Citizenship Status Research Articles

Perceived Racial/Ethnic Discrimination, Citizenship Status, and Self-Rated Health Among Immigrant Young Adults.

Both racial/ethnic discrimination and citizenship status are manifestations of racism. Few empirical studies have examined the role of multiple stressors and how both stressors are interlinked to influence health among immigrant young adults. Informed by the theory of stress proliferation, the current study seeks to examine the interplay between perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and citizenship status on health. We used the third wave of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS) to examine the influence of perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and citizenship status on self-rated health (SRH) among immigrant young adults (N = 3344). Perceivedracial/ethnic discrimination was initially associated with SRH. After adjusting for both predictors, those experiencing perceivedracial/ethnic discrimination and non-citizen youth were less likely to report better health than youth who did not report perceived racial/ethnic discrimination or citizen youth. In fully adjusted multivariate regression models, racial/ethnic discrimination remained significant, while citizenship status was no longer associated with SRH. To test stress proliferation, an interaction term was included to assess whether the relationship between perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and SRH varied by citizenship status. The interaction term was significant; non-citizen young adults who experienced racial/ethnic discrimination were less likely to report better health in comparison to citizen young adults and those who did not report perceivedracial/ethnic discrimination. Results suggest that the interplay between perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and citizenship status may be influential for health among immigrant young adults. These findings underscore the need for further assessment of the role of stress proliferation on immigrant young adults' health.

Many a Slip between Cup and Lip: Navigating Noncitizenship and School-to-Work Transitions in Kakuma Refugee Camp

Abstract This article draws from curricular analysis and ethnographic methods in school and community spaces where young people live, learn, and work in Kenya’s Kakuma Refugee Camp. We describe how formal citizenship education intended for Kenyan citizens is mediated by teachers working in refugee-serving schools. Our analysis shows how these messages, often scarce and decontextualized, orient refugees to project an imagined future of stability, obscuring the skills needed to navigate the uncertainty they will encounter as noncitizens enduring protracted exile. Examining refugee youth transitions after completing their schooling, we document ‘slips’ in the gaps between the civic knowledge, skills, and dispositions promoted in schools and those required within a limited opportunity structure dominated by a relief economy. Beyond school, we examine pathways that young refugees charted through apprenticeships within the informal economy, leveraging their social networks, gaining life skills, and enacting civic commitments while honing more sustainable livelihoods in exile. We argue that education’s value cannot be contingent on belonging or citizenship status and suggest that the contextualized nature of practice-based learning entailed through apprenticeships enables young refugees to create community through everyday participation, where social relationships both facilitate civic learning and are an outcome of that learning.

On the geographies of monuments and migration memory-making

Within the burgeoning geographical literature on public memory, a subset centres on what monuments can inform us about the complex realities of migrants whose lives often straddle between two (or more) nations, thus giving rise to trans-cultural and trans-local dynamics that exceed (and may even potentially challenge) the nation. This paper examines monuments established to presence the former-exiled-turned-migrant Moluccan community in the Netherlands to proverbially fold them into the Dutch population, and celebrate alterity in the context of pluralism. And yet, it also frames how these monuments reflect the limits and paradoxes of such an endeavour particularly by virtue of the fraught relationships – due to hitherto unresolved pasts but also tense presents – between the Moluccans and their host societies; as well as fault-lines – owing to myriad intersecting geographies astride religion, generational axes, socio-spatial variations, political affiliations or connections to original homelands – that exist among these Moluccans today, even as they may be born into (or have attained) citizenship status. More broadly, the paper puts into question the extent that public monuments, as a specific material commemorative genre, may in fact be appropriate for remembering phenomena typically associated with postcolonial mobility, diversity and flux.

