Citrullus Lanatus Rind Research Articles

Biodiesel production from agricultural biomass wastes: Duroc breed fat oil, Citrillus lanatus rind, and Sorghum Bagasse

This research study synthesized a base catalyst from the waste Citrullus lanatus rind (WCLR) for the synthesis of biodiesel from the waste pig fat oil. The high-acid-value oil (high free fatty acid: FFA) was converted to low-acid-value oil through adsorption in sorghum bagasse ash with high particle sizes. The developed base catalyst was obtained from the WCLR and was characterized via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD-FT), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) adsorption analysis. The properties of biodiesel were compared with the recommended standard.Results reflected that the duroc breed pig fat is rich in oil, and the oil is unsaturated. Sorghum bagasse proved to be a good bio-adsorbent for the unsaturated fat FFA reduction. The catalyst produced from WCLR was found to be rich in potassium-calcium-magnesium (K-Ca-Mg) base salts. The predicted yield of 98.69 % (wt./wt.) at 69.96 min, 79.93 °C, 3.15 % (wt.), and 8.57 (vol.) at desirability of 100 % was validated as 98.52 % (wt./wt.). Catalytic strength can be recycled in five cycles. The cost implications indicated that the cost of producing 25 L of biodiesel is $2.61.This study proved to be the most economical way of producing biodiesel that is environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and easy to produce for future energy needs.•Oil was obtained via rendering from duroc breed waste fat oil.•Sorghum bagasse was used as adsorbent for acid reduction of high FFA pig fat oil.•Base catalyst used was obtained from calcined waste Citrullus lanatus rind.

The effect of natural ingredients extracts on the phagocytosis index of the carbon clearance animal models

The immune system has a very important role to fight foreign substances in the body. Immunostimulants are needed to stimulate the activity of the immune system and immunosuppressants are needed to suppress the immune system. The aims of this study is to evaluate phagocitytosis index of several natural ingredient extract using carbon clearance method. The natural ingredients are the ethanol extract of Ageratum conyzoides leaves 160 mg/kgBW, ethanol extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus leaves 500 mg/kgBW, ethanol extract of Nephelium lappaceum peel 650 mg/kgBW, ethanol extract of Cucurbita moschata seed 342 mg/kgBW and ethanol extract of Citrullus lanatus rind 55 mg/kgBW. Tests were carried out on male mice Balb/C strains using the carbon clearance method, where colloidal carbon ink acts as an antigen. The phagocytic activity of macrophages in eliminating carbon ink was measured based on the stimulation index value and then the immunomodulatory effect was classified according to Wagner's criteria. The stimulation index of A.heterophyllus was 1.423; A. conyzoides was 1.201; N. lappaceum was 1.236; C.lanatus was 0.909 and C. moschata was 1.299. The potential extract as immunostimulant was A.heterophyllus, as immunosupressant was C. lanatus. A.conyzoides and probably had no effect (act as imunorestorant) and C. moschata 342 mg/kgBW had slight immunostimulant effect.

Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Citrullus lanatus Rind Extraction Conditions, Phytochemical Screening and its Antioxidant Activities

