Lemon Citrus Research Articles

The Effect of Sodium Alginate Coating Containing Citrus (Citrus aurantium) and Lemon (Citrus lemon) Extracts on Quality Properties of Chicken Meat

The effect of sodium alginate-based edible coating containing 2% citrus (Citrus aurantium) and lemon (Citrus lemon) extracts was evaluated on the chemical, antimicrobial, and sensory properties of samples during storage at 4°C. The results showed that coating with sodium alginate containing citrus and lemon extracts had a significant effect on the pH, TVN, PV, and TBA values of chicken meat ( P < 0.05 ). The lowest PV and TBA values were observed in the coated sample containing sodium alginate with 2% citrus and lemon extracts (ALG + CAE + CLE), indicating the antioxidant activity of sodium alginate and extracts. Coating resulted in less growth of microorganisms in the samples. The lowest microbial counts were also observed in the sodium alginate containing 2% citrus and lemon extracts (ALG + CAE + CLE). The coated samples had good overall acceptability similar to the control treatment. In conclusion, sodium alginate containing citrus (C. aurantium) and lemon extracts (C. lemon) are suggested for coating meat products.

Can herbal products be alternative root canal irrigation solutions in primary teeth? An in vitro study

To evaluate antimicrobial properties and smear layer removal efficiency of various plant extracts and apple cider vinegar (AV). A total of 112 primary molars roots were randomly divided into two groups (n = 56) for antimicrobial test and infected with E faecalis and Candida albicans then divided again into 7 groups (n = 8) as physiological saline (PS), NaOCI, white tea (WT), Helichrysum arenarium (HA), AV, Citrus lemon (CL), and Anzer thyme (AT). Disinfecting abilities were measured with ImageJ. In the smear layer removal efficiency test, prepared 70 roots were divided into 7 groups (n = 10) as in the antimicrobial test also 2 subgroups were designed as with or without EDTA usage (n = 5). All samples were examined under SEM. Open dentin tubule percentage was evaluated with ImageJ. HA and CL showed higher antibacterial activity against E. faecalis than PS (p = 0.038, p = 0.009) Antifungal activity of AV against C. albicans was higher than saline (p < 0.001). AV in the coronal third and CL in the middle third removed more smear layer than saline and NaOCI (p < 0.05). In the coronal region, HA and AV showed similar smear layer removal efficacy to NaOCl + EDTA (p > 0.05). CL, HA, and AV presented statistically similar results to NaOCl + EDTA in smear layer removal efficacy in the middle region (p > 0.05). CL and AV have antimicrobial efficacy against E. faecalis and C. albicans respectively and smear layer removal activity.

Integrated urban farming system as a model for disaster mitigation and adaptation in Lombok Island

Lombok Island is a small island located in the ring of fire, which are very vulnerable to earthquakes, tsunamis, ground movements, volcanic eruptions or caused by humans, such as floods and droughts. The earthquake, August 5, 2018 with a magnitude of 7.0. Communities need supplies of food, medicine and protection by utilizing the surrounding resources as local resources. The study aimed to calculate the contribution of urban farming to mitigation and adaptation to natural disasters in the city of Mataram. The study was conducted on an area of 0.5 ha in the city of Mataram which combines local food crops, medicinal plants and goats as a form of mitigation and adaptation to natural disasters. The data collected includes the diversity of species, production and other derivative products. The results show that the diversity for food sources is 34 and medicinal plants 30 species. Production of important food crops, including Dioscorea spp., Artocarpus communis, Musa paradisiaca, Moringa oleifera, Aleurites moluccana. Medicinal plants include Melaleuca leucadendra, Cymbopogon nardus, Citrus lemon, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Curcuma domestica, Curcuma xanthorrhiza. Production and derivative products from goat farming include meat, goat milk and compost. The composition biodiversity and productivity of urban farming land in general can be used as a model for mitigation and adaptation when a disaster occurs.

