Acquisition Of Citizenship Research Articles

A Broken Social Elevator? Employment Outcomes of First- and Second-Generation Immigrants in Belgium

This paper provides a comprehensive quantitative assessment of the employment performance of first- and second-generation immigrants in Belgium compared to that of natives. Using detailed quarterly data for the period 2008–2014, we find not only that first-generation immigrants face a substantial employment penalty (up to − 30% points) vis-à-vis their native counterparts, but also that their descendants continue to face serious difficulties in accessing the labour market. For descendants of two non-EU-born immigrants the social elevator appears to be broken. Indeed, estimates suggest that their employment performance is no better than that of their parents (whose penalty averages 19% points). Immigrant women are also particularly affected. While they are all found to face a double penalty because of their gender and origin, for women originating from outside the EU the penalty is generally even more severe. Among the key drivers of access to employment, we find: (1) education (especially for second-generation immigrants from non-EU countries), and (2) proficiency in the host country language, citizenship acquisition, and (to a lesser extent) duration of residence for first-generation immigrants. Finally, estimates suggest that around a decade is needed for the employment gap between refugees and other foreign-born workers to be (largely) suppressed.

Voting Behavior of Immigrants and Their Children in Sweden

We still know remarkably little about the voting behavior of immigrant populations, and in particular, the children of immigrants – who grow up in the same society as their contemporaries, but may be subject to different patterns of socialization. This article uses verified voting behavior in Swedish municipal elections to offer at least two new perspectives on these questions. First, we are able to separate out the impacts of family socialization, general societal socialization, and citizenship acquisition on electoral participation. Second, we are also able to add to our knowledge of the differences in political participation levels between different groups of foreign-background voters.

Naturalization in African states: its past and potential future

ABSTRACT The existing literature on the grant of citizenship by naturalization largely focuses on the experience of Europe and the immigrant-founded states of the Americas and Australasia. This article considers the African experience. It sets out the comparative law on naturalization, and the limited information that exists on the implementation of these rules in practice, noting that formal naturalization is rare in all countries in the continent. The article argues that amendments to the rules on naturalization are mainly performative, rather than aiming at any broader public policy outcome. Although there have been some important initiatives by some states to reach out to particular groups excluded from citizenship, these are rare. Yet public attitudes to acquisition of citizenship by foreigners are more open than the practice. Historically, integration of foreigners into the citizen body has happened largely through local processes of certification of identity. New efforts to strengthen identification systems in Africa may well make these processes more closed, and also make the difficulty of formal naturalization more visible.

Citizenship acquisition and spatial stratification: Analysing immigrant residential mobility in the Netherlands

Whereas the so-called ‘citizenship premium’ in the labour market has been widely studied, we know little about how naturalisation affects immigrants’ lives beyond work and income. Focusing on the Netherlands, this paper analyses the relationship between citizenship acquisition and immigrant residential mobility, in particular the propensity of immigrants to move away from areas with high concentrations of migrants. We draw on register data from Statistics Netherlands ( N = 234,912). We argue that possessing Dutch citizenship reduces spatial stratification by diminishing the risk of housing market discrimination, thereby facilitating mobility outside of migrant-concentrated areas. Our findings show that naturalised immigrants are 50% more likely to move out of concentrated neighbourhoods, all else constant. The effect of naturalisation is especially relevant for renting without housing benefits and for home ownership, and for mid-risk immigrants who earn around the median income and hold permanent jobs, whose applications face strong scrutiny from landlords, rental agencies and mortgage lenders.

Strategies for Gaining Full Citizenship in the First Generation of Indochinese Students

The history of the acquisition of French citizenship by Indochinese university élites remains yet to be written because few researchers have looked at the role played by sport and physical education in developing the Vietnamese élite. These young students discovered such physical activities at school and many of them claimed judicial/legal equality with the French. This article will demonstrate that sports and physical education were the key stages in a strategy for certain Indochinese students to become French citizens. At the same time, this tactic generated much tension within the Vietnamese student community between the two world wars.

