Phyllocnistis Citrella Research Articles

Combining Transfer Learning and Ensemble Algorithms for Improved Citrus Leaf Disease Classification

Accurate categorization and timely control of leaf diseases are crucial for citrus growth. We proposed the Multi-Models Fusion Network (MMFN) for citrus leaf diseases detection based on model fusion and transfer learning. Compared to traditional methods, the algorithm (integrating transfer learning Alexnet, VGG, and Resnet) we proposed can address the issues of limited categories, slow processing speed, and low recognition accuracy. By constructing efficient deep learning models and training and optimizing them with a large dataset of citrus leaf images, we ensured the broad applicability and accuracy of citrus leaf disease detection, achieving high-precision classification. Herein, various deep learning algorithms, including original Alexnet, VGG, Resnet, and transfer learning versions Resnet34 (Pre_Resnet34) and Resnet50 (Pre_Resnet50) were also discussed and compared. The results demonstrated that the MMFN model achieved an average accuracy of 99.72% in distinguishing between diseased and healthy leaves. Additionally, the model attained an average accuracy of 98.68% in the classification of multiple diseases (citrus huanglongbing (HLB), greasy spot disease and citrus canker), insect pests (citrus leaf miner), and deficiency disease (zinc deficiency). These findings conclusively illustrate that deep learning model fusion networks combining transfer learning and integration algorithms can automatically extract image features, enhance the automation and accuracy of disease recognition, demonstrate the significant potential and application value in citrus leaf disease classification, and potentially drive the development of smart agriculture.

Population dynamics of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, 1856 (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) and impact of its parasitism on clementine trees at the Boufarik-Blida station (Algeria)

Population dynamics of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, 1856 (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) and impact of its parasitism on clementine trees at the Boufarik-Blida station (Algeria)

Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, 1856 Control Methods in the Lankaran-Astara Region

Research has been carried out on the biology and ecology of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton. This is one of the main pests of lemon and tangerine gardens in Azerbaijan. To combat this pest, various agricultural methods and chemicals were used. The most effective combinations have been identified. A detailed description is given in the work. Guidelines for pest risk assessment have been developed, emphasizing measures to protect citrus orchards from heavy infestation by Phyllocnistis citrella.

Parasitoid guild of the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Tunisian citrus orchards and a new report of Cirrospilus ingenuus Gahan (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

A survey of the parasitoid species of the citrus leafminer (CLM), Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), a cosmopolitan pest of citrus, was carried out in 2019 and 2020 in the major citrus production area of Tunisia. Four different Eulophidae species were found: Citrostichus phyllocnistoides (Narayanan), representing 81.82% of the identified parasitoids, Semielacher petiolatus (Girault) (9.40%) and the native species Pnigalio pectinicornis (L.) (2.82%). Cirrospilus ingenuus Gahan (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a new report for the parasitoid entomofauna of P. citrella in the country, representing 5.96% of the identified parasitoids. It has probably spread naturally from other Mediterranean regions. Predation by generalist predators is the main mortality factor of CLM (up to 59.11% of the mortality was caused by natural enemies), followed by parasitism (oviposition) (22.47%) and host-feeding (18.42%). Second and third instar larvae of the CLM were the preferred stages for parasitism. Host-feeding and generalist predators’ attacks were most common on first and second instars. Data highlighting the ability for C. phyllocnistoides to develop and disperse clearly predominates in Tunisian citrus orchards. Citrostichus phyllocnistoides may compete with S. petiolatus, exerting a complementary action to that of C. phyllocnistoides, particularly earlier in the season when the densities of the latter species are low. Further studies focusing on inter-specific relationships between these two exotic parasitoids are needed in order to test whether the observed field results could have been estimated from laboratory assays. This will be helpful in critically evaluating the results of the classical biological control programme developed against CLM in Tunisia.