Everyday life of orphanages of the Yenisei province in the Early Soviet period

The subject of the study is housing conditions, diet, organization of life in orphanages of the Yenisei province after the end of the Civil War. In the conditions of mass homelessness and juvenile delinquency, the state sought to take care of all children in need, to re-socialize them and make them useful citizens of the new state. On the basis of archival materials, the living conditions of minors in orphanages in the early Soviet period are analyzed. Of all the institutions of social and legal protection of childhood operating during the study period, orphanages were selected as the most widespread institutions. The leading method of research was historical and anthropological. The article emphasizes the desire of the young Soviet state to make orphans and street children useful citizens of society. The authors come to the conclusion that the network of children's social institutions in the province, dispersed across different people's commissariats, did not cover all children in need of care and assistance, the operating orphanages could not cope with the tasks assigned to them, contributed little to the preparation of pupils for future independent life, but helped them survive in the difficult conditions of the period under study. The work of institutions was primarily affected by financial difficulties, budget deficit, lack of teaching staff, lack of systematic interaction in the activities of state bodies and public organizations involved in solving the "children's issue" in one way or another.

Decolonizing Displacement Research: Betweener Autoethnography as a Method of Resistance

Over the past decade, there have been increasing numbers of displaced scholars from the Middle East and Africa who have come under sustained pressures and threats from their governments; only a few of them have been able to relocate to European and North American academia through scholarships and grants.1 Even these temporary solutions for displaced scholars rarely result in sustainable institutional solidarity in the form of permanent teaching or professorial positions. The lack of institutional support, coupled with discriminatory and racialized immigration policies, pushes these few fortunate scholars to either accept exploitative conditions perpetuated by the neoliberal economy or leave academia altogether to support their families. These challenges, along with draconian economic sanctions and restrictions imposed by the US Treasury Department Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) on citizens of countries such as Syria, Sudan, Iran, and Cuba are only a snapshot of what displaced scholars endure on a daily basis while trying to do research, care for their families, and compete with scholars with privileged citizenship status for shrinking opportunities in the academic job market.

Inheritance Rights to Freehold Land for Children with Dual Citizenship Outside of Mixed Marriage

Inheritance is a legal consequence of a legal event in the form of death, which is explained in Article 830 of the Criminal Code. It is also explained that every person who has the right to inherit without distinction of male or female, or who was first born with the same amount for each heir, is stated in Article 852 Paragraphs (1) and (2) of the Criminal Code. In addition, if the child obtains the status of an Indonesian citizen from the Ius Sanguinis principle and obtains the status of a foreigner from the Ius Soli principle, it does not cause the child to become a dual nationality child because the Citizenship Law does not recognize the existence of dual citizenship as stated in the general explanation. However, the Citizenship Law provides an exception for children with dual citizenship. The granting of an exception to dual citizenship lasts until the child has chosen a nationality. The election of citizenship is at the age of 18 years or has been married and an extension of time for 3 years based on Article 6 of the Citizenship Law. Dual citizenship status does not abolish the right to inherit children from both parents, but there are restrictions on the right to inherit in the form of property rights. Legal protection for children with dual citizenship status in their inheritance rights can be assisted in the management by a guardian. The purpose of this study is as one of the requirements for obtaining a Masters of Notary degree at the Postgraduate Notary Masters Study Program at Warmadewa University. This thesis research method uses normative legal research, which uses two types of approaches, namely the statutory approach, and the conceptual approach.

“We deh yah”

In August 2022, Garvin Yapp, a 57-year-old migrant farm worker from Jamaica, was killed while working on a tobacco farm in Ontario, Canada. Yapp’s untimely and preventable death came just days after Jamaican farm workers penned a letter comparing their working conditions in Southern Ontario to “systematic slavery.” What was glaringly missing were accounts of the experiences of Black immigrants, like Yapp or my grandmother, who represent a large percentage of Black Canadians. Their stories and our stories were missing. When in reality, “We deh yah!” ). Black immigrants, specifically those from the eastern Caribbean, are a notable part of Canada’s history and present yet the Canadian curriculum often essentializes the Black American experience as representative of Black Canadians. While Black Canadians born in the US are an important part of the Black Canadian population, this essentialization of Black Canadians obscures the lived realities of Black Canadians who often experience antiblackness that is shaped by their intersectional identity, related to citizenship, language, and socioeconomic status. Thus, to truly apprehend and challenge the manifestation of antiblackness in Canada, it is imperative to recognize and understand the diversity of Black Canadians. This article offers two things educational stakeholders, like teachers, should consider in order to work towards recognizing the diversity of Black Canada
 