Response surface methodology (RSM) is one of the statistical approaches that can be used to determine the correlation between extraction parameters and the extraction yield of bioactive compounds. Citrullus lanatus rind contains various therapeutic values but has often been discarded as waste. This study aims to find the optimum extraction conditions for the yield of C. lanatus rind extract, perform phytochemical screening, and determine the antioxidant activities. Extraction was carried out by maceration technique using methanol as a solvent with a solids-to-solvent ratio of 1:30 w/v. The extraction conditions of C. lanatus rind were optimized using RSM and the optimum yield of 37.24 % was predicted at 41.7 °C after 6 h of extraction. The average actual yield obtained at the optimum conditions was 37.01 % ± 0.66, indicating good agreement with the predicted value. The phytochemical screening of methanolic rind extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, phenols, and flavonoids. The total phenolic content of methanolic rind extract ranging from 56.975 to 88.245 mg GAE/g using gallic acid as a standard, and the DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 443.10 µg/mL was obtained. This study demonstrated that this unutilized C. lanatus rind contains bioactive substituents and can act as a promising natural antioxidant. HIGHLIGHTS Response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to optimize the extraction conditions to achieve the highest extraction yield of Citrullus lanatus rind Both extraction parameters (time and temperature) had a significant effect on the extraction yield with time having a greater effect on extraction yield The methanolic extract of Citrullus lanatus rind revealed the presence of several classes of phytochemicals including alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, phenols and flavonoids Significant total phenolic content with the radical scavenging activity of more than 90 % at 1,000 ppm showed that the Citrullus lanatus rind may be a promising candidate for natural antioxidants GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Bioactive components in ethanol extract of Citrullus lanatus rind using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectroscopy.

The knowledge of bioactive compounds present in a plant can be helpful in utilizing it for a medicinal purpose in life. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of ethanol extract of Citrullus lanatus rind (CLR) was done to identify bioactive compounds and selectivity or abundance percentage in ethanol extract of CLR. The extract was obtained by fractionating crude ethanol CLR extract in order of increasing polarity, n-Hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and ethanol. The GC-MS analysis was carried out on GC system comprising Gas Chromatograph interfaced to Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) instrument. The bioactive compounds obtained were compared with database of spectrum of known components stored in the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry library. The GC-MS analysis of ethanol extract of CLR revealed the presence of androst-4-en-9-thiocyanomethyl-11-ol-3,17-dione a steroid which is a precusor for androgen and estrogen production. As well as cyclooctasiloxane hexadecamethyl and octasiloxane hexadecamethyl in which both of them contain silicon an essential trace element for collagen and bone formation .The presence of these compounds validates the use of ethanol extract of CLR as a good antioxidants, antibacterial agents and stimulant in precursor of male reproductive hormone production. The ethanol extract of CLR can be of great value in ethno-veterinary practice.

Green synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of Citrus lanatus based silver nanoparticles.

Due to their enhanced and unique physicochemical characteristics, such as their minimal dimensions, large surface area compared to their mass and increased reactivity, nanomaterials hold promise in the field of antibacterial therapy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the method for Green Synthesis, Characterization of Citrus lanatus pulp, rind, and seed-based Silver Nanoparticles, and study its antibacterial activity against common oral microorganisms. Green synthesis of nanoparticles was formulated using the extract from the rind, seed, and pulp of Citrullus lanatus and silver nitrate extract. The extract was stirred in a magnetic stirrer for 24 hours, and centrifugation was done at 8000 rpm for 10 minutes. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized and utilized for the antibacterial study. The characterization was done using UV-visible light spectroscopy, and antibacterial activity was assessed using the well diffusion method and measuring the zone of inhibition. The nanoparticles synthesized were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, and the spectroscopic analysis confirmed the formation of silver particles in this study. At 450 nm, a sharp peak was observed, which correlated to the SPR band of the particles. The results showed that the zone of inhibition assessed was comparable to the standard. From this study it can be concluded that silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced by green synthesis from Citrullus lanatus showed significant antibacterial potential against common oral microflora.

GC-MS and FTIR Analysis of Aqueous Extract of Citrillus lanatus (Water Melon) Rind