Bio-efficacy of bio-rationals against citrus leaf miner (Phyllocnistis citrella) in acid lime (Citrus aurantiifolia)

The field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) 2020–21 and rainy (kharif) season of 2021–22 at College of Agriculture (University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad), Vijayapura, Karnataka to evaluate efficacy of bio-rationals against citrus leaf miner (Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design (RBD) with 8 treatments, viz. bio digester solution (10%); pongamia leaf extract (5%); Prosopis juliflora leaf extract (5%); Beauveria bassiana (2 × 108 conidia/g) (1 kg/ha); Bacillus thuringiensis 8 L (1 L/ha); neem-based insecticide (10000 ppm) (1.5 L/ha); thiamethoxam 25 wg (125 ml/ha) (standard check); and untreated control (water spray), replicated thrice. Among the selected bio-rationals, two application of neem (Azadirachta indica)-based insecticide recorded significantly lesser number of live mines/shoot followed by bio-digester solution (10%) and these treatments were found superior in controlling citrus leaf miner on acid lime [Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle]. The pongamia leaf extract, Bacillus thuringiensis 8 L and Beauveria bassiana were proved to be moderately affective against this pest. The bio-rationals found effective can be used in integrated management of citrus leaf miner on acid lime.

E-Pest Surveillance for Assessment of Seasonal Occurrence of Orange Pests in Maharashtra

Monitoring of incidence and intensity of pests over the crop season is crucial for effective pest management. ICT (Information and communication technology) not only enables the assimilation of pest databases over space and time, but also aids in the rapid processing of data to make pest management decisions using the available knowledge base and essential inputs that can be mobilised and adopted for plant protection on wide area basis. This study generated valuable data on the population dynamics of orange pests over the seasonal months from 2012 to 2022 with the aid of applied information and communication technology tools. The majority of the pests under current study showed their seasonal activity throughout the monitoring period. The study on the seasonal incidence revealed bark eating caterpillar Inderbela sp. having their peak infestation during September and October whereas January to March were observed as prime months for fruit sucking moths Othreis sps to reach their peak prevalence and damage. The citrus leaf miner Phyllocnistis citrella population dynamics showed two peaks in August and September. The data generated in this study would help in the forecast of the pests and helpful in devising an effective IPM strategy.

Spatial distribution pattern of male adults of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in lemon orchards in Northern Portugal

AbstractPhyllocnistis citrella Stainton, commonly known as the citrus leafminer, threatens global citrus production. This study focuses on elucidating the population dynamics and spatial distribution of P. citrella in lemon orchards located in Northern Portugal. From May to December, using delta traps with sexual pheromones, the levels of the adult population were monitored, and aggregation indices were calculated. Five distinct density peaks are observed, with the highest recorded in late July to early August. Spatial distribution consistently indicated an aggregated pattern. However, temporal variation in distribution was observed on specific dates. According to our results, it is suggested deploying two or three traps per hectare during peak density periods. This study significantly advances our understanding of P. citrella dynamics, emphasizing the need to consider spatial and temporal patterns for effective pest management. The outcomes underscore the importance of further exploration into factors influencing distribution patterns to refine control strategies. These insights are crucial for devising targeted and efficient measures to mitigate the impact of P. citrella on citrus orchards globally.

Correlation of citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella with leaf physio-morphological and biochemical factors in acid lime leaves

Correlation of citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella with leaf physio-morphological and biochemical factors in acid lime leaves

Population dynamics and management of citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella (Stainton) in nursery

Population dynamics and management of citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella (Stainton) in nursery

Population dynamics of citrus leaf miner and bark eating caterpillars on sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) using ICT-based pest surveillance

Population dynamics of citrus leaf miner and bark eating caterpillars on sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) using ICT-based pest surveillance

Integrated management of citrus leafminer in the nursery

Integrated management of citrus leafminer in the nursery

Spatial Distribution and Damage Severity of Citrus Leafminer (Phyllocnistis spp. Stainton) in Major Citrus Producing Regions of Tanzania

Field survey was conducted to determine the occurrence and damage severity of the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracilariidae) in major citrus producing regions of Tanzania between December 2011 and September 2012. In total, 14,725 citrus trees and seedlings were assessed to determine the presence or absence of P. citrella as well as its associated damage severity. A total of 10,000 citrus trees (>5 years) were sampled from Morogoro Rural and Muheza Districts, while 4,725 nursery seedlings (<5 years) from Kinondoni District. The damage severity was assessed as described by Horsfall-Barratt scale. Results revealed that leafminers were recorded in nearly all surveyed areas. Kruskal Wallis analysis suggested minimal spatial distribution of the pest incidence among the surveyed locations. Kinondoni district recorded the highest (34.11%) leafminer incidence while Muheza district had the lowest (3.74). However, the damage severity indicated an increasing trend from December 2011 through June 2012 in nursery seedlings at Kinondoni. Weather variables (especially temperature) played an important role to the pest’s development and perpetuation. Further studies need to be conducted to have a wider knowledge of the pest in all the citrus growing regions in the country.

