Citric Esters Research Articles

New citric esters with aromatic content and a complex structure considered for use as tribological fluids

AbstractThis paper presents the results of research carried out to produce synthetic ester oils with a mixed structure, based on citric acid, with beneficial tribological properties and potential biodegradability. Two series of unsymmetrical triesters have been synthesised by varying the molar relationship between aliphatic alcohols from C1, to C13 along with an alcohol of a complex alkyl‐aryl structure, namely 2‐[(p‐nonyl)phenoxy]ethanol. The variation of the principal properties as a function of the length of the aliphatic chain introduced by the aliphatic alcohol and the aromatic content introduced by the alkyl‐aryl alcohol has been assessed. The wide range of viscosities of these triesters demonstrates their versatility, and the natural citric acid origin holds potential for their having good ecological characteristics.

Citric Ester Surfactants as Adjuvants with Herbicides1

Abstract: Research was conducted to evaluate structure–function relationships of citric acid esters that varied in alkyl chain number (mono-, di-, and tri-), ethylene oxide number (EO 4,7,9,25,35,52), and alkyl chain length (C8, C12/14, C16/18). Adjuvant efficacy was evaluated on two weed species for each of the four herbicides. The experimental adjuvants were applied with glyphosate and glufosinate on giant foxtail and common lambsquarters, imazamox on velvetleaf and common lambsquarters, and nicosulfuron on giant foxtail and large crabgrass. Adjuvant efficacy was weed and herbicide specific. EO number and alkyl chain length and number influenced adjuvant efficacy with the effectiveness of various combinations dependent on both herbicide and weed species. EO numbers as high as 52 were shown to be effective for glyphosate, glufosinate, and imazamox. Nomenclature: Glufosinate; glyphosate; imazamox ammonium salt; nicosulfuron; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. #3 CHEAL; giant foxtail, Setaria faber...