Pomelo Research Articles

An environmentally friendly production method: The pectin and essential oil from the waste peel of juvenile pomelo (Citrus maxima ‘Shatian Yu’) were extracted simultaneously in one step with an acid-based deep eutectic solvent

In agricultural production, the juvenile pomelo (Citrus maxima ‘shatian Yu’) is sometimes disregarded, yet its peel is rich in pectin and essential oils. The following parameters were found to be ideal for the extraction of pectin and essential oil: pH of 5.75, a liquid-solid ratio of 4 mL/g, a microwave power of 560 W, and a 30-min irradiation period. The maximum production of pectin was 26.70% ± 1.35% and the greatest output of essential oil was 2.09% ± 0.11% under these circumstances, both exceeding the yields of traditional steam distillation. Utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the constituents of the essential oil were identified. There were 62 chemicals were found in the oil that was prepared by combining eutectic solvent extraction with microwave assistance, which better conserved the biological activity of juvenile pomelo peel essential oil. Overall, this technique shows how effective and eco-friendly acid-based deep eutectic solvent microwave-assisted extraction can be as a solution for treating agricultural waste.

Encapsulation of Pomelo Peel Essential oil (Citrus maxima) Using the Alginate/Chitosan complex

Objective: This study aimed to determine appropriate parameters for encapsulating pomelo peel essential oil (Citrus maxima) using the alginate/chitosan complex. Methods: The investigated parameters included the concentration of sodium alginate solution (2 ‒ 3.5% w/v based on the volume of mixture), the concentration of pomelo essential oil (20 ‒ 40% w/w based on dry matter of wall marerials), the concentration of Tween 80 (0 ‒ 20% w/w based on dry matter of wall marerials), the concentration of CaCl2 solution (0.5 ‒ 3.5% w/v based on the volume of mixture), time (10 min – 20 min) and speed of emulsion homogenization (489-4402 × g), the concentration of chitosan solution (0.5 ‒ 2% w/v based on the volume of mixture), and pH of chitosan solution (4 ‒ 6). Results: The results showed encapsulation yield (EY%) and encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of 91.64% and 85.18%, respectively, when using the concentration of sodium alginate solution as 3% (w/v based on the volume of mixture), the concentration of essential oil as 30% (w/w based on dry matter of wall marerials), the concentration of Tween 80 as 15% (w/w based on dry matter of wall marerials), the concentration of CaCl2 solution as 1.5% (w/v based on the volume of mixture), homogenization time as 10 min and homogenization speed as 4402 × g, the concentration of chitosan as 2% (w/v based on the volume of mixture) and pH of Chitosan solution as 5. Conclusion: The alginate/chitosan complex was proven effective in encapsulating pomelo essential oil (Citrus maxima) on a laboratory scale. The resulting encapsulated particles had a relatively uniform size and a high ability to retain essential oils in the core of the particles. Further studies should be conducted to elucidate the mechanism of the encapsulation process and to additionally evaluate the physical and chemical properties of the encapsulated particles.

Exploring the In-Vitro anti-oxidant and anti-microbial properties of pomelo fruit extract in goat meat: A promising alternative for preservative and health benefits

This study investigates the potential nutritional benefits of pomelo fruit (Citrus maxima) and its application in preserving complex food matrices, focusing on its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The in vitro antioxidant activities of pomelo fruit extract (PFE) was evaluated using various assays, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging, H2O2 scavenging, reducing power, and total phenolic content analysis. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of PFE was assessed against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella Typhi. The study further examined the preservation quality of minced goat meat during refrigeration storage (4 ± 1 ºC) for 15 days by treating it with varying concentrations (0.1 %, 0.5 %, 1 %, 3 %, and 5 %) of PFE (15 % v/w). Changes in physico-chemical and microbial properties were analyzed. The results revealed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacy of PFE with increase in concentrations. Moreover, the addition of PFE (up to 5 %) effectively reduced pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), peroxide levels, free fatty acids, and microbial load (total plate count and coliform count) in goat meat (P < 0.05) during refrigeration storage. Importantly, the sensory quality of the meat remained unaffected by the addition of PFE (up to 1 %). These findings highlight the abundant presence of antioxidants and antimicrobials in PFE, suggesting its potential as a natural preservative for complex meat matrices. The study demonstrates that the undesirable effects of prolonged storage on goat meat quality can be mitigated by incorporating PFE (up to 1 %), without compromising sensory attributes.