Estimation of the infestation rate and parasitism rate of the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella in a Thomson orchard near a greenhouse where beneficials are reared in Boufarik-Blida (Algeria)

The citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella causes severe damage to young citrus shoots in Algeria. It therefore indirectly delays fruit set and consequently production and crop profitability. The endophytic lifestyle of the insect's larvae has made chemical control difficult, making the use of other control agents essential.
 To this end, a study on the population dynamics of Phyllocnistis citrella and the incidence of the parasite was carried out for 08 months in 2021 (from January to August 2021) in the Boufarik-Blida region (Algeria) on the Thomson variety.
 The main results gathered from the sampling show that the parasitism rate reached 68% and the infection rate 39%, due to the intervention of auxiliaries (Semielacher petiolatus, Cirostichus phyllocnistoides) from the greenhouse where these species are reared near the Thomson orchard. The citrus leafminer population is declining. Parasite brokering has a positive effect on the defense against Phyllocnistis citrella and represents an effective method of reinforcing biological control of this pest. In addition, the installation of mini greenhouses for the rearing of beneficials in orchards infested by citrus leafminer can be proposed as a means of reinforcing biological control. Moreover, regional containment is a healthy alternative in the context of integrated pest management, helping the ecosystem to reduce pollution. For this reason, it is worthwhile scheduling containment periods in agricultural regions.

The Effect of Using some Integrated Pest Management Factors on the Life Aspects of the Citrus Leaf Miner Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in the Laboratory

The study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of some integrated management factors in controlling the citrus leaf miner insect in the laboratory and to choose the best of them for field use to reduce the damage of this pest. The factors which used in this study involved two chemical pesticides Movento and Oxymatrine, as well as the use of growth regulators Match and biological fungi Beauveria bassiana (B.b..) and Metarhizium anisopliae (M.a..) and the interaction among them to get the most effective way to control the pest. The results of the study showed Movento is the most studied factor affecting the citrus miner insect in terms of the death rate on the larvae, as it recorded 96.52%, while the growth regulator Match recorded the lowest death rate of 49.20%. As for pupae, the chemical pesticide Movento also excelled by recording the highest death rate, reaching 62.59%, while the growth regulator Match recorded the lowest death rate for pupae stage, which amounted to 23.96%. It is clear from the results that the pupae are more resistant to factors that been used in this study compared with larvae. Results also proved that adults of insect were more effective with factors that used in this study compared with larvae and pupae stage. Movento pesticide showed mortality percentage reached to 100% for adults compared with growth regulator Match, which scored 73.62%, while it did not differ from the pesticide Oxymatrine, which gave 99.14%. The results of interactions among the factors on the larvae of the citrus leaf miner showed that the treatments Movento, Oxymatrine and Match, Movento+B.b.., total interaction had the highest mortality rate for the larvae stage which recorded 100% followed by the treatments Oxymatrine and the Movento + M.a. which recorded 95.56% each. While B.b. and M.a. treatments and the interaction between them, recorded the lowest mortality rate, reaching 9.25, 23.80, and 23.33%, respectively, as for pupae stage. The total interaction treatment only gave the highest mortality rate for pupae of the citrus leaf miner insect, as it recorded 100% and followed by the treatments Movento + B.b. and Movento + Match, which recorded 95.56% for each, while the treatments B.b. and M.a. was recorded the lowest death rate, which amounted to 6.68, 18.73, and 16.66%, respectively.

Degradation dynamics, residues, processing factors, and dietary risk assessment of bisultap in citrus by LC-MS/MS.