The effect of perceived social support on postpartum depression in immigrant and Turkish women

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of perceived social support on postpartum depression (PPD) in Arab immigrant mothers and Turkish mothers.Design/methodology/approachThis descriptive study was conducted with 140 mothers between September 2017 and January 2018. The data was collected via the Turkish and Arabic versions of the sociodemographic questionnaire, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Percentage and arithmetic mean calculations, independent samples t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, paired logistic regression analysis backward elimination method and Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses were conducted to analyze the data.FindingsThe data revealed that the risk of PPD was twice as high in Arab immigrant mothers (56.3%) compared to Turkish mothers (29%). The EPDS mean score was 12.37 ± 6.28 for Arab immigrant mothers and 8.81 ± 5.48 for Turkish mothers. The social support mean score was found to be 50.70 ± 19.27 for Arab immigrant mothers and 61.41 ± 16.51 for Turkish mothers. The independent risk factors for Turkish mothers included mother’s age, monthly income level and infant’s age, while the independent risk factors for Arab immigrant mothers included number of children, husband’s status of employment and access to regular medical care during pregnancy. The negative correlation between EPDS and social support overall scores and subscale scores was found to be significant for both groups.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study on the impact of social support on PPD in Arab immigrant and Turkish women in the national and international literature. The study helped reveal the correlation between perceived social support and PPD, the PPD risk rates and risk factors according to citizenship status for the first time.

Analysis of the Reacquisition of Citizenship Loss Based on Indonesian Constitutional Law

In the democratic state and the rule of law, human rights protection is an essential principle. The fact that citizenship status is fundamental rights put consequences that the states and citizen has reciprocal relations which means states needs their citizens as well as citizens need states. States should ensure that no one in the states is left stateless. In order to avoid stateless, the State needs to be aware and anticipative which is reflected through legislation and administrative practices. In the Heidy Mariska case, the administrates neglected article 17c Law No. 62 Year 1958 on Citizenship which then results in diffusion of Heidy Mariska citizenship status so that she was stateless in the country she was born in. This paper analyse the implementation of the law on citizenship whether or not it reflects protection to citizenship status and anticipation of statelessness.

The Discrimination of Taiwanese-American Portrayed in Interior Chinatown by Charles Yu

This research investigated the sociology of literature, especially regarding Taiwanese American discrimination in the Interior Chinatown novel by Charles Yu. This study aimed to describe the forms of discrimination in thenovel Interior Chinatown and explore the causal factors of discrimination in the novel Interior Chinatown. The method in this research was literary criticism using a sociological approach with an analysis of discriminationbased on a perspective by Thomas F. Pettigrew. This research's data source was the novel Interior Chinatown, published in 2020 with 257 pages. This research employed the theory of discrimination by Thomas F.Pettigrew. The results of this study were; (1) the forms of discrimination against Taiwanese Americans in the novel Interior Chinatown consist of two types: direct and indirect. Direct discrimination consists of seven formsof discrimination, namely: citizenship status discrimination, racial discrimination, physical violence discrimination, colorism discrimination, regional discrimination, age discrimination, and gender discrimination.Indirect discrimination consisted of five forms of discrimination, namely: government regulations regarding the prohibition of owning property for Taiwanese immigrants in the United States, government regulations onrestrictions on property ownership in the United States, government regulations on restrictions on types of work and the environment, government regulations on legal restrictions for Taiwanese immigrants,and the government's strict regulations on marriage to immigrants; (2) the causes of Taiwanese American discrimination in the novel Interior Chinatown consisted of two factors; they were stereotypes and prejudice.

