoption of recommended technology in Rajasthan

Potencial antifúngico de Citrus sinensis y Citrus nobilis sobre el crecimiento de Rhizopus stolonifer y Colletotrichum gloeosporioides en papaya

En este estudio se evalúo el efecto antifúngico de los aceites esenciales de hojas y pericarpio de Citrus sinensis (Naranja) y Citrus nobilis (Mandarina) sobre el crecimiento de los hongos Rhizopus stolonifer y Colletotrichum gloeosporioides aislados de papaya Maradol. Se aplicó un análisis estadístico con un arreglo factorial de bloques A(2)xB(2)xC(3) con 2 repeticiones considerando como Factor A: Aceites esenciales (Citrus sinensis y Citrus nobilis), Factor B: Origen de los aceites esenciales (hojas y pericarpio), Factor C: Concentraciones (1%, 2% y 4%); se evaluó durante siete días el crecimiento radial de los hongos y posteriormente se realizó el conteo de esporas en la cámara de Neubauer. Para el análisis de datos se empleó el paquete estadístico StatGraphics; para la separación de medias de los niveles de los tratamientos se realizó la prueba de significación Tukey (p

Root morphology and the effect of rootstocks on leaf nutrient acquisition of Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Loureiro × Citrus reticulata Blanco)

ABSTRACTThe study aimed to understand the root morphological character of 1 year old seedling rootstock of citrus genotypes viz., rough lemon, Karna Khatta, Carrizo citrange, Rangpur lime, Troyer citrange, Jatti Khatti and sour orange as well as to investigate the effect of these rootstocks on the leaf mineral composition of Kinnow. Root morphological traits showed significant genotypic variation. Rough lemon seedlings had a higher root length, projected area, surface area, volume and the number of forks. Sour orange was moderate rootstock of the 7 genotypes for most of the root morphological characters, while citrange rootstocks expressed poor root morphology. The rootstocks also imparted significant influence on the leaf mineral composition. Leaf K, Ca and Mg content was recorded maximum in plants grown on rough lemon seedling, while N, P, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu concentration was higher on sour orange rootstock. Kinnow trees on Rangpur lime rootstock accumulated more Na in their leaf tissue, where as Troyer citrange restricted the accumulation of Na. Considering the root morphological characters and nutrient accumulation pattern, rough lemon and sour orange for areas free from tristeza virus could be suggested as alternative rootstocks for the studied Kinnow mandarin under similar ecological conditions.

Impact of Zinc and Boron on Growth, Yield and Quality of Kinnow (Citrus deliciosa x Citrus nobilis) in Sub-tropical Conditions of Punjab

Impact of Zinc and Boron on Growth, Yield and Quality of Kinnow (Citrus deliciosa x Citrus nobilis) in Sub-tropical Conditions of Punjab

Kinnow mandarin plants grafted on tetraploid rootstocks are more tolerant to Cr-toxicity than those grafted on its diploids one

This study compared the effects of chromium toxicity on the biomass, photosynthesis, antioxidants, reactive oxygen species, and nutrient concentration in Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Ten) plants grafted on diploids (2x) and tetraploids (4x) of Poncirus trifoliata [L.], Citrus reshni, and Citrus limonia Osbeck. Plants were grown under controlled conditions and irrigated with complete nutrient solution supplemented with chromium (0.75mM). After 120-d of growth under chromium stress, plant biomass, total chlorophyll concentrations, photosynthetic activity, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, water use efficiency, H2O2 concentrations, rate of O2− generation, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant activities (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase) and mineral nutrient concentration (Ca, Mg, K, P and Cr) were determined. Chromium inhibited plant growth, and decreased chlorophyll concentration, photosynthetic activity, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, water use efficiency, and activities of antioxidant enzymes, but the rate of lipid peroxidation and formation of reactive oxygen species were increased. Chromium stress also caused alterations in nutrients concentration in roots and leaves. Nevertheless, it was observed that Kinnow mandarin plants grafted on the tetraploid rootstocks showed high tolerance to chromium toxicity as reported by maintaining greater biomass accumulation and less reduction in the attributes commented before. In addition, plants with 4x rootstocks had higher Ca, Mg, K and P concentration in their roots and leaves in comparison to 2x rootstocks. Plants grafted on 4x rootstock presented higher quantity of chromium in roots than leaves, suggesting that the chromium tolerance of plants with tetraploid rootstocks may be attributed to chromium sequestration to roots with lower transfer to leaves; consequently avoiding oxidative damage to green pigments and the photosynthetic apparatus.