Citrus leaf miners are a common pest harming citrus production and quality during citrus planting. During the citrus plant's growth phase, bisultap formulation was frequently used to boost yield and produce fruit of high quality. However, research on citrus's dietary risk assessment for bisultap residues, dissipation and residues is lacking. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to develop an accurate and sensitive analytical method for derivatizing bisultap into nereistoxin in whole fruit, pulp and peel. At various levels of addition, the mean recovery of bisultap ranged from 84.64% to 111.09% with a reasonable relative RSD (< 20%). The half-lives in Guangxi and Guizhou were 3.96 and 6.03 days, respectively. After 14-21 days of bisultap application, total residues (bisultap and its metabolite nereistoxin) in the whole fruit were from < 0.02 to 0.228 mg kg-1 in the four experiment sites. Total residue (bisultap and nereistoxin, expressed by bisultap) in whole fruit was approximately 1.05-7.23 times that of pulp. The washing process with tap water removed 85.71% to 98.78% of the bisultap residue in the whole fruit. Bisultap's risk assessment value in citrus was in the range 0.16-1.28%. In the whole citrus fruit, bisultap degrades rapidly. Bisultap residues primarily accumulate on citrus peels, and so washing and peeling citrus may effectively remove bisultap residues. For various age groups, the chronic dietary risk of bisultap was acceptable. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Temperature-dependent effects on some biological aspects of two ectoparasitoids of Phyllocnistiscitrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

BackgroundTemperature alters host suitability for the development of parasitoids through direct (thermal effect) and indirect (parental effect) pathways. The effects of three temperature regimes on the development and survival of two parasitoid species, Citrostichusphyllocnistoides (Narayanan) and Cirrospilusingenuus Gahan (Eulophidae: Hymenoptera) of the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistiscitrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) was evaluated. The experiment was conducted at 20, 25, and 30°C temperatures with 65 ± 2% relative humidity (R.H.) and 16h: 8h (L: D) photoperiod.ResultsIn C.phyllocnistoides, the pre-ovipositional period was longer at 20°C, while non- significant difference was observed in the pre-ovipositional period of C.ingenuus under the effect of different temperatures (P > 0.05). The ovipositional period of C.phyllocnistoides and C.ingenuus was higher at 20°C and gradually decreased by increasing the temperature. Non- significant (P > 0.05) difference was found in post-ovipositional period of both parasitoid species. Both species exhibited the maximum fecundity at 25°C, while, the minimum fecundity was recorded at 30°C. However, the adult longevity of both parasitoid species was highest at 20°C and gradually decreased by increasing the temperature. In both parasitoids, the parasitism rate was highest at 25°C.ConclusionThis study highlighted the importance of thermal effects on some parasitoid species of insect pests to predict the future of trophic dynamics in global warming situations.

Arthropod Biodiversity of Citrus Ecosystem with Special Reference to Citrus Leaf Miner

The citrus leaf miner (CLM), scientifically known as Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton and belonging to the Gracillaridae family, is a significant nuisance for citrus nurseries and the tender leaves of young citrus plants. Damage caused by the larvae is conspicuous especially on the young foliage during initial phase of development and the management of the pest is highly critical. The present studies were carried out at ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur during 2013 to 2015 to document the species composition of bioagents (parasitoids and predators), their incidence levels and species richness/ diversity in citrus ecosystems with reference to citrus leaf miner. During the study, we documented individuals from two classes, four orders and six families of insects. Class Insecta was dominant followed by Arachnida. Among the six families, Eulophidae and Coccinellidae were the most dominant bioagent groups for parasitoid and predator, respectively. Relative abundance of the bioagents of P. citrella revealed that C. phyllocnistoides was the predominant one and constituted 30% of total bioagents collected followed by Cirrospilus sp. (including C. quadristriatus, C. ingenuus) (25%), E. brevicornis (15%) and S. striatipes (9%). Coccinellids constituted about 3%; whereas, chrysopid predator, M. desjardinsi and spider species constituted 13% and 7%, respectively of the total bioagent collection. Understanding of the bioagent complex in citrus ecosystem will help us to identify the promising ones for biological control as well as guide us the bioagent active frame to avoid pesticide sprays to sustain them naturally in the ecosystem.