Green Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles of Iron Oxide Using Aqueous Extracts of Lemon Peel Waste and Its Application in Anti-Corrosive Coatings

Lately, the development of green chemistry methods with high efficiency for metal nanoparticle synthesis has become a primary focus among researchers. The main goal is to find an eco-friendly technique for the production of nanoparticles. Ferro- and ferrimagnetic materials such as magnetite (Fe3O4) exhibit superparamagnetic behavior at a nanometric scale. Magnetic nanoparticles have been gaining increasing interest in nanoscience and nanotechnology. This interest is attributed to their physicochemical properties, particle size, and low toxicity. The present work aims to synthesize magnetite nanoparticles in a single step using extracts of green lemon Citrus Aurantifolia residues. The results produced nanoparticles of smaller size using a method that is friendlier to health and the environment, is more profitable, and can be applied in anticorrosive coatings. The green synthesis was carried out by a co-precipitation method under variable temperature conditions. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) characterization showed that magnetite nanoparticles were successfully obtained with a very narrow particle size distribution between 3 and 10 nm. A composite was produced with the nanoparticles and graphene to be used as a surface coating on steel. In addition, the coating's anticorrosive behavior was evaluated through electrochemical techniques. The surface coating obtained showed good anticorrosive properties and resistance to abrasion.

Substitution of raw lucerne with raw citrus lemon by-product in silage: In vitro apparent digestibility and gas production.

Fruit pomace addition to lucerne silage could rapidly reduce silage pH creating an acidic environment and thus maybe preventing spoilage. However, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different rates of inclusion of citrus lemon by-products on lucerne. In this study, the following five different treatments were prepared: L0 (control) with 100% lucerne; L25 (75% lucerne with 25% lemon pomace); L50 (50% lucerne with 50% lemon pomace); L75 (25% lucerne with 75% lemon pomace); and L100 (100% lemon pomace). After ensiling, the chemical composition, nutritive value, stability, in vitro apparent digestibility, and gas production of silage were determined. The dry matter (DM) content was higher for lemon pomace substitution equal to or exceeded 50% (P < 0.01). Crude protein, on the contrary, decreased (P < 0.01) over the same percentage of substitution. The L100 and L75 treatments showed higher DM apparent disappearance rate and lower (P < 0.05) crude protein and neutral detergent fiber apparent degradation rate vs. L0. Lemon pomace could be used at high inclusion level in lucerne silage, allowing the preservation of this by-product all the year, improving some chemical silage characteristics, and reducing proteolytic processes that usually happen on lucerne silage. Moreover, the in vitro apparent digestibility and gas production results showed that a partial substitution of lucerne with lemon pomace is able to improve silage digestibility.

In vitro anticancer activity and comparative green synthesis of ZnO/Ag nanoparticles by moringa oleifera, mentha piperita, and citrus lemon

This study proposes a simple, effective, and environmentally friendly approach for the synthesis of zinc oxide/silver nanoparticles (ZnO/Ag NPs) using three different plant extracts. The plants used in this study were moringa oleifera (MO), mentha piperita (MP), and citrus lemon (CL). Characterizations of ZnO/Ag NPs were done using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) along with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In accordance with size distribution findings, ZnO/Ag NPs synthesized with MO have a narrow size distribution, with the average particle size being 119 ± 36 nm. Among these three reducing agent MO act as the best reducing agent. Moreover, the anticancer activity of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and ZnO/Ag NPs synthesized with MO were demonstrated in human cervical cancer cells (HeLA). The results revealed that ZnO/Ag NPs demonstrate in vitro cell viability of 72%, 81%, and 84% using 2.5, 5, and 10 μgml−1of ZnO/Ag NPs for 24 h. While Ag NPs and ZnO NPs prepared with MO showed 50% and 60% cell viability using 2.5 μgml−1concentration for 24 h. This showed that the ZnO/Ag NPs act as a strong anticancer agent compared to Ag NPs and ZnO NPs. Overall, this research proposes a green synthesis approach for ZnO/Ag NPs with a wide range of potential uses, particularly in biomedicine.