Gendered and Racialised Epistemological Injustice in FGM-safeguarding

This paper explores FGM-safeguarding in the UK through a decolonial lens. Based on an analysis of the development of law and policy relating to ‘Female Genital Mutilation’ in the UK alongside data collected in focus groups with people of ethnic Somali heritage living in Bristol, we argue that the current legislation and policies, as well as their delivery, are steeped in colonial Othering. We demonstrate that legislative and policy approaches operate through a gendered and generational binary in which non-White mothers are othered as migrants (regardless of citizenship status) for whom anachronistic culture is deemed determinative, whilst their daughters are claimed as British. In this construction, ‘FGM’ operates as the symbolic marker that designates un/belonging: the uncircumcised girl is rescuable and claimed as ‘one of us’, whilst the circumcised mother is considered a mutilated political subject for whom belonging is foreclosed.

Association of cumulative social risk and gestational diabetes mellitus in the US, 2007–2018

AimsLittle is known regarding the association of multiple social risk factors and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). MethodsWe analyzed the 2007–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys including 10,439 women aged ≥20 years (8 % with history of GDM). We created a cumulative social risk score (CSR) by adding scores assigned to each of the following: race/ethnicity, citizenship status and country of birth, education, and family income (score of 0 used as reference group). Using logistic regression, we assessed the associations of individual social risk factors (education, income, race/ethnicity and citizenship status) and CSR score with GDM, adjusting for age, parity, insurance status, care access, smoking, diet, physical activity, and body mass index. ResultsAmong individual social risk factors, being a non-U.S. citizen (OR:1.51, 95% CI: 1.06–2.15) or belonging to a minority racial/ethnic group (OR:1.30, 95% CI: 1.04–1.59) was significantly associated with a greater odds of GDM. When examining the combined effects of social risk factors, a CSR score ≥3 was associated with an increased odds of GDM (OR:1.64, 95% CI: 1.22–2.1). ConclusionsWomen with a greater burden of social risk factors are more likely to have GDM, thus should be the focus of interventions to prevent and treat GDM.

Becoming Foreigners in 1962: Tracing the History of Citizenship Rights of the Indian-Chinese

The geopolitical relationship of India and China is replete with a long and pernicious history which had culminated in the 1962 Indo-China war. I propose to examine the war from the point of view which bears upon the Indian-state’s relation with its citizens. One of the aims of the paper was to return on one hand to the Indian parliamentary debates around the changes in the Foreigner’s laws which turned Indian-Chinese nationals into Foreigners almost overnight and results in a collective loss of state citizenship and patronage. I also recount the ethnographic aspect of the people who had lived through the experience of being forced to deport, surveillance and curfews which also resulted in en masse internment from their homes to internment camps in Deoli in Rajasthan. The narrative of the people and the state are placed in the relief of discussion of the State’s notion of power, more specifically the notion of Bio-power as discussed in the works of Foucault and Agamben. The paper further brings in the trope of collective remembrance and memory narratives of the Indian-Chinese people as a means of unearthing how citizenship rights of minorities/foreigners has played out in the instance of the 1962 war.

Disparities in unmet needed paid leave across race, ethnicity and citizenship status among employed Californians: a cross-sectional study