The Geopolitics of Citizenship: Evidence from North Korean Claims to Citizenship in South Korea

Abstract North Koreans have a constitutionally guaranteed right to citizenship in the Republic of Korea and high coethnic communitarian affinity; as such, they are often described as having automatic citizenship in South Korea. This article demonstrates that portrayals of automatic citizenship are problematic. North Koreans have often struggled to acquire state recognition when making claims to citizenship from abroad, and acquisition of ROK citizenship remains an incremental and contingent process, one that requires a high degree of agency from North Koreans seeking resettlement. This article draws on analysis of approximately 120 North Korean memoirs published in Korean and English, as well as other documentary and interview evidence. It finds that although citizenship is typically thought of as membership within a political community, it is also an identity practiced, claimed, and negotiated externally. Moreover, extraterritorial negotiations over citizenship recognition can be strongly influenced by state geopolitical and security considerations.

Long-Term Heterogeneity in Immigrant Naturalization: The Conditional Relevance of Civic Integration and Dual Citizenship

AbstractWhat are the long-term differences in the propensity of immigrants to acquire destination country citizenship under different institutional contexts and how do these vary between migrant groups? This article draws on micro-level longitudinal data from administrative registers in Denmark, the Netherlands, and Sweden—three countries with widely different and changing requirements for the acquisition of citizenship—to track the naturalization propensity of eight complete migrant cohorts (1994–2001) up to 21 years after migration. We find that after two decades in the destination country, cumulative naturalization rates vary remarkably with over 80 per cent of migrants in Sweden, two-thirds in the Netherlands, and only around a third in Denmark having acquired citizenship. We observe lower rates and delayed naturalization for migrants, especially among those with lower levels of education, after language requirements and integration tests were introduced in Denmark and the Netherlands. Dual citizenship acceptance in the Netherlands and Sweden, by contrast, is associated with durably higher citizenship acquisition rates, especially, among migrants from EU and highly developed countries. These findings highlight the long-term but conditional relevance of citizenship policy for immigrant naturalization.

Minority candidates on party lists: evidence from Belgium

Nomination of candidates of non-Western origin on party lists is a major step toward immigrant-origin minorities’ political representation, however its determinants are understudied. This paper focuses on such nominations by parties on the Left, Social Democratic and Green. We extend theory on the electoral risks of nominating immigrant-origin minority candidates to study systematically how cultural citizenship conditions the effects of political and economic factors on number of nominations. Belgium provides excellent testing grounds due to regional variation in cultural citizenship between Flanders and Wallonia, while electoral and citizenship acquisition laws remain constant. We collected an original dataset on 589 municipalities in the 2006 local elections, and conduct our analysis using Poisson regression models for count data that incorporate alternative explanations. Findings suggest that Social Democratic parties face greater political and economic constraints than Green parties and these constraints are conditioned by cultural citizenship; in Flanders where cultural citizenship is characterized by a strong ethnic component constraints are greater for Social Democratic than Green parties, but in civic Wallonia both parties do not appear constrained by these factors. Finally, we control for the conditioning effect of cultural citizenship for parties of the right, Christian Democratic and Liberal; we find no such effect.

ПРАВОВИЙ СТАТУС ІНОЗЕМНИХ ДОБРОВОЛЬЦІВ: ВІТЧИЗНЯНІ РЕАЛІЇ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ

The article is devoted to the study of relations on determining the legal status of foreign volunteers and stateless persons who participated in the ATO / JFO; to the study of practical mechanisms of acquiring the status of a participant in hostilities by foreign volunteers, of their acquisition of Ukrainian citizenship, clarification of possible social and legal guarantees for such persons. The study was conducted on the basis of analysis of domestic legislation, international legal acts, draft legislative acts to determine the legal status of foreigners and stateless persons who participated in the protection of territorial integrity and inviolability of Ukraine, as well as scientific works of domestic and foreign researchers. Currenrly in Ukraine there is a legal basis for resolving the issue of obtaining citizenship and providing social protection guarantees for foreign volunteers and their families, but there is a need to improve the legal mechanisms for implementing simplified procedures for obtaining Ukrainian citizenship. In particular, the draft law on amendments to the Law of Ukraine "On Citizenship of Ukraine" on simplified acquisition of Ukrainian citizenship by foreigners and stateless persons who participated in the protection of territorial integrity and inviolability of Ukraine has passed a preliminary hearing and is awaiting final adoption. If the bill is adopted, the procedure for acquiring Ukrainian citizenship will be simplified: for citizens of the Russian Federation who have been persecuted for their political beliefs; persons who have served (or are serving) military service under a contract in the Armed Forces of Ukraine; persons who directly participated in the Anti-Terrorist Operation / Joint Forces Operation.