Analysis of the Pomelo Peel Essential Oils at Different Storage Durations Using a Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopic on Intact Fruit.

Pomelo fruit pulp mainly is consumed fresh and with very little processing, and its peels are discarded as biological waste, which can cause the environmental problems. The peels contain several bioactive chemical compounds, especially essential oils (EOs). The content of a specific EO is important for the extraction process in industry and in research units such as breeding research. The explanation of the biosynthesis pathway for EO generation and change was included. The chemical bond vibration affected the prediction of EO constituents was comprehensively explained by regression coefficient plots and x-loading plots. Visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (VIS/NIRS) is a prominent rapid technique used for fruit quality assessment. This research work was focused on evaluating the use of VIS/NIRS to predict the composition of EOs found in the peel of the pomelo fruit (Citrus maxima (J. Burm.) Merr. cv Kao Nam Pueng) following storage. The composition of the peel oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) at storage durations of 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 days (at 10 °C and 70% relative humidity). The relationship between the NIR spectral data and the major EO components found in the peel, including nootkatone, geranial, β-phellandrene and limonene, were established using the raw spectral data in conjunction with partial least squares (PLS) regression. Preprocessing of the raw spectra was performed using multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) or second derivative preprocessing. The PLS model of nootkatone with full MSC had the highest correlation coefficient between the predicted and reference values (r = 0.82), with a standard error of prediction (SEP) of 0.11% and bias of 0.01%, while the models of geranial, β-phellandrene and limonene provided too low r values of 0.75, 0.75 and 0.67, respectively. The nootkatone model is only appropriate for use in screening and some other approximate calibrations, though this is the first report of the use of NIR spectroscopy on intact fruit measurement for its peel EO constituents during cold storage.

Antimicrobial properties of Citrus maxima flavedo extracts against food pathogens and spoilage microorganisms

This study assesses the antimicrobial potential of ethyl acetate and dichloromethane extracts obtained from pomelo, Citrus maxima (C. maxima), flavedo against various food pathogens and spoilage microorganisms. The antimicrobial activities of these extracts were evaluated using the agar disc diffusion method against gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus), Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). The results indicated that both extracts demonstrated antibacterial properties against the tested microorganisms. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited significantly higher antibacterial activity against the majority of bacterial strains compared to the dichloromethane extract, particularly against S. aureus and B. cereus. However, dichloromethane extract showed a better effect on E. coli, with the inhibition zone ranging from 8.7 to 11.3 mm. S. aureus displayed the highest sensitivity to ethyl acetate and dichloromethane extracts of pomelo flavedo with inhibition zones ranging from 1.3 to 1.5 mm, respectively. In conclusion, the findings suggest that pomelo extracts have significant potential as natural antimicrobials and can be safely utilized as food preservatives. This highlights the value of pomelo as a potential source of antimicrobial compounds for food safety and preservation purposes.

Genome-Wide Identification of APX Gene Family in Citrus maxima and Expression Analysis at Different Postharvest Preservation Times.

Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is a crucial enzyme involved in cellular antioxidant defense and plays a pivotal role in modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels under various environmental stresses in plants. This study utilized bioinformatics methods to identify and analyze the APX gene family of pomelo, while quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was employed to validate and analyze the expression of CmAPXs at different stages of fruit postharvest. This study identified 96 members of the CmAPX family in the entire pomelo genome, with uneven distribution across nine chromosomes and occurrences of gene fragment replication. The subcellular localization includes peroxisome, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. The CmAPX family exhibits a similar gene structure, predominantly consisting of two exons. An analysis of the upstream promoter regions revealed a significant presence of cis-acting elements associated with light (Box 4, G-Box), hormones (ABRE, TCA-element), and stress-related (MBS, LTR, ARE) responses. Phylogenetic and collinearity analyses revealed that the CmAPX gene family can be classified into three subclasses, with seven collinear gene pairs. Furthermore, CmAPXs are closely related to citrus, pomelo, and lemon, followed by Arabidopsis, and exhibit low homology with rice. Additionally, the transcriptomic heat map and qPCR results revealed that the expression levels of CmAPX57, CmAPX34, CmAPX50, CmAPX4, CmAPX5, and CmAPX81 were positively correlated with granulation degree, indicating the activation of the endogenous stress resistance system in pomelo cells by these genes, thereby conferring resistance to ROS. This finding is consistent with the results of GO enrichment analysis. Furthermore, 38 miRNAs were identified as potential regulators targeting the CmAPX family for post-transcriptional regulation. Thus, this study has preliminarily characterized members of the APX gene family in pomelo and provided valuable insights for further research on their antioxidant function and molecular mechanism.

Myo-inositol oxygenase CgMIOX3 alleviates S-RNase-induced inhibition of incompatible pollen tubes in pummelo.

Pummelo (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck) exhibits S-RNase-based self-incompatibility (SI), during which S-RNase cytotoxicity inhibits pollen tubes in an S-haplotype specific manner. The entry of S-RNase into self-pollen tubes triggers a series of reactions. However, these reactions are still poorly understood in pummelo. In the present study, we used S-RNases as baits to screen a pummelo pollen cDNA library and characterized a myo-inositol oxygenase (CgMIOX3) that physically interacts with S-RNases. CgMIOX3 is highly expressed in pummelo pollen tubes and its down-regulation leads to a reduction in pollen tube growth. Upon entering pollen tubes, S-RNases increase the expression of CgMIOX3 and enhance its activity by directly binding to it in an S-haplotype-independent manner. CgMIOX3 improves pollen tube growth under oxidative stress through ascorbic acid accumulation and increases the length of self-pollen tubes. Furthermore, over-expression of CgMIOX3 increases the relative length of self-pollen tubes growing in the style of petunia (Petunia hybrida). This study provides intriguing insights into the pumelo SI system, revealing a regulatory mechanism mediated by CgMIOX3 that plays an important role in the resistance of pollen tubes to S-RNase cytotoxicity.

Metabolic profiling of Citrus maxima L. seedlings in response to cadmium stress using UPLC-QTOF-MS

Cadmium (Cd) pollution significantly reduces agricultural crop yields. In our research, metabolomic changes in Citrus maxima L. subjected to Cd stress were investigated using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) in tandem with multivariate analytical techniques. This integrative method, coupled with physiological evaluations, aimed to elucidate the core adaptive mechanisms to Cd stress. We found that under Cd stress, C. maxima seedlings exhibited elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and electrolyte leakage. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) demonstrated distinct a separation of the metabolome among the different treatment groups under Cd stress, indicating dynamic metabolic changes. Metabolic analysis suggested that genes involved are initially induced by Cd treatment, followed by the activation of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. This investigation provides new insights into the complex metabolic responses of C. maxima seedlings to Cd exposure.

Bioactive constituents and health promoting compounds of few wild edible fruits of North-East India