ObjectivesPaid leave is essential for public health in order to prevent presenteeism (i.e., working while sick), provide an economic safety net for workers when ill, and promote family well-being through parental leave. While racial and ethnic disparities in unmet paid leave (or needing but not being able to take paid leave) are well documented, little evidence of the intersecting role of citizenship status exists. This study examined disparities in unmet paid leave across race, ethnicity and citizenship status. Study designThis was a cross-sectional study of employed adults in California, USA. MethodsWeighted, multivariable logistic regressions were used to assess disparities in unmet needed paid leave across race, ethnicity and citizenship status categories, including non-citizen, naturalised, and citizen Latinx and Asian respondents, and naturalised and non-citizen White respondents, relative to US-born White respondents, controlling for demographic, familial, health-related and work-related covariates. This study examined a representative sample of Californian adults using the 2021 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS). A total of 24,453 people completed the CHIS from March to October 2021. This analysis was restricted to individuals who had complete data, were employed at the time of the survey and were part of the study race and ethnic groups of interest, leading to an analytical sample of 12,485 respondents. ResultsWhile 16.9% of employed Californians reported forgoing needed paid leave, disparities across race, ethnicity and citizenship status were evident. Specifically, 31.8% of non-citizen Latinx respondents, compared to 11% of US-born White respondents, did not use paid leave when they needed it due to fear of job loss, fear of negative impacts on job advancement, employers denying it, lack of information or knowledge regarding the process or ineligibility. In the fully adjusted analyses, respondents identifying as non-citizen Latinx (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.94–3.40), naturalised Latinx (aOR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.46–2.48), US-born Latinx (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.06–1.60), non-citizen Asian (aOR = 2.34, 95% CI = 1.69–3.23) and naturalised Asian (aOR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.35–2.34) had a statistically significantly higher likelihood of experiencing unmet needed paid leave compared to US-born White respondents. ConclusionsDespite its importance for health, disparities across race, ethnicity and citizenship status exist in those who experience unmet paid leave. It is recommended that the administrative and enforcement agencies in California further communicate eligibility, facilitate the application process and enforce equitable access to paid leave for all workers.

“Do you need a green card or something?” Romantic relationships, citizenship, and stigmatizing communication

ABSTRACT Citizen/Non-citizen (CN) romantic relationships are common in American society and media. However, few studies have explored the experiences of individuals in such relationships. This study examines CN partners’ social experiences relating to stigma and citizenship status. Through 15 semi-structured interviews, findings revealed that many CN partners experience “green card marriage” stigma, in which foreign partners are thought to be with the citizen for the sole purpose of immigration benefits. Many participants were aware of this stigma and attempted to debunk it. Lastly, political rhetoric and policy changes put many CN couples in a vulnerable position, which induced fear and uncertainty. This study integrates relational turbulence theory and stigma management communication theory and provides initial understanding of this under-researched community.

How Does Immigration Status and Citizenship Affect Identity Theft Victimization Risk in the US? Insights from the 2018 National Crime Victimization Survey Identity Theft Supplement

ABSTRACT There has been no research study to date in the United States (US) looking at how an individual’s immigration status and citizenship might affect their odds of becoming an identity theft victim. This study fills this gap by analyzing the relationship between immigration status and identity theft victimization risk with recently released data from the 2018 iteration of the US National Crime Victimization Survey’s Identity Theft Supplement. Descriptive analysis presents demographics, risky and protective behavior, and identity theft prevalence across US-born citizens, naturalized citizens, non-citizens, and individuals with an ambiguous citizenship status in the US. Logistic regression models explore the differences between these groups in their identity theft victimization risk controlling for other demographic factors and known correlates of identity theft. Results suggest that US-born citizens, naturalized citizens, and non-citizens are at the end of the spectrum with a higher risk of identity theft victimization, whereas individuals with an ambiguous immigration status are at the lower end. Implications of the study findings and future avenues for data collection and research are discussed.

“I want my children to become global citizens”

AbstractIncreasing globalisation has spurred a flow of migrants worldwide. These movements include exchanges of migrants’ linguistic repertoires across regions, transforming the ways in which they define themselves in a multilingual society. Unlike identity categories such as ethnic identity, the contested concept of citizenship identity has remained underexplored in heritage language (HL) research. Focusing on Korean migrant families in Australia, this study extends the limited knowledge about the roles of citizenship in HL maintenance across different generations. Specifically, drawing on interviews with six Korean-speaking parents and their children, this study compares the ways in which migrant parents and their primary and secondary school-aged children relate a HL to their citizenship status. Thematic analysis reveals that while HL-speaking children tend to associate their language with national or ethnic identities, migrant parents are more likely to identify their children as global citizens whose HL competencies are essential for their future career and economic advantage. The study contributes to scholarship at the intersection of HL, citizenship, and globalisation.