Effect of gamma irradiation on F1 generation and competitive ability of Phyllocnistis citrella and Ostrinia nubilalis, and evaluation of the sterile insect release ratio on plant infestation in field cages

AbstractCitrus leafminer (CLM), Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), and European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), are two key pests of young citrus and maize plants in Iran, respectively. In this study, the effects of sub‐sterilizing doses of gamma radiation (100–250 Gy for CLM, 90–180 Gy for ECB) on the biological and reproductive parameters of F1 progeny from irradiated males were determined. The results indicated that males irradiated at doses of ≥200 and ≥150 Gy produced highly sterile F1 descents for CLM and ECB, respectively. No adverse effects of radiation doses applied to males were observed on the F1 pupal emergence for both species, nor on the adult longevity of male and female ECB moths. However, the life span of CLM F1 male and female adults decreased with increasing doses. The sex ratio of emerged adults of F1 progeny from irradiated males was skewed towards males with increasing doses; the proportion of males to all emerged adults reached 0.52 and 0.54 at doses of 250 and 150 Gy for CLM and ECB, compared to 0.44 and 0.49 in the controls, respectively. The competitiveness index of irradiated and F1 males of both species fluctuated in acceptable ranges and in general F1 males were stronger competitors than their irradiated male parents. The results of the field cage experiments showed that the larval infestation in all cages including the released irradiated CLM and ECB moths decreased compared to the control treatment – the percentage of damaged leaves and stems in the cages with ratios of 20:1 and 7:1 irradiated‐to‐normal insects (highest ratios assayed) reached half and one‐third of the control for CLM and ECB, respectively.

Evidence of Seasonal Variation in Body Color in Adults of the Parasitoid Cirrospilus pictus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Sicily, Italy.

As part of the studies on the morphological color variation of insects, a case study on the seasonal body color variation of Cirrospilus pictus (Nees) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Eulophinae) parasitoid of leafminers is reported. Observations were made from January 2000 to December 2003 in north-western Sicily (Italy), in relation to sex, body regions of adults and seasonal periods. Wasps parasitizing Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) were collected from organic citrus orchards (Citrus limon L., var. "Femminello zagara bianca" and "Femminello comune"). Adults were grouped in classes: yellow males, black males, yellow females, yellow-black females and black females. The results highlighted a phenotypic pigmentation variation in the head, thorax, gaster and legs of individuals influenced by the season of sampling. Adults were yellow-green in summer months, whereas individuals with dark pigmentation were found in autumn and winter months. A correlation between color patterns and seasonal temperatures was found for both females and males. This work provides a contribution to the description of the intraspecific variability of this species, improving its identification.

Nuisance Insects of Rearing mass Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri Under Controlled Conditions

Rearing insects for pest experiment it’s very critical. The condition of rearing such insects impacted the smooth running of research. This condition also happens in the rearing of Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri. ACP is one of the most dangerous pests of citrus since responsible for the huanglongbing disease vector in citrus. Many researchers, either laboratory or field-based use a D.citri for object experiments. A clear and recent description of the types of insects or arthropods that disturb the rearing ACP is needed, especially in Indonesia. The research was conducted in the greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, from January 2021 to September 2022. The rearing of ACP uses orange jasmine (Muraya paniculata) and citrus (Citrus nobilis). The collected insect and spider preserved in alcohol or pined in insect tray and identify them based on related literature. This study proposed to assess the nuisance insect that infested on rearing of D.citri based on greenhouse conditions. Our results showing that the many nuisance insects that disturb the growth of rearing in D.citri. A total of nine insect and spider attacking D citri, they are black ants (Dolichoderus sp), aphid (Aphis sp), leaf roller caterpillar (Phyllocnistis citrella), cockroach (Blattella sp), ladybug (Exochomus nigromaculatus), mite (Tetranychus sp), Mealy bug (Pseudoccocus sp), Scale insect (Aonidella aurantia) and Spider. Those nuisance insects and spiders attack D.citri colonies in different ways and stages. The attacking nuisance insect affected to affected the size of the ACP culture.