ABSTRACT Wild edible fruits provide a valuable source of sustenance and economic benefit for indigenous communities, which being often overlooked and underexploited. In order to meet the growing need for alternative nutritional sources, we conducted a study to evaluate the nutritional composition of seven (7) wild edible fruits viz. pummelo (Citrus grandis), kuji-thekera (Garcinia kydia), Nepal berry (Mahonia nepaulensis), bayberry (Myrica esculenta), laurel cherry (Prunus undulata), wild jamun (Syzygium cumini), and tamarind (Tamarindus indica) of Mizoram, north-east India. The research demonstrates that Mahonia napaulensis contains significant amounts of anthocyanin (678 ± 28 mg 100 g−1), carotenoid (1.64 ± 0.01 mg 100 g−1), total sugars (21 ± 4%), non-reducing sugars (9 ± 2%), and TSS 16.07 ± 0.32 °B. Myrica esculenta exhibited high levels of vitamin E (23.8 ± 0.6 mg 100 g−1), carbohydrate (79.84 ± 3.74%), moisture (89 ± 1%), cellulose (67.4 ± 0.7 mg 100 g−1), and Mn (28 ± 1 mg 100 g−1). Tamarindus indica is rich in starch (10.68 ± 0.30 mg 100 g−1), protein (60 ± 1%), energy (490 ± 12 kcal), dry matter (41 ± 1%), crude fiber (20.8 ± 0.4%), lignin (13.69 ± 0.01%), hemicellulose (12.09 ± 0.01%), Ca (398 ± 82 mg 100 g−1), Cu (33 ± 6 mg 100 g−1) and Zn (11.4 ± 0.7 mg 100 g−1). The findings suggest that all fruits exhibit nutritional and anti-nutritional characteristics, making them very potential for use in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical sectors. The outcomes will provide a fundamental repository of the nutritional composition of these fruits and raise public consciousness about the significance of the fruit, promoting the conservation of the biodiversity.

Variability analysis of the Phenotypic Characteristics of some Grapefruit and Pomelo under Moroccan Conditions

Citrus is an economically important fruit crop with a long history of cultivation worldwide, and many citrus varieties are grown extensively in Morocco, both for domestic consumption and export. Nevertheless, the genetic diversity of this genus in Morocco has not been reported upon. Our objective was to explore phenotypic variations in grapefruit and pomelo genotypes for targeted breeding, enhancing key traits, and identifying opportunities for genetic improvement. We emphasize practical implications and outline future research directions for developing improved citrus varieties. This present study physiochemically analyzes eight grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) and two pomelo (Citrus maxima) cultivars to assess the genetic variability of these fruits’ physicochemical characteristics. The results revealed significant variance among the genotypes for all traits. For example, the phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits. Moreover, a high degree of heritability was recorded for seed number, β-carotene, vitamin C, juice yield (%), total soluble solids, titratable acidity, maturity index, fruit diameter, and fruit weight, whereas limited heritability was observed for fruit length, peel thickness, and segment number per fruit. The high genetic advance scores corresponded to the high degree of heritability estimates for seed number per fruit, β-carotene, juice yield, and vitamin C, suggesting the existence of additive genetic effects. Our principal component analysis (PCA) identified four components with cumulative variance of 93.20%, while hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the collection into five clusters. In conclusion, phenotypic distinctions among grapefruit and pomelo genotypes reveal opportunities for genetic enhancement through selection or hybridization. Varied traits, including seed count, vitamin C, beta-carotene, and juice yield, across genotypes suggest potential avenues for targeted breeding and practical applications in diverse citrus varieties.

Morpho-biochemical characterization of pomelo (Citrus grandis L.) accessions and assessment of bioactive compounds under western part of West Bengal

Morpho-biochemical characterization of pomelo (Citrus grandis L.) accessions and assessment of bioactive compounds under western part of West Bengal

Impact of biodynamic and organic vineyard management on the microorganism community and aroma characteristics of cabernet sauvignon wine