Assessing Public Service Distribution in Abha and Bisha Cities, Saudi Arabia: A Comparative Study

The research below aims to examine the spatial distribution and efficiency of public services in Abha and Bisha. Abha is the capital of the Asir region and had a population of 446,697 people in 2022, while Bisha had a population of 248,452 people in the same year. Both cities have their unique geographical features, such as valleys, dams, and agricultural significance. This study utilizes spatial modeling and statistical analysis to analyze data collected via a questionnaire administered to the residents of these cities and formulates several hypotheses to guide the research, including hypotheses related to differences in public services based on gender, age group, and citizenship status. To analyze the data, a combination of analytical descriptive approaches, including statistical methods conducted with SPSS software and geographic information system (GIS) techniques using ArcGIS software were employed. The results of the study indicate the distribution and level of public services in Abha and Bisha. In Abha, there is a high level of public services, particularly in green areas, which contribute to improving the quality of services and meeting the entertainment needs of the population. In contrast, Bisha has a middling level of public services, likely due to its smaller population size and lesser focus on development as compared to Abha. The study also analyzes the differences in attitudes towards public services based on gender. The results indicate that there are no statistically significant differences between males and females in their perceptions of public services in both cities.

AN INDIVIDUAL LEVEL INVESTIGATION ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BEING A SINGLE PARENT AND POVERTY

Single parenting has been a growing type of family structure both in Western countries and Eastern ones. Changing economic and social conditions have contributed to this growth. Poverty or worsening welfare is also a growing concern in society. This study, therefore, investigates whether being a single parent is associated with a poverty risk. To do so, The Current Population Survey (CPS) which is a commonly used data source applied in social science from Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) database were utilised. Being a reliable source with large sample sizes and various subjects covered in the U.S. population makes IPUMS widely preferable data source with micro level data on individuals and household. This empirical investigation, therefore, relies on IPUMS CPS data to explain poverty risk of single parents. Findings reveal that being a single parent is significantly associated with being below the poverty line. Additionally, sex, age, employment status, education level, race, and citizenship status were found to be significant to explain poverty.

Developing a sense of human agency in childhood and adolescence through participatory experiences: enabling contexts and agentic qualities

INTRODUCTION. Girls, boys and adolescents are entitled to participation rights and citizenship status. To this should be added the recognition of their human agency, given that it is from their condition as agents that they will be able to exercise their rights autonomously. This study aims to identify the elements that enable children and adolescents to develop a sense of human agency, comparing their accounts of their participatory experiences in educational centres, leisure time and youth centres, family environments, digital environments and Childhood and Adolescence Councils. METHOD. Using a qualitative meta-synthesis analysis design (QMS), the data collected in three studies with a common research focus are analysed to reinterpret them and generate new knowledge. The QMS integrates the accounts of 150 children and adolescents between the ages of 8 and 18 years of age collected in 17 group discussions. The analysis is carried out in four phases: familiarisation, establishment of relationships, translation and synthesis of units and categories, and synthesis of results through narrative descriptions. RESULTS. Two thematic units are identified, the enabling context and the agentic qualities, together with their corresponding categories. Enabling contexts favour the development of a sense of agency and the exercise of human agency by children and adolescents. Agentic qualities are the attributes that children and adolescents express with respect to their sense of agency. DISCUSSION. There are significant differences in the development of children’s and adolescents’ sense of agency depending on the context and the roles in which the participatory experiences unfold, with those that take place as democratic citizenship being the ones that genuinely favour it. The identified elements provide aframework for creating enabling contexts that allow the recognition and development of childrenand adolescents’ sense of human agency through genuine democratic participation.