Effects of Plant Growth Regulators (IBA) and Soil Media on Success, Growth and Survival of Stem Cutting of Assam Lemon (Citrus lemon (L) Burm)

An investigation was carried out to study of the “ Effects of plant growth regulators (IBA) and soil media on success, growth and survival on rooting of stem cutting in Assam Lemon (Citrus lemon (L) Burm).” was successfully carried out in the year 2021-2022 in naturally polyhouse of experimental farm ,under (KVK),Central Agriculture University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram. The experiment was carried out using Factorial Completely Randomized Design (FCRD) with replicated thrice. The cuttings were treated with five different doses of IBA and four different soil media and then planted in raised bed polyhouse. From the experiment, T5M2 (IBA 800ppm+Soil + Sand + vermicompost + Cocopeat (1:1:1:1)) was the best treatment in all the parameters for rooting of stem cutting in Assam lemon and over all the treatment gave the significant response in respect to all the parameters i.e. Date to first new leaf initiation (16.33), Number of leaf per plant (13.50), Plant height (21.43 cm), Shoot length (6.59 cm) , Stem diameter(2.37 cm) , Number of branches (6.08), Length of tap root (7.92 cm), Root spread (8.42 cm), Fresh weight of root (0.54 g), Dry weight of root(0.34 g), Survival percentage of cuttings (1.00), during the observation period in the foot hills of Mizoram.

Upgrading the physiochemical and sensory quality of yogurt by incorporating polyphenol-enriched citrus pomaces with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities.

Industrial pomaces are cheap sources of phenolic compounds and fibers but dumping them in landfills has negative environmental and health consequences. Therefore, valorizing these wastes in the food industry as additives significantly enhances the final product. In this study, the citrus pomaces, orange pomace (OP), mandarin pomace (MP), and lemon pomace (LP) were collected by a juice company and subjected to producing polyphenols and fiber-enriched fractions, which are included in functional yogurt; the pomace powder with different levels (1, 3, and 5%) was homogenized in cooled pasteurized milk with other ingredients (sugar and starter) before processing the yogurt fermentation. The HPLC phenolic profile showed higher phenolic content in OP extract, i.e., gallic acid (1,702.65), chlorogenic acid (1,256.22), naringenin (6,450.57), catechin (1,680.65), and propyl gallate (1,120.37) ppm with massive increases over MP (1.34–37 times) and LP (1.49–5 times). The OP extract successfully scavenged 87% of DPPH with a relative increase of about 16 and 32% over LP and MP, respectively. Additionally, it inhibits 77–90% of microbial growth at 5–8 μg/mL while killing them in the 9–14 μg/mL range. Furthermore, OP extract successfully reduced 77% of human breast carcinoma. Each of pomace powder sample (OP, MP, LP) was added to yogurt at three levels; 1, 3, and 5%, while the physiochemical, sensorial, and microbial changes were monitored during 21 days of cold storage. OP yogurt had the highest pH and lowest acidity, while LP yogurt recorded the reverse. High fat and total soluble solids (TSS) content are observed in OP yogurt because of the high fiber content in OP. The pH values of all yogurt samples decreased, while acidity, fat, and TSS increased at the end of the storage period. The OP yogurts 1 and 3% scored higher in color, flavor, and structure than other samples. By measuring the microbial load of yogurt samples, the OP (1 and 3%) contributes to the growth of probiotics (Lactobacillus spp) in yogurt samples and reduces harmful microbes. Using citrus pomace as a source of polyphenols and fiber in functional foods is recommended to enhance their physiochemical and sensory quality.

