Source Of Income Research Articles

Features of anti-drug work with students of non-medical specialties of higher and secondary professional education in the Kursk region in the conditions of post-pandemic reality

The problem of drug addiction is a problem that affects all spheres of society: economic, political, legal, large-scale, moral. Throughout post-Soviet history, since only the silence of these phenomena was a crisis, drug addiction has been an exclusively youth problem. Works from the 1990s to the early 2000s pointed to a rejuvenation of drug addiction problems: the most progressive drug addiction was in the age group from 15 to 19 years, and in the period from 2000 to 2010, the average age of initiation of drug addiction decreased to 10-14 years [7 ]. From 2012 – 2014 There was a tendency towards a restructuring of the morbidity structure, and it was revealed that the most vulnerable group of the population are people aged 18 to 40 years [6]. The average age of first trial has also shifted towards adulthood [3]. All this indicates that student youth are the most vulnerable to drug addiction risk factors. With the onset of the pandemic and the lockdown, teenagers and young people found themselves in London. Many were forced to be alone for several days due to sudden poisoning, many suffered due to losses at work and their only source of income. At the same time, psychological risk factors associated with drug use have worsened [6]. According to the data obtained by the Russian authorities, due to the reduction in the distribution and availability of narcotic substances in the first two months of the pandemic, there was a rapid decline in the detection of drug-related crimes. However, after some time, the popularity of not only communication on social networks increased, but also the sale of drugs through them among teenagers and students. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, drug distribution and trafficking have increased in the context of the web, and since the summer of 2020, the volumes of the illegal drug market have recovered and increased to heights [8, 9]. Thus, the period under study is 2022–2023. The youth community approached in the context of the consequences of serious psychological trauma, a shortage of anti-drug information during the covid period and an intensification of the illegal supply of drugs. Prevention 2022 – 2023 – this is largely ―catching up.‖

Housing quality and homelessness among people who beg

The poverty literature often overlooks the relationship between housing insecurity and income-generating activities. The often informal sources of income among the homeless strongly connect to other aspects of their lives. Nonetheless, these groups of severely deprived people are often missing from large-scale studies and official statistics. Using an original and comprehensive survey, we document the complex interaction between living conditions and begging, a most visible form of extreme poverty and a central concern for urban planning and social assistance. We interviewed 358 people who were begging between 2021 and 2022 in Brussels. We estimate that approximately 80% of them are Romanian Roma. Our findings suggest that around half of the people who beg sleep rough, while some occupy relatively insecure and low-quality dwellings. Further differences relate to gender and ethnicity, with women and those with children more often seen in emergency accommodations and non-conventional dwellings and Romanian Roma occupying, on average, more problematic housing.

Дороги Саян: теоретизируя удаленность в Восточной Сибири

This article is an authorized translation from English of the original article, first published in: Geoforum 2018, issue 88, pp. 36-44. The Sayan crossroads is a distinct cultural and economic region in the mountains of eastern Siberia. It spans three federal units in the Russian Federation: the national republics of Tyva (Todzha kozhuun) and Buryatia (Okinskii raion), as well as Irkutsk oblast (Tofalarskoe municipality). Attempts at integration by the state during the Soviet period and afterwards have privileged the construction of roads in a variety of forms to connect these areas economically with regional centers and, in turn, the rest of the country. Yet this process has been uneven and led to divergences in the economic regimes in each of the three regions that make up the crossroads. The evolution of subsistence economies, exploitation by extractive industries, and the development of tourism as an alternative source of income all differ across the three federal subunits. In turn, these divergences within the crossroads as a region point to variation in the condition of remoteness. Remoteness is an instance of relative immobility, determined by physical geography, environment, and ethnicity. And remoteness influences the function that roads play in integrating state spaces both economically and politically. In turn, this article argues for the foregrounding of the remote in the literature on mobilities in human geography, considering what the condition of remoteness allows for and forecloses in the articulation of state power and the integration of hard to-reach areas.

Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms reveal the genetic diversity and population structure of Creole goats from northern Peru

Goat farming constitutes a significant source of income for farmers in northern Peru. There is currently an absence of information about the genetics of Peruvian Creole goats that would enable us to understand their origins and genetic spread. The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic diversity of Creole goats from northern Peru using SNP markers. This study involved the collection of 192 male Creole goats from three key goat production geographical departments in northern Peru. These goat samples were genotyped using the GGPGoat70k SNP panel. To explore the genetic influence of other breeds on Peruvian Creole goats, our dataset was combined with previously published SNP genotypes. External data set includes multiple breeds genotypes sampled from Argentina, Brazil, Spain, and Alpine breed from Italy, France, and Switzerland. After quality control 52,832 autosomal SNPs were used to assess genetic diversity in the Peruvian goats. For the population structure analysis of the merged data 20,513 common SNPs were used. Estimations for expected heterozygosity (He), observed heterozygosity (Ho), and inbreeding coefficient (FIS) were computed for the Peruvian groups. AMOVA, principal component analysis and ADMIXTURE were conducted to evaluate the population structure in the two data sets, Peru and merged. The results revealed a considerable genetic diversity, with Ho values ranging from 0.40 to 0.41 for the Peruvian sampling groups, and inbreeding coefficient was notably low for Peruvian goat. The population structure analysis demonstrated a distinction (p < 0.05) from other breeds. These findings suggest a level of genetic differentiation of the Peruvian goat population among other breeds, although further research is needed considering samples from other Peruvian areas. We expect this study will contribute to define genetic management strategies to prevent the loss of genetic diversity in Peruvian goat populations and for upcoming advancements in this field.

The Impacts of Multiple Tropical Cyclone Events and Associated Precipitation on Household Income and Expenditures

AbstractTropical cyclones (TCs) are one of the most destructive natural hazards. Damages arise from strong winds, compounded by associated flood-inducing hazards such as heavy rainfall and storm surge. Recent papers have shown that the modelled TC damage estimates fall short of the observed estimates due to the use of wind speed as a sole damage proxy. Damage estimates may be further confounded by inaccurate representations of vulnerability of people and economic sectors, for example, calling for adjusted damage thresholds in less developed regions. This paper evaluates the impacts of compounded TC hazards on household income and expenditure in the Philippines, with adjustments in vulnerability representation drawn from local information. Our results show that the omission of TC-associated precipitation leads to an underestimation of impacts, as well as the number of areas and economic sectors affected by TCs. We find that households cope through a reallocation of budgets and reliance on alternative income sources. Despite extensive public and private disaster risk reduction and management strategies, we still find significant losses in income and expenditures at any number of TC exposure.

Analysis Volatility Spillover of Stock Index in ASEAN (Case Study: Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia)

Every country has its own income, including ASEAN countries such as Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia. One source of national income can come from stocks, which can be measured by the stock index. The income of each country depends on each other and can be influenced by a phenomenon, such as the Covid-19 pandemic. The Covid-19 pandemic can also cause volatility spillover. This research aims to analyze volatility spillover in ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia) before and during Covid-19 by looking at the effects of asymmetric volatility. Volatility spillover testing in this study uses the Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (EGARCH) model, starting with creating a time series model and then modeling the residuals from that model, then finding the estimated parameter results of asymmetric volatility effects. The results of this study indicate that during the period before Covid-19, there is volatility spillover for Indonesia and Malaysia. Then, during the Covid-19 period, there is volatility spillover for Indonesia and Malaysia, for Indonesia and Singapore, and for Singapore and Malaysia.

Navigating Synergies: A Comprehensive Review of Agroforestry System and Agronomy Crops

Agroforestry, the integration of trees with agricultural or livestock systems, holds significant promise for sustainable land management and addressing various environmental challenges. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted benefits and challenges associated with agroforestry systems, focusing on their interactions with agronomy crops. We delve into the ecological, socio-economic, and climate-related dimensions of agroforestry, highlighting its potential to enhance productivity, conserve resources, and mitigate climate change impacts. The review begins by examining the historical context and conceptual foundations of agroforestry, elucidating its diverse array of products and services. Through case studies and empirical research, we explore the ecological benefits of integrating trees with crop production, emphasizing improvements in soil fertility, water quality, and biodiversity conservation. Furthermore, we discuss the role of agroforestry in climate change adaptation and mitigation, including its capacity for carbon sequestration, soil restoration, and resilience-building in the face of extreme weather events. A critical analysis of agroforestry's implications for agronomy crops reveals both opportunities and challenges. While agroforestry systems have shown potential to enhance crop yields, improve soil health, and diversify income sources, they also present complexities related to competition for resources and management practices. Insights from studies conducted in various agro-ecological contexts provide valuable guidance for optimizing the design and implementation of agroforestry systems to maximize their benefits for agronomy crops. This review underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge exchange in advancing agroforestry research and practice. By integrating principles from agronomy, ecology, economics, and forestry, we can develop innovative strategies to harness the full potential of agroforestry for sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation.