Researchers and winemakers have recently paid more attention to biodynamic (BDN) and organic (ORG) vineyard management to produce more healthy and regional wines. However, little attention has been paid to the correlation between agricultural systems, microbiota, and wine quality in biodynamic and organic wines in Ningxia, China. In this study, volatiles of wine and microorganism diversities during the wine fermentation using Cabernet Sauvignon grapes from vineyards of biodynamic, non-dynamics (BNDc, i.e., conventional one which was close to BND, considered to be a control of BND), organic, and non-organic (ORGc, i.e., conventional one which was close to BND, considered to be a control of ORG) in Ningxia, China were investigated. Hanseniaspora uvarum, Cladosporium sp., and Alternaria alternata were the main three fungal species, and Lactobacillus kunkeei, Citrus maxima, and Tatumella ptyseos were the main three bacterial species. Surprisingly, BDNc and ORG showed a significantly higher diversity of fungal communities than BDN and ORGc. The network in BDNc was the most complex, with the highest average degree and density and a higher clustering coefficient. Managing biodynamic and organic vineyards could result in floral, herb, spice, and medium floral aromas with low temperate fruit, tropical fruit, and berry flavors to wines. The correlation between agricultural systems, microbiota, and wine sensory systems showed that lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus) played critical roles in ORG and BDN by offering pleasant sensory and nutritional benefits. Moreover, Nowamyces globulus, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Fusarium sp., Microterricola viridarii, Citrus maxima, Sphingomonas faeni, Cladosporium sp., Cladosporium ramotenellum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Kodamaea ohmeri and Lactobacillus plantarum were positively correlated with aroma compounds. This study improves our understanding of the influence of vineyard management on microorganism succession and wine characteristics, providing a reference and scientific basis for the development of BDN and ORG wines.

Extraction of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Citrus Maxima Peel Via Pressurized Hot Water Extractor for the Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Using bioactive secondary metabolites (BSM) from Citrus maxima peel extract, this work investigated a green method of synthesizing magnetite iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs). The BSM acts as a reducing cum stabilizing agent in the process. The optimization of the BSM parameters were conducted through response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal condition obtained in this study for pressurized hot water extractor (PHWE) extraction was temperature of 94.96 °C, solvent-to-solid ratio of 29.7 ml/g and extraction time of 27.6 min. BSM Yield of 49.31 % could be obtained based on this condition. The formation of Fe3O4 NPs were detected using the FTIR analysis with the absorption peaks observed at around 590 and 580 cm−1. X-ray diffraction results matched standard magnetite Fe3O4 patterns with planes at (220), (311), (400), (511) and (440). Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) results showed that the magnetite Fe3O4 NPs synthesized in this study predominantly appeared in spherical shape. The extraction process's kinetics were examined using various empirical models, including the Elovich’s model, Peleg’s model, Power law and parabolic diffusion model. All applied models were found to be well fitted with the measured data from experiment, with R2 values exceeding 0.9. Notably, the Peleg’s model exhibited the highest R2, the smallest RMSD, and the least significant p-values, indicating its superior performance.

DIFFERENCES IN ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITY OF CITRUS MAXIMA,ANREDERA CORDIFOLIA, COMBINATION SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM-MALUS DOMESTICA-DAUCUS CAROTA IN MICE INFECTED WITH PLASMODIUM BERGHEI

Malaria drug resistance, both new and old drugs, causes severe symptoms and treatment failure. In order to develop new drug, we screen several plants that potentially used as antimalaria. This study aimed to screen and compare antimalaria activity of Citrus maxima, Anredera cordifolia, Solanum lycopersicum, combination Solanum lycopersicum-Malus domestica-Daucus carota in a mouse model. Balb/ c mice male were divided into six groups (n=5). The dried plants were extracted by maceration using 80% methanol. A 4-day suppressive test was done to ascertain the anti-plasmodial effect of those various plants. After inoculation with Plasmodium berghei, the treatment groups were given 1000 mg/kg of the extract, while 5% RPMI and DHP (Dihydroartemisinine Piperaquine) served as controls. The results of this study revealed that all extracts showed significantly lower parasitemia compared to the negative control. This study showed a percentage parasite suppression of 58.7, 84.3, 77.4, 61.4 and 83.9 % for Anredera cordifolia, Citrus maxima, Solanum lycopersicum, combination Solanum lycopersicum-Malus domestica-Daucus carota and Dihydroartemisinine Piperaquine, respectively. The highest parasite suppression (84.3%) was found in the group given Citrus maxima extract. This study concluded that the fruit extract of Citrus Maxima, Anredera Cordifolia, Solanum Lycopersicum-Malus Domestica-Daucus Carota have different antimalaria activity, Citrus maxima has the best potential as an antimalarial.