Evaluation of Anti-Hyperlipidaemic Activity of a Mixture of Zinger officinale, Allium sativum, Citrus Lemon, Honey, and Malus domestica Vinegar (ZACAH) Extracts in Rats Fed with High Cholesterol Diet

Introduction: The incidence and complications of hyperlipidemia associated co-morbidities and mortalities are grossly increasing globally. Intervention with natural products preparation has been identified as an alternative for the management of hyperlipidaemia and its related cardiovascular complications. This study investigated the anti-hyperlipidaemic activities of a mixture of Zinger officinale, Allium sativum, Citrus lemon, honey, and Malus domestica vinegar (ZACAH) extracts in in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats fed with high cholesterol diet. Methods: Thirty-six male SD rats were randomly distributed into 6 groups, including normal chow diet-fed (NC), high cholesterol diet (HCD), HCD+ Simvastatin (standard drug) while the remaining three groups were fed with HCD + ZACAH extracts at different doses (1, 3 and 5mg/kg body weight) for 18 weeks. Simvastatin at 10 mg/kg of bodyweight was used as control. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine phenolic compounds present in ZACAH extracts, elastase inhibitory assay was determined using spectrometric with a substrate (N-Succ-(Ala)3-pnitroanilide (SANA) while 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was performed based by the method described by Blois, 1958. Results: In vitro; ZACAH extracts had oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) value of 2000 µmol TE/100 mL, total phenolic content (TPC) of 7537 ± 54.5%, DPPH free radical scavenging activity of 27.34 ± 2.71%, elastase inhibitory assay of 29.29 ± 1.65% and lipoxygenase inhibitory assay of 98.58 ± 1.42%. In vivo, ZACAH extracts showed decreased bodyweight, adipose tissue, improved lipid profiles and hepatic biochemical enzymes. Conclusion: These results suggested that ZACAH extracts supplementation improved hyperlipidaemia in SD rats and might be a promising adjuvant for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.

Evaluates the active substances of extracts of date vinegar and Citrus lemon plant fruit on Enterobius vermicularis worm in vitro

This work was conduct to account the effects of cold and hot aqueous extracts of Iraqi Citrus limon plant fruits and date vinegar in paralysis and die of Enterobius vermicularis parasite in vitro and determine the most influential plant for extracted secondary compound (alkaloid, terpenoids and phenolic compounds) from it and then determine a most influential secondary compound for analysis by Gas chromatography /mass spectroscopy technical (GC/MS) and extract the most concentrated compound from it to test in paralyze and kill worms. The results appear that cold aqueous extract of Citrus limon plant fruits have a high influential especially by 300 mg/ml concentration where its average arithmetic for paralysis and die of worms equal 29.00 and 57.33 minute , respectively, followed by hot aqueous extract of Citrus limon plant fruits has effect on paralysis and die of worms in 300 mg/ml concentration where its led to paralysis and die of worms at 67.33 and 104.00 minute , followed by cold aqueous extract of date viengar extract where its average arithmetic for paralysis and die of worms in 300 mg/ml concentration equal 110.00 and 193.00 minute.

Nanocomposite Cotton Fabrics with In Situ Formed Gold Nanoparticles Using Citrus Lemon Leaf Extract as Reducing Agent

ABSTRACT Using citrus lemon leaf extract and different concentrated gold chloride source solutions, the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were in situ formed in cotton fabrics. The nanocomposite cotton fabrics (NCCFs) were analyzed by SEM, FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray, thermal and antibacterial tests. The AuNPs formed in NCCFs were with size between 50 and 120 nm. The x- ray test indicated the formation of AuNPs. The thermal properties of NCCFs were slightly lower than the matrix. The NCCFs showed good antibacterial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative and hence can be considered for potential antibacterial medical fabrics for hospital bed materials, aprons, face/nose masks, etc.