Modes of Acquisition and Loss of Citizenship Around the World - Comparative Typology and Main Patterns in 2020

Modes of Acquisition and Loss of Citizenship Around the World - Comparative Typology and Main Patterns in 2020

Моніторинг міграційної мобільності – інформаційно-аналітичне забезпечення емпірики впливу на людський потенціал

The information and analytical provision of migration mobility empiricism in Ukraine, the effectiveness of the implementation of the State policy of managing migration processes is not formed to the full extent, and the existing one is of poor quality; in addition, there is no methodological algorithm for the implementation of migration monitoring. The elimination of this shortcoming requires the development of a new model for monitoring migration mobility, which should be based on a three-level accounting of migration processes (national, regional and local), taking into account the peculiarities of the course of migration processes and the structural characteristics of both external and internal migration. The article is aimed at improvnig the system of monitoring migration mobility in the projection of socio-economic development of the State in order to build an information and analytical base of the empiricism of influence on human potential. The article proposes a model of systematic monitoring of migration mobility, its information-analytical and institutional-organizational provision is substantiated. Monitoring of migration mobility on the basis of a systematic approach allows to: implement three-level accounting of emigration, immigration flows, processes of acquisition and termination of citizenship, money transfers of migrants; cluster the country’s territories according to the criteria of differentiated socio-economic development and financial imbalances; guarantee flexible control of structural changes in migration processes based on the construction of migration profile and determination of the potential of territories. The implementation of monitoring of migration mobility will allow to simulate the intensity of external migration, taking into account changes in the level of socio-economic development, to determine the effectiveness of the implementation of the current policy of managing migration processes on the part of the State.

The Three Roles of Neaira

The article examines one of the most striking speeches of the Demosthenes corps, which was often quoted by ancient authors: LIX “Against Neaira,” conventionally believed to be authored by Apollodorus. Although this speech, as well as the trial where it was presented, has repeatedly become the subject of historiographic commentary and discussion, not a single specialized work has been devoted to it in Russian. The trial against Neaira and her partner Stephanos is of interest not only because it is the only surviving case on charges of illegal acquisition of Athenian citizenship, and the plaintiff ’s speech allows us to reconstruct a number of important aspects of legal proceedings in Athens (litigants’ behavior, arguments, witnesses, evidence, etc.). The prosecutor also reveals certain unappealing aspects of the daily life of Greek society in terms of attitudes to women, prostitution and pedophilia. The speaker divides women into three categories: wife, concubine (παλλακή) and hetaera. Neaira successfully handled the roles of hetaera and concubine. It is unknown whether Apollodorus had managed to impose on her the role of a legal wife — the one that would put Neaira at risk of being sold into slavery. Despite the weakness of the prosecution’s arguments and evidence, Apollodorus, who skillfully used the concept of polis rules, family identity and religious values, as well as dikastes’ prejudices, could have become the winner. However, presenting sufficiently convincing counter- arguments and testimonies may not have been difficult for Stephanos, although, perhaps, an appeal to the mercy and pity of the judges would have been a more efficient way to achieve his goal.

Toward the Acquisition of Citizenship of Thermal Spray

Toward the Acquisition of Citizenship of Thermal Spray

The “ironic” fair process effect: A perceived fair naturalization procedure spurs anti-immigration attitudes through increased host national identification among naturalized citizens

A growing body of research has shown that naturalized citizens’ attitudes towards immigration worsen following citizenship acquisition. Accordingly, these socially mobile individuals tend to distance themselves from their former immigrant ingroup. The present contribution explains such self–group distancing coping strategy in terms of an “ironic” procedural fairness effect. Study 1 ( N = 566), a survey conducted among naturalized Swiss citizens, showed that fairness perceptions with respect to the naturalization process were indeed associated with stronger anti-immigration attitudes, and that this relationship was mediated by identification with the host nation. Next, two experiments were conducted to demonstrate the causality of the hypothesized mediation model. In Study 2 (Experiment 1; N = 248), fairness of the admission procedure (accurate vs. inaccurate) increased identification with a desirable group. In Study 3 (Experiment 2; N = 141), administration of a national identity prime evoked stronger anti-immigration attitudes. Taken together, our findings highlight a somewhat “dark side” of procedural fairness.