Medicinal Plants Used for Postpartum Recuperation in an Upland Community in Leon, Iloilo, the Philippines

The utilization of medicinal plants has been a longstanding tradition – providing natural remedies with cultural and therapeutic significance, especially in the context of postpartum care. Thus, this study aims to document the usage of medicinal plants in postpartum recuperation, specifically in herbal steaming and bathing in the upland community of Leon, Iloilo, the Philippines. Semi- structured interviews were conducted with 34 key informants using a snowball sampling method from October–November 2022 and in March 2024, thereby resulting in the documentation of 70 medicinal plant species distributed in 64 genera and 35 families. The Fabaceae family was most represented with seven species, followed by Poaceae with six species, and Lamiaceae with five species. Most of the documented species are non-native (51%) and cosmopolitan, categorized as “least concern” (50%) in the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species. A variety of medicinal plants were documented – including trees (57%), herbs (20%), shrubs (17%), and climbers (6%). Roots (64%) and leaves (24%) were the plant parts used most often, and decoction was the primary form of preparation. These medicinal plants can be found growing within the community's vicinity, with most of them (51%) found in forested areas and the rest (49%) being cultivated. The use value (UV) and family use value (FUV) indices were calculated to evaluate the plant’s importance. Pittosporum pentandrum (Blanco) Merr. had the highest (0.91) UV, followed by Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. and Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. (0.88), and Bambusa spinosa Roxb. (0.85). Pittosporaceae (0.91) and Hypericaceae (0.62) had the highest FUVs. The findings of this study will provide a foundation for additional scientific validation of the biological properties of the documented plants, specifically focusing on the most valued species, and raise awareness for the preservation of cultural practices and beliefs regarding postpartum care for women.

Analytical strategies to identify multicomponent quality markers for commercial Hua-ju-hong using multidimensional chemical analysis.

Hua-ju-hong (HJH) is a Chinese medicinal material obtained from Citrus grandis 'Tomentosa' (CGT) and Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck (CG) with various commercial specifications. It is known for relieving cough and dispelling phlegm. To reveal the quality marker for distinguishing the various HJH, 215 batches of commercial HJH were studied systematically using multidimensional chemical analysis. Ten major components were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and quantified via high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection. In this study, a rapid, efficient, and low-cost chromatographic method was established. Total coumarin-hemiterpene and total coumarin-monoterpene were first classified and analyzed in HJH. The result indicated that the main component, naringin, was not the quality marker for differentiating CGT from CG. For reflecting the unique medicinal and food value of HJH, coumarins should be the more potential quality markers. Flavonoids were the possible quality markers for distinguishing two growth stages of fruit-exocarp and young fruit. For the first time, two chemotypes of HJH were identified in CG. This study provides a convenient yet reliant chromatographic method and novel yet systematic strategies for overall quality control of commercial HJH.

Exploring the nutraceutical potential: Evaluating the nutritional and bioactive functions of five pomelo fruit varieties in Bangladesh