Green Synthesis Approach for Nanosized Cobalt Doped Mg–Zn through Citrus Lemon Mediated Sol–Gel Auto Combustion Method

Green Synthesis Approach for Nanosized Cobalt Doped Mg–Zn through Citrus Lemon Mediated Sol–Gel Auto Combustion Method

Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils Evaluated In Vitro against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

The spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has caused a reduction in antibiotic effectiveness and an increase in mortality rates. Essential oils (EOs), known for their therapeutic efficacy, can be configured as novel broad-spectrum biocides. Accordingly, the bacteriostatic–bactericidal activity of Citrus Lemon (LEO), Pinus Sylvestris (PEO), Foeniculum Vulgaris (FEO), Ocimum Basilicum (BEO), Melissa Officinalis (MEO), Thymus Vulgaris (TEO), and Zingiber Officinalis Rosc. (GEO), at concentrations ranging from 1.25 to 40% (v/v), were tested in vitro against different E. coli and S. aureus strains using minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs). The chemical compositions of the EOs were analyzed using GC/MS. The major components of all seven tested oils were limonene, α-pinene, anethole, estragole, citral, thymol, and zingiberene, respectively. We found that the bacteriostatic–bactericidal activity of the EOs was related to their chemotypes and concentrations, as well as the strain of the bacteria. A dose–effect correlation was found when testing GEO against S. aureus strains, whilst FEO was found to have no activity regardless of concentration. PEO, MEO, and BEO were found to have bactericidal effect with a MIC and MBC of 1.25% (v/v) against S. aureus strains, and LEO was found to have values of 1.25% (v/v) and 5% (v/v) against ATCC and clinical isolate, respectively. Interestingly, the antimicrobial activity of TEO was not related to oil concentration and the complete inhibition of growth across all E. coli and S. aureus was observed. Although preliminary, our data demonstrate the efficacy of EOs and pave the way for further investigations on their potential synergistic use with traditional drugs in the human and veterinary fields.

Formulation and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Polyherbal Lotion

There is increased scientific evidence that plants possess a vast and complex arsenal of active ingredients which have the ability to calm or smooth the skin as well as restore actively, heal and protect the skin. The present work deals with the development and evaluation of the poly herbal lotion containing Trigonella foenum-graecum, Citrus lemon, Matricaria chamomilla and Cymbopogon citrates. Different types of formulations oil in water (O/W) herbal lotions namely F1 to F13 were formulated by incorporating different concentrations of stearic acid and Triethanolamine. Formulation of Triethanolamine and stearic acid was optimized as 2.529.35. The prepared lotion was evaluated for its antimicrobial, antioxidant and pharmaceutical parameters. The lotion formulation showed no redness, edema, inflammation and irritation during sensitivity test indication that it is safe to use. Stability studies of the lotion showed that the lotion was stable after one months.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Shampoo

Abstract: The shampoo sector is probably the largest unit sale among the hair care products since shampoos are one of the cosmetic products used in daily life. Synthetic preservatives and detergents have sometimes been the cause of adverse effects among consumers. A more radical approach in reducing the synthetic ingredients is by incorporating natural extract whose functionality is comparable with their synthetic ingredients. A shampoo is a cleaning aid for the hair and is counted among the foremost beauty products. Today’s shampoo formulations are beyond the stage of pure cleaning of the hair. Additional benefits are expected, e.g., conditioning, smoothing of the hair surface, good health of hair, i.e., hair free of dandruff, dirt, grease and lice and, above all, its safety benefits are expected. As the scalp is one of the most absorbent part of the body, products applied to the scalp go directly to the blood, without being filtered in any way. In the scenario of changing food habits, stress level and dependent environment conditions, number of skin and hair disorders are encountered. This herbal shampoo was formulated using natural ingredient like Fenugreek seeds), Acacia concinna (shikakai), Sapindus mukorossi (reetha), Ocimum sanctum (tulsi), Aloe vera (aloe), Hibiscus rosa sinensis (china rose), Embelica officinalis (amla), Lawsonia inermis (henna),Citrus lemon (lemon), with proven efficacy of hair care preparation is prepared. The combination of several such ingredient of herbal origin has made it possible to secure highly effective dry powder shampoo. The formulation at laboratory scale was done and evaluated for number of parameters to ensure its safety and efficacy

Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Fruit Extracts as Reducing Agents and Comparative Studies with a Chemical Reducing Agent