Migrantes russófonos no Brasil no século XXI: perfis demográficos, caminhos de inserção e projetos migratórios

O presente artigo oferece um breve panorama das migrações russófonas contemporâneas no Brasil. Com base nos dados do SISMIGRA, consolidados no Banco Interativo do Observatório das Migrações em São Paulo, e no corpus de 40 entrevistas semiestruturadas com migrantes russófonos residentes no Brasil, o texto busca traçar o perfil demográfico de migrantes russófonos e os modos de sua inserção socioeconômica. Para isso, mobiliza-se a noção do “espaço social russófono”, contemplando a heterogeneidade dos perfis de migrantes pós-soviéticos. Por fim, discutem-se dificuldades de acesso de migrantes à instrução formal em português como língua estrangeira, com destaque ao Celpe-Bras como um entrave na aquisição da cidadania brasileira, um dos pontos centrais em projetos migratórios de russófonos no Brasil.

Passport: global challenges – local solutions

This article deals with the origin and trajectory of the passport, its multifaceted nature in modern life. Firstly, a passport is a standardizedand written, visualized, and anthropometric, personalized proof of citizenship of its bearer, but not always. Secondly, it is aproof of identification, regardless of the time, place, and mode of acquisition of citizenship of a particular state (in the form of personaldata processing) and control over them by that state. Finally, it is a paper document (actually machine-readable) that gives its bearerrights, responsibilities, and privileges guarantee his/her freedom of movement (unlimited and indefinite entry into and exit from thestate of citizenship) and immunity (from extradition and expulsion).In the time of globalization and omnipresent migration, there is a myriad of modern researches worldwide related to passport,citizenship, person identification, etc. Up to my mind, we can shortlist such authors as Atossa Araxia Abrahamian (cosmopolites andglobal citizen), Leo Benedictus (history of the passport), Claire Benoit (the passport in the context of citizenship), Evelyn Capassakis(passport revocations or denials), Jelena Džankić (the global market for investor citizenship), Yossi Harpaz (dual nationality as a worldwideasset), Martin Lloyd and Craig Robertson (the history of the passport), Mark B Salter (the passport in international relations),Ayelet Shachar (the shifting border of immigration regulation), Peter J Spiro (the past and future of dual citizenship), John C Torpey(the invention of the passport), James Tully (on global citizenship), Patrick Weil (citizenship, passports, and the legal identity of persons).In modern days this most traveled document in the world is a perfect political and legal instrument used by the particular stateto identify its citizens, keep them in the borders, and not let them enjoy the freedom of movement extra territory. In this article, I tracethe history of the passport within the law, international relations, and globalization. A separate piece of information is related to its evolutionduring centuries. It is interesting how passports and their carriers (citizens of a particular state) are handled at international borders?And what are the fundamental functions of the passport in global mobility?In 2020 not only states globally in terms of preservation of national security and identity but also health stop (at least hamper)migration. “This virus (COVID-19) does not have a passport”, declared French President Emmanuel Macron on 12 March 2020 in aprimary television address to the French people. Non-essential travel when you possess not enough worthy passport stops you beyondthe borders of the European Union. You are not allowed to enter unless you acquire dual nationality and obtain a second alternativepassport.

Passport: global challenges – local solutions

This article deals with the origin and trajectory of the passport, its multifaceted nature in modern life. Firstly, a passport is a standardizedand written, visualized, and anthropometric, personalized proof of citizenship of its bearer, but not always. Secondly, it is aproof of identification, regardless of the time, place, and mode of acquisition of citizenship of a particular state (in the form of personaldata processing) and control over them by that state. Finally, it is a paper document (actually machine-readable) that gives its bearerrights, responsibilities, and privileges guarantee his/her freedom of movement (unlimited and indefinite entry into and exit from thestate of citizenship) and immunity (from extradition and expulsion).In the time of globalization and omnipresent migration, there is a myriad of modern researches worldwide related to passport,citizenship, person identification, etc. Up to my mind, we can shortlist such authors as Atossa Araxia Abrahamian (cosmopolites andglobal citizen), Leo Benedictus (history of the passport), Claire Benoit (the passport in the context of citizenship), Evelyn Capassakis(passport revocations or denials), Jelena Džankić (the global market for investor citizenship), Yossi Harpaz (dual nationality as a worldwideasset), Martin Lloyd and Craig Robertson (the history of the passport), Mark B Salter (the passport in international relations),Ayelet Shachar (the shifting border of immigration regulation), Peter J Spiro (the past and future of dual citizenship), John C Torpey(the invention of the passport), James Tully (on global citizenship), Patrick Weil (citizenship, passports, and the legal identity of persons).In modern days this most traveled document in the world is a perfect political and legal instrument used by the particular stateto identify its citizens, keep them in the borders, and not let them enjoy the freedom of movement extra territory. In this article, I tracethe history of the passport within the law, international relations, and globalization. A separate piece of information is related to its evolutionduring centuries. It is interesting how passports and their carriers (citizens of a particular state) are handled at international borders?And what are the fundamental functions of the passport in global mobility?In 2020 not only states globally in terms of preservation of national security and identity but also health stop (at least hamper)migration. “This virus (COVID-19) does not have a passport”, declared French President Emmanuel Macron on 12 March 2020 in aprimary television address to the French people. Non-essential travel when you possess not enough worthy passport stops you beyondthe borders of the European Union. You are not allowed to enter unless you acquire dual nationality and obtain a second alternativepassport.