Over the years, the Citrulluslanatus rind has been considered as waste and disposed ignoring the fact that it can be utilized as a value-added product and has many health benefits. The watermelon rind constitutes nearly a third of the watermelon weight. The evaluation of Citrulluslanatus (watermelon) rind as a possible raw material for a pharmaceutical and as a value added product of the fruit rind and this will encourage cultivation, utilization and possible application of water melon rind in the treatment of various diseases. The aim of this research work is to determine the functional group using FTIR and chemical components of aqueous extract of watermelon rind using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS). Dried powder of Citrulluslanatus (water melon) rind extracts was used for FTIR analysis. 10 mg of the dried extract powder was encapsulated in 100 mg of KBr pellet, was prepared to obtain a translucent sample discs. The powdered of Citrulluslanatus was loaded in FTIR analysis (Shimadzu, IR Affinity 1, Japan), having a Scan range from 400 to 4000 cm-1. While The phyto-constitutes of Citrulluslanatus (water melon) aqueous rind extract were determined by Gas Chromatography (Agilent 6890 series) coupled with HP-5MS column mass spectrometer at column temperature of 30°C and was heated to 300°C at 10°C for 5min. The helium was used as carrier gas at a flow of 1.0ml/min. The identification of the constituents of water melon rind aqueous extract was performed by matching their mass spectra and retention indices with those obtained from authentic samples and/or NSIT/Wiley spectra libraries, using different types of search (PBM/NIST/AMDIS) and available literature data. The FTIR analysis Citrilluslanatus aqueous rind extract shows different absorption band which indicated the characteristic peak of different functional groups such as OH, C=O C-O, H-N, C-H etc which are associated with phenols, ketones, flavonoids, aldehydes, amides, alkenes etc. while the Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry analysis of aqueous extract of watermelon rind reveals the presence of different fatty-acid, methyl ester and volatile organic compounds this includes Hexadecanoic acid,2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester, Eicosane,2methyl-, 1-Hexadecanesulfonic acid,3,5-dichloro-2,6-dimethyl-4-pyridyl ester, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid(Z,Z)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, Estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17β-ol etc. The finding showed that Citrilluslanatus aqueous rind extract have thirty-one (31) bioactive constituents of pharmacological important identified by GC-MS and FTIR analysis. These compounds from Citrilluslanatus rind can be used in pharmaceutical industry for development of novel lead drugs for management of diseases.

Adsorption of cadmium ion from water using activated carbon produced from palm kernel shell

This study was carried out to evaluate the phytochemical, antioxidant potentials, and proximate composition of extracts of Citrullus lanatus rind (CLR) in different solvents. Chloroform, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of CLR were prepared after which they were subjected to phytochemical, antioxidants, and proximate analysis using standard methods. The ethanol and aqueous extracts of Citrullus lanatus rind were rich in alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids, while the chloroform and ethanol extract were rich in flavonoids. It was observed that the ethyl acetate, chloroform and ethanol extracts of Citrullus lanatus rind had the highest concentration of total phenolic substances when compared with other extracts considered. The DPPH antioxidant scavenging activity was significantly higher in the ethyl acetate, hexane, and chloroform extracts. The aqueous extract Citrullus lanatus rind was richer in moisture content, but chloroform and hexane extracts were richer in calorie or carbohydrate a relatively high percentage of crude protein in the ethanol extract. With prescence of alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds in ethanol and aqueous extracts of CLR. They may be beneficial in reducing cardiovascular diseases. Also, with improvement in quality of Citrullus lanatus rind, it may be of high medicinal value to man and livestock.

In vitro Antioxidant and In vivo Analgesic Activities of Citrullus lanatus Rind and Flesh Extract: A Comparison

The present study was carried out to assess and compare the analgesic and antioxidant potential of Citrullus lanatus rind and flesh extract. The methanolic extract of the rind and ethyl acetate extract of the flesh were evaluated for their in vivo analgesic activity through the acetic acid-induced writhing method on Swiss Albino mice. The free radical scavenging activity of the extracts was measured by total phenolic content measurement and the DPPH method. The flesh extract showed higher antioxidant activity than the rind extract in both methods. In case of the evaluation of analgesic activity, the results were obtained in a dose dependent manner. At 200 and 400 mg/kg doses, both extracts displayed moderate analgesic property in a statistically significant manner (p < 0.05) with respect to aceclofenac sodium. The flesh extract was found to provide a better effect than the rind extract in this case as well. It may be concluded that the ethyl acetate extract of C. lanatus flesh and the methanolic extract of the rind possessed potential antioxidant and analgesic activities and might be used as sources of nutraceuticals or functional foods. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 25(1): 67-72, 2022 (January)