Nanoparticle synthesis using plant extracts is biologically safe, cost-effective, and environment-friendly, hence attracting many researchers owing to its advantages over chemical or physical methods. In the current study copper and silver nanoparticles have been synthesized by chemical and biological methods (using fruit extract). The leftover fruits collected from the fruit vendors and were used for the study, such as guava (Psidium guajava L), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) as a source of ascorbic acid, while lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck) and orange (Citrus X sinensis) as a source of citric acid. Quantification of ascorbic acid and citric acid present in fruit extract was performed by Iodometric and acid-base titrations, respectively, followed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) to confirm their role in nanoparticle production. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV–visible (UV–VIS) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The number of particles produced with fruit extract as a reducing agent was more compared to chemical methods. The size and structure of the synthesized nanoparticles produced using fruit extracts were similar to those produced chemically. Also, the antibacterial effect of Cu and Ag nanoparticles was seen against Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pyogenes strains.

In-vitro Activity of Medicinal Plant Crude Extract and In-vivo Toxicity Testing of Dichloromethane Root Extract of Citrus limon in laboratory Rabbits

Aims: To identify viable phytomedicines traditionally employed for the treatment of malaria in Kenya that could be developed into antimalarial agents.&#x0D; Study Design: Quantitative analysis of antiplasmodial activities and brine shrimp bioassays were carried out using standard procedures. The experiment was set in duplicate for each concentration of the drug and average IC50 determined.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Seven indigenous plants: Achyranthes aspera, Heinsiacrinita, Bridelia cathartica, Citrus limon, Microglossapyrifolia, Vernoniaglabra and Carissa edulis obtained from Kilifi and Homa-Bay counties in Kenya were evaluated for their anti-Plasmodium falciparum potential. Collection of samples and analysis took about three months from April 2018.&#x0D; Methodology: Both Chemical and aqueous crude extraction methods were carried out to identify the most active extracts against P. Falciparum and then isolate pure active phytochemicals. Pure compounds were subjected to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Infra-Red (IR) and Mass Spectroscopy (MS) analyses for structure elucidation.&#x0D; Results: Four extracts (hexane, dichloromethane (DCM),methanoland water) of seven different species of plants were analyzed for their anti-plasmodial activities.W2 and D6 strains of Falciparum were tested. However, the three most active extracts were from Citrus lemon roots (DCM) with IC50 value of 7.017 µg/mL, C. edulis root (aqueous) with IC50 value of 8.054 µg/Ml and B. Cathertical eaves (methanol) with IC50 value of 15.647 µg/Ml. However, three pure compounds were obtained; suberosin IC5026.7 (Strain W2), 53.1 (Strain D6) and xanthyletin IC501580 (Strain W2) from C. limon (DCM) and spinasterol IC50 43.2 (Strain W2) from M. pyrifolia (hexane).&#x0D; Conclusion: The three different species of plants with most active compounds have demonstrated their potentiality in treatment for falciparum malaria. Structures of the isolated three compounds can be modelled to synthesis of anti- plasmodial drugs as they are active in vitro.

The Effect of Lemon (Citrus Limon [L.] Osbeck) and Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Spp.) Addition towards Antioxidant Activity and Physicochemical Properties of Honey Wine

The characteristics of honey wine can be improved by the addition of fruits and herbs. Lemon and cinnamon contain phenolic and flavonoid compounds as antioxidant activities. This research aims to determine the effect of adding lemon and cinnamon towards the antioxidant activity and physicochemical properties of honey wine. The lemons used in this research are local and imported lemon juice, with citric acid as control. The cinnamon used in this research are cassia and ceylon cinnamon. The honey wine is analyzed based on its antioxidant activities (IC50, phenolic and flavonoids) and physicochemical properties (alcohol content, density, acidity (pH), total dissolved solids and color). Imported lemon juice and cassia cinnamon are chosen as the best formulation due to the highest antioxidant activity and physicochemical properties of the honey wine as a result. This formulation has alcohol content 13.93%, antioxidant activity (IC50 1.81%, total phenolic 794.61 mg GAE/L, total flavonoid 23.45 mg QE/L), density 0.98 g/mL, pH 3.28, total dissolved solids 9.42 ºBrix, color lightness 53.83 and ºHue 86.26º. In conclusion, the addition of imported lemon juice and cassia cinnamon in making honey wine increases the IC50, total phenolic, total flavonoids, alcohol content, pH, while decreases the ºHue color of wine.