Pomelo (Citrus maxima), the largest citrus fruit, provides a variety of nutrients that have several health benefits, including antioxidant and antidiabetic functions. Antioxidants help combat oxidative stress by neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing cellular damage. On the other hand, antidiabetic properties involve mechanisms such as enhancing insulin secretion, improving insulin sensitivity, inhibiting carbohydrate digestion and absorption, and regulating glucose metabolism. However, there is a lack of data on the comparative analysis of the physicochemical composition, bioactive properties, and antidiabetic effects of pomelo fruits grown in Bangladesh. To address this issue, the most common and popular high-yielding five cultivars of pomelo fruits grown in Bangladesh including LOCAL, BARI-2 (BARI: Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Batabi Lebu-2), BARI-3, BARI-4, and BARI-6 were evaluated concerning proximate, minerals, and physicochemical properties with their antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. Research has revealed that all pomelo varieties contained a significant amount of proximate compositions and major minerals (Ca, Mg, K, Na, and Fe). The highest juice yield (75.37 ± 0.33 %), vitamin C content (79.56 ± 2.26 mg/100 mL of fresh juice), and carotenoid content (919.33 ± 0.62 μM β-Carotene Equivalent/g DM) were found in BARI-3 pomelo fruit and adhered to the sequence (p < 0.05): BARI-3 > LOCAL > BARI-4 > BARI-6 > BARI-2; BARI-3 > LOCAL > BARI-2 > BARI-4 > BARI-6, and BARI-3 > BARI-2 > BARI-6 > LOCAL > BARI-4, respectively. The anthocyanin content and inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase were found to be at their peak in the BARI-2 pomelo variety and the values were 50.65 ± 2.27 μg cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalents/100 g DM and 85.57 ± 0.00 μM acarbose equivalents/g DM, respectively. BARI-3 pomelo variety showed highest DPPH antioxidant capacity (170.47 ± 0.01 μM Trolox equivalents/g DM), while the BARI-6 pomelo variety exhibited the highest total phenolic content (6712.30 ± 1.84 μg gallic acid equivalents/g DM), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power activity (183.16 ± 0.01 μM Fe(II) equivalents/g DM). Therefore, this study explores the nutritional value and bioactivity of five popular pomelo varieties in Bangladesh, offering valuable insights for utilizing high-value citrus resources and understanding their health-promoting functions.

Effect of Pomelo Extract on Behavioral Activity of Rats

Food drug interactions are again one of the most emphasized sectors of drug interactions. The effect of drug alters when ingested with food, beverages and dietary supplements which interact in person. Diet and lifestyles sometimes play a significant role on the metabolism of drugs. In this experiment the effects Citrus maxima fruit are studied with respect to a Benzodiazepine moiety diazepam which includes the Locomotory, Muscle tone and the Anti-anxiety activity tests. Synergistic effect of C. maxima with diazepam is being achieved that gives an idea about the usage of diazepam in low dosing units with minimum adverse drug reactions.

Effectiveness of sodium alginate-based coating on the preservation of Da xanh pomelo fresh-cut

Pomelo (Citrus maxima (Burm. f.) Merr) fresh cut has a highly sensitive fruit and has a short shelf life after peeling. The fruits represent high potentials for local consumption and international export. The objective of the study was to focus on the effects of different concentrations of sodium alginate (1%, 1.5% and 2%) combined with fixed concentrations of calcium chloride (2%) and ascorbic acid (2.5%) to biologically active compounds and allowable microbial content on the surface pomelo fresh cut slices. The results showed that the presence of coating has improved several important quality parameters of the fruit. Specifically, the combination of AL (2%) + AA (2.5%) + calcium chloride (2%) Ascorbic acid (AA) has effectively maintained the total polyphenol content and the total ascorbic acid of the pomelo slice samples, thus exhibiting higher DPPH scavenging activity, as compared to control samples. Furthermore, the pomelo coated with alginate showed good conditions for consumption with minimal microbial degradation and describe good acceptance after 6 days of storage.

Aphid species found on citrus in Ogan Komering Ilir District, South Sumatra, Indonesia

Citrus is an economically valuable plantation crop and has high market opportunities. In Southeast Asia, Indonesia is the second largest citrus importer after Malaysia, with an import volume of 160,254 tons; however, various obstacles limiting the cultivation of citrus plants cannot be separated from pests that can affect citrus quality and reduce citrus production. One of the obstacles is insect attacks such as aphids. Therefore, this study aims to determine the species of aphids in citrus. This research was conducted from May to June 2023 in Ogan Komering Ilir Regency using a direct observation method in the field. Observations were made on the parts attacked by aphids and symptoms of attack. The results showed that three species from 1 family of aphids were found. The species found were Toxoptera aurantii, Toxoptera citricidus, and Toxoptera citricola from the Aphididae family. The highest species found in the study was T. aurantii, with 861 individuals, and the lowest species found was T. citricola, with 29 individuals. Aphid species were found mainly on Citrus microcarpa and least on Citrus grandis.