Comparative Evaluation of The Effect of Rind and Pulp Extract of Citrullus Lanatus on Streptococcus Mutans

The present study aims to investigate and compare the effects of rind and pulp extracts of Citrullus lanatus on Streptococcus mutans in vitro. The pulp and rind extracts were prepared from fresh watermelon at four different concentrations of 25µl, 50µl, 100µl, and 150 µl, respectively. Four wells on each of the four MHA plates smeared with Streptococcus mutans were loaded with the prepared extracts such that two plates housed four different concentrations of each extract.

Effect of aqueous extract of Citrullus lanatus Rind on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Effect of aqueous extract of Citrullus lanatus Rind on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

건조한 수박 껍질의 설폰화를 이용한 수용액에서 납 흡착 제거

건조한 수박 껍질의 설폰화를 이용한 수용액에서 납 흡착 제거

Next-generation itaconic acid production using novel Aspergillus japonicas from Citrullus lanatus rind through solid-state fermentation

Itaconic acid production was investigated by using isolated A. japonicas on pretreated Citrullus lanatus rind under solid-state fermentation. The isolated elite fungal strain A. japonicas showed maximum itaconic acid production was identified by using 18 S rRNA sequencing method. Citrullus lanatus rind was collected and pretreated using microwave radiation and its impact on itaconic acid production was investigated. Further, the effect of parameters like incubation period, inoculum percentage, moisture content, several nitrogen sources, nitrogen and KH2PO4 concentration were explored. Pretreated Citrullus lanatus rind exhibited maximum itaconic acid production of 17.68 ± 0.65 g of itaconic acid/kg of CLR. The optimum level of incubation period and inoculum percentage was found to be 192 h and 6% (v/w), respectively. Further, 60% (w/w) of moisture content, 2% (w/w) of peptone and 0.6% (w/w) of KH2PO4 resulted in 21.52 ± 1.87 g itaconic acid/kg of CLR was produced using novel A. japonicas.

Kinetic characteristics of partially purified invertase from <em>Citrullus lanatus</em> Rind

Invertases are enzymes that hydrolyze sucrose to produce equimolar mixture of glucose and fructose. They are widely used in various industrial food applications. The aim of this study was to isolate, partially purify, and characterize invertase from Citrullus lanatus rind. Invertase isolated from C. lanatus rind was purified to 46.94 folds with 23.19% yield by means of ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis and Sephadex G-25 gel filtration chromatography. The enzyme has an optimum temperature of 50 °C and maximum activity at pH 7 and a relatively high activity at pH 4. Invertase enzyme from C. lanatus rind maintained its activity at 50 °C and 95 °C after 20 minutes of incubation. Maximum activity of the enzyme occurred at 0.25 M sucrose concentration. Kinetic parameters, Vmax and Km were 15 mM and 40 μM/min, respectively. C. lanatus rind invertase was competitively inhibited by Fe2+, Cu2+, Mg2+ and Ag2+, while Co2+ enhanced its activity. Zn2+ has relatively little or no effect on the activity. Thus, C. lanatus rind may be employed as a local source for the production of invertase enzyme.

Ameliorative Effects of Hydromethanolic Extract of Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) Rind on Semen Parameters, Reproductive Hormones and Testicular Oxidative Status Following Nicotine Administration in Male Wistar Rats.