Shelf-Life Prediction of Citrus Lemon Using a Multivariate Accelerated Shelf-Life Testing (MASLT) Approach

Abstract The shelf life of agricultural products is characterized by several quality parameters simultaneously. Estimating the shelf life using the multivariate accelerated shelf-life testing (MASLT) approach is expected to provide a more accurate shelf-life prediction. This research aims to examine the effect of temperature storage on lemon fruit quality and predict their shelf life with the MASLT approach. A total of 21 lemons for each treatment (storage temperatures) were washed and stored at 25, 35, and 45 °C. Changes in the quality of lemons were observed every day for 7 days, including moisture content, weight loss, firmness, total soluble solids, and color. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to simplify many experimental lemon quality parameters to form a new coordinate system with maximum variance through linear transformation to form a new coordinate system with maximum variance. The results showed that 91.3% of the variance of all observational data could be explained by the first principal component (PC1). Multivariate kinetics of quality parameter changes following a zero-order reaction. The plot of ln km against 1/T shows a multivariate activation energy value (Ea) of 62.99 kJ·mol−1 with a pre-exponential factor (k0) of 3.87 × 1010 PC1 score per day. The reaction acceleration factor (Q10) based on storage temperatures of 35 °C and 45 °C is 2.17. The results of the predicted shelf life at cold temperatures (10 °C) and room temperature (25 °C) were 60.0 days and 18.8 days, respectively.

In vitro Antiplasmodial Activities of Crude Extracts and Compounds Derived from Selected Indigenous Medicinal Plants used Traditionally to Treat Malaria in Kenya

Aims: To identify viable phytomedicines traditionally employed for the treatment of malaria in Kenya that could be developed into antimalarial agents.&#x0D; Study Design: Quantitative analysis of antiplasmodial activities and brine shrimp bioassays were carried out using standard procedures. The experiment was set in duplicate for each concentration of the drug and average IC50 determined.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Seven indigenous plants: Achyranthesaspera, Heinsiacrinita, Brideliacathartica, Citrus limon, Microglossapyrifolia, Vernoniaglabra and Carissa edulis obtained from Kilifi and Homa-Bay counties in Kenya were evaluated for their anti-Plasmodium falciparumpotential.Collection of samples and analysis took about three months.&#x0D; Methodology: Both Chemical and aqueous crude extraction methods were carried out to identify the most active extracts against P. Falciparum and thenisolatepureactive phytochemicals. Pure compounds were subjected to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Infra-Red (IR) and Mass Spectroscopy (MS) analyses for structure elucidation.&#x0D; Results: Four extracts of hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), methanol and water of seven different species of plants were analyzed for their anti-plasmodial activities.W2 and D6 strains of Falciparum were tested. However, the three most active extracts were from Citrus lemon roots (DCM) with IC50 value of 7.017 µg/mL, C. edulis root (aqueous) with IC50 value of 8.054 µg/Ml and B. Cathertica leaves (methanol) with IC50 value of 15.647 µg/Ml. However, three pure compounds were obtained; suberosinIC5026.7 (Strain W2), 53.1 (Strain D6) and xanthyletin IC501580 (Strain W2) from C. Limon (DCM) and spinasterolIC5043.2 (Strain W2) fromM. pyrifolia (hexane).&#x0D; Conclusion: The three different species of plants with most active compounds have demonstrated their potentiality in treatment for falciparum malaria. Structures of the isolated three compounds can be modelled to synthesise anti- plasmodial drugs as they are active in vitro.