Measuring Family Migration in Russia: Sources of Data and Problems of Its Interpretation

The article presents the results of a study aimed at generalizing the sources of data, available in Russia, that characterizes a significant but little-studied phenomenon of family migration. The paper considers data from the Main Directorate for Migration Issues of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia on issued temporary residence permits (TRP) and acquisition of citizenship, Rosstat materials on the number of marriages with foreigners, as well as statistics on migration flows, which indicate family reasons. Considerable attention is given to the analysis of the Main Directorate for Migration Issues data on issued TRP and citizenship acquisition, on family reunification grounds. Based on the analyzed information, it is concluded that family migration is the major part of the flow of foreigners receiving TRP, and its share amounts to at least 35% of the total. Taking into account that a significant part of the TRPs is issued to the accompanying family members of the participants of the State Programme to Assist Voluntary Resettlement of Compatriots Living Abroad, the share of family migration can be increased to almost 50% of the TRP recipients. The percentage of migrants who acquired citizenship based on family ties with Russian citizens also amounts to about 36% of the annual flow and taking into account family members of participants of the State Program it makes almost 60% of all foreigners naturalized in 2014-2018.AnalyzingtheRussianstatisticsoncitizenshipacquisitionavailablesince2010,theauthornotesthatafterthechangesinthecitizenshiplawin early 2010s, citizens of states that do not have international agreements with Russia actively use marriages with Russian citizens to simplify citizenship acquisition, and the number of such cases is growing rapidly. The basic growth rates of this category of naturalized migrants in 2018 compared to the level of 2010 reached 300 times among the citizens of Tajikistan, 110 times among the citizens of Moldova and almost 60 times among the citizens of Azerbaijan. The author suggests that there is an expansion of the practice of marriages of convenience to overcome the complexities of Russian immigration law. This hypothesis needs to be tested. It is also necessary to study the phenomenon of “transnational marriages”. The disparity in the number of foreigners, men and women who married Russian citizens, revealed by Rosstat data, also requires further study. On average, there are 15 foreign grooms per 10 foreign brides, for Tajikistan citizens this ratio amounts to 32, for Azerbaijan citizens 26, for citizens of Uzbekistan 17 and Moldova 14. The article ends with an analysis of Rosstat’s annual reports on the reasons for move and shows a limited potential of this information. The author makes recommendations for the development of administrative statistics and sample surveys to study family migration and use new types of data in research.

State (official) language proficiency as an obligatory condition to acquire citizenship: Ukrainian and European experience

Article presents study of state (official) language proficiency as a ground facilitating the acquisition of citizenship along withthorough analysis of European practices related to verification of language mastering level.

Over-education among immigrants: the role of demographics, time, and firm characteristics

ABSTRACT This paper puts the nexus between immigration and over-education to an updated test, capitalizing on the authors’ access to rich Belgian matched employer-employee data for the period 1999–2010. These data enable the authors to i) measure over-education with higher precision, ii) examine the heterogeneous effects of workers’ birth countries, and iii) test the role of key moderators. Using ordered probit estimates, the authors highlight that workers born in developing countries (especially in Asia and North Africa) are much more likely to be over-educated than their opposite numbers born in developed countries. However, the results also show that this gap in over-education is entirely driven by tertiary-educated workers. Gender-based differences in immigrants’ penalties, in contrast, are found to be quite modest overall. In line with statistical discrimination, results further show that tenure has a moderating effect on the likelihood for immigrants born in developing countries to be over-educated and that citizenship acquisition is also associated with improved job matches for those immigrants. Finally, regarding the role of firm characteristics, the authors find that the likelihood for immigrants from developing countries to be over-educated is significantly smaller in bigger firms and when working conditions are collectively renegotiated at the firm level.