The present study examines the possible ameliorative effects of the hydromethanolic extract of Citrullus lanatus rind (HECL) on some reproductive function and oxidative indices of the testes in male Wistar rats following administration of nicotine. Twenty male rats were assigned into four groups: Group A to D of five rats each. Group A served as control and received 2ml/kg body weight of 10% extract vehicle; Group B received 1mg/kg body weight of nicotine; Group C were co-administered 1mg/kg body weight nicotine and 500 mg/kg body weight of HECL and Group D received only 500mg/kg body weight of HECL. The drugs and extracts were administered orally to the rats for 42days; blood samples were collected by direct cardiac puncture for determination of serum concentrations of testosterone, Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone. The testes were also harvested for determination of semen parameters: motility, morphology, viability and count and testicular tissue processed for superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde concentration. Compared to Group A control rats, administration of HECL significantly increased sperm count and reproductive hormone concentrations amongst Group B rats (p<0.05). Treatment with nicotine caused a significant reduction in the levels of all reproductive hormones with significant diminution of some sperm parameters: motility, morphology and viability; and decrease in superoxide dismutase and increase in malondialdehyde concentration amongst Group B rats compared to Group A control rats (p<0.05). Co-administration of HECL with nicotine to Group C rats apparently reversed the effects of nicotine resulting in significant increases in sperm count and the reproductive hormones concentration as compared to Group A control rats (p<0.05). Amongst Group D rats, the extract also caused a significant increase in superoxide dismutase concentration and a significant decrease in malondialdehyde concentration compared with the Group A control rats (p<0.05). The findings suggest that the hydromethanolic extract of Citrullus lanatus rind possibly ameliorates the deleterious effects of nicotine on some reproductive indices in male Wistar rats.

Study of mathematical models for the removal of Ni2+ from aqueous solutions using Citrullus lanatus rind, an agro‐based waste

AbstractThe defilement of water bodies is going on increasing due to the use of noxious chemicals. In the present study, to alleviate the deadly effects of the heavy metal, the agricultural solid waste Citrullus lanatus rind was used as the precursor for the Nickel ion removal. To remove Nickel from synthetic solution, adsorption studies were conducted. Characterization was done using TGA, SEM and FT‐IR analysis. Various parameters on the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent, isotherm and kinetic studies were carried out. The maximum loading capacity of Ni2+ was found to be 38.98 mg/g from Langmuir model. Error analyses were also studied to validate the best fit of the curve for isotherm models. The kinetic models were studied to understand the adsorption mechanism. The dynamic behaviour of the fixed column and the modelling of the breakthrough curves were carried out. Desorption studies were performed to consider the reusability of the rind.

Protective effect of juice extract of mesocarp rind of Citrullus lanatus in carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress in rats

Protective effect of juice extract of mesocarp rind of Citrullus lanatus in carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress in rats

Gastro-protective effects of the methanolic extract of the rind of citrullus lanatus on indomethacin induced gastric ulceration in male wistar rats

Gastro-protective effects of the methanolic extract of the rind of citrullus lanatus on indomethacin induced gastric ulceration in male wistar rats

Adsorption of Methylene Blue by an Efficient Activated Carbon Prepared from Citrullus lanatus Rind: Kinetic, Isotherm, Thermodynamic, and Mechanism Analysis

By using the activated carbon obtained from Citrullus lanatus rind by zinc chloride activation, methylene blue (MB) removal from aqueous solutions was studied, and the adsorption mechanism was solved through Weber-Morris intraparticle diffusion model, Bangham model, Boyd model, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and scanning electron microscopy. The effects of adsorption parameters (adsorbent concentration, temperature, initial dye concentration, and pH) were investigated. The equilibrium data of MB adsorption were described by applying the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models. The obtained results from adsorption isotherms indicated that Langmuir model is the best-fitted model with the maximum adsorption capacities of 231.48, 243.90, 244.50, and 259.74 mg/g at 25, 35, 45, and 55 °C, respectively. The analysis of the kinetic data by pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich models displayed that MB adsorption followed pseudo-second-order model. Also, the date obtained from intraparticle diffusion model, Bangham model, and Boyd model presented that intraparticle diffusion, pore diffusion, and film diffusion played significant role in MB adsorption. The thermodynamic studies demonstrated that MB adsorption onto the activated carbon obtained from C. lanatus rind was physical, spontaneous, feasible, and endothermic. Thus, the activated carbon prepared from C. lanatus rind has been an efficient adsorbent for MB removal from an aqueous solution.

English

The present study aims to investigate the anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of the methanolic extract of the rind of Citrullus lanatus on male albino Wistar rats. Two set of rat groups designated groups 1 to 5 and A to E were used respectively for the anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory studies. For the antipyretic study, fever was induced by subcutaneous injection of 20 ml/kg of a 20% suspension of brewer’s yeast in normal saline. Group 1 served as negative control and received 2 ml/kg bw of extract vehicle, groups 2, 3 and 4 received 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg bw of the methanolic extract of the rind Citrullus lanatus, respectively and group 5 served as positive control and received 100 mg/kg of aspirin. Rectal temperatures were determined in all rats at hourly intervals for 4 consecutive times. For the anti-inflammatory study, acute inflammation was induced by sub-plantar injection of 0.1 ml of egg albumin into the left hind paw. Groups A to E rats were treated similar as groups 1 to 5 rats. Paw circumference was subsequently determined with the aid of a Vernier caliper at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min post induction of inflammation. Significant reduction in rectal temperatures were observed for both groups 3 and 4 rats (p<0.05): reducing from an initial value of 38.16±0.67°C 18 h post induction of pyrexia to 36.33±0.21°C 4 h post treatment amongst group 3 rats. A significant reduction in hind paw circumference was also observed for both groups C and D rats (p<0.05). For instance, amongst group D rats, there was a significant reduction in hind paw circumference from 3.30±0.00 mm at 30 min to 3.04±0.06 mm at 120 min post induction of inflammation. In conclusion, the present study reports the potential anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of the methanolic extract of the rind of C. lanatus. Key words: Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, Citrullus lanatus, egg albumin, brewer’s yeast.

Citrullus lanatus Rind and Juice Extracts as Probable Therapeutics in the Prevention and Management of Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Introduction: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) afflicts about 90% of men in the 9th decade of life. Its management could pose socio-economic challenges. Citrullus lanatus is widely cultivated and known to have antioxidant properties that could impact positively on the management of BPH. Aim: The ameliorative effect of the rind and juice of Citrullus lanatus in induced BPH in Wistar rats was investigated. Methodology: Forty adult male Wistar rats in eight equal groups were used for the experiment. The normal control group was NC while the BPH induced but untreated group was CI. The aqueous rind concomitant (ARC) and ethanolic rind concomitant (ERC) groups had administration of the respective extract of the rind simultaneously with the induction of BPH. The aqueous rind post-induction (ARP), ethanolic rind post-induction (ERP) and juice post- induction (JP) groups had respective extract after induction of BPH. The last group was juice concomitant (JC). Upon conclusion of the study, the animals were ethically sacrificed; the prostate glands harvested for measurement, histological analysis and oxidative stress evaluation {superoxide dismutase (SOD),catalase (CAT), gluthatione peroxidase (GPx) and malondialdehyde (MDA)}. Results: The CI group had significantly higher mean prostate weight than groups NC, ARP and ERP ( P< 0.05 ). The respective activities of SOD, CAT and GPx in ARC, ERC, JC, ARP, ERP and JP were significantly ( P< 0.05) higher than in CI. The MDA concentrations were significantly ( P< 0.05) lower in ARC, ERP and JP than CI . Histology of the JC prostate gland showed non-hyperplasia. Conclusion: The study showed that the rind and juice of Citrullus lanatus reduced the enlarged prostate gland, ameliorated the associated oxidative stress and restored the altered picture of the prostate in induced BPH. Thus Citrullus lanatus may be of medicinal relevance in the prevention and management of BPH.