Strategic mapping of onion supply chains: a comprehensive analysis of production and post-harvest processes in Northwest Ethiopia

IntroductionOnion is a significant vegetable crop in Ethiopia, serving as a source of income for smallholder farmers. However, various challenges in the production and post-harvest handling processes impede a consistent supply and marketing of the crop. This study focused on a comprehensive analysis of the onion supply chain, ranging from production to post-harvest handling, to address the existing production and marketing processes. The research initiative was undertaken to map the onion supply chain from farmers to consumers, intending to establish an improved marketing system in northwest Ethiopia.MethodsThe study area covered three onion-producing districts of the Amhara Region. Data collection involved interviews, observations, and market assessments using a structured questionnaire. Sampling followed a multistage technique. The analysis included descriptive statistics and food system analysis to map the supply chain and estimate marketing margins.Results and DiscussionPost-harvest loss in onion production presents a major obstacle in the farming sector, impacting its growth. The study identified six alternative channels for onion marketing where different actors are involved throughout the supply chain. Key stakeholders include farmers, local collectors, brokers, transporters, wholesalers, retailers, and consumers. Packaging and sorting activities are implemented at different supply chain stages to minimize post-harvest losses. Farm-level activities, including curing, sorting, grading, and ventilating, are crucial for reducing losses. The perishable nature of onion bulbs and the existing production and handling challenges exacerbate post-harvest losses. Efforts to address this challenge demand a comprehensive approach, integrating interventions across the value chain, from improved cultivars and storage infrastructure to enhanced market access strategies. Hence, stakeholders and governmental organizations are urged to promote onion value-addition technologies, including the establishment of processing industries. Such endeavors promote collaborative efforts across the onion supply chain, ensuring sustainable benefits for producers and traders.

Insights into Information Perception in Poultry Farming Systems

Indian poultry industry has found to be more structured and evolved as a dynamic organization in last two decades. Planning, organizing, directing, monitoring and controlling can profoundly be seen. Indian poultry industry contributes significantly to total livestock sectors contribution to India's GDP. India's poultry meat production is 3.4 million tons and its eggs production is sixty-five million tons and industry ranks second and third in worlds ranking in meat and eggs production respectively (FAO). The data was collected from stakeholders with the help of pretested interview schedule. The separate interview schedule was prepared for broiler farmers (100 samples), breeder farmers (10 samples) and processing cum distribution centers (20 samples). The study revealed that the majority of the poultry farmers, 63 per cent were aged between 35 to 54 years. Young generation farmers, aged between 20 to 34 years, 37 per cent, seemed lesser interested in poultry farming. In addition, women farmers were on only 3 per cent out of total sample farmers surveyed. It is indicative of the need for the promotion of poultry farming as a source of women empowerment. Almost 81 per cent farmers stated that poultry farming is their main occupation and major source of income where they have fulltime business commitment. Among the sample farmers, majority of, 52 per cent, were new entrant. The majority of farmers, 54 per cent, were rearing 5000 to 9999 birds at their farm and they were classified under medium-sized poultry farms. The average area of small farms was 2785.71 sq. ft., medium farm was 5886.89 sq. ft. and large farms was 18403 sq. ft. All the sample farmers had permanent housing (100 per cent) with pucca flooring (90 per cent). Almost 81 per cent farmers had their poultry shades in agriculture farms.

How an increase in income affects the use of dental care services among a low-income population: evidence from the Finnish basic income experiment

BackgroundPrevious research has shown that the use of dental care services has a significant socioeconomic gradient. Lower income groups tend to use dental care services less, and they often have poorer dental health than higher income groups. The purpose of this study is to evaluate how an increase in income affects the use of dental care services among a low-income population.MethodsThe study examines the causal effect of increasing cash transfers on the use of dental care services by utilizing unique register-based data from a randomized field experiment conducted in Finland in 2017–2018. The Finnish basic income experiment introduced an exogenous increase in the income of persons who previously received basic unemployment benefits. Register-based data on the study population’s use of public and private dental care services were collected both for the treatment group (N = 2,000) and the control group (N = 173,222) of the experiment over a five-year period 2015–2019: two years before, two years during, and one year after the experiment. The experiment’s average treatment effect on the use of dental care services was estimated with OLS regressions.ResultsThe Finnish basic income experiment had no detectable effect on the overall use of dental care services. However, it decreased the probability of visiting public dental care (-2.7% points, -4.7%, p =.017) and increased the average amount of out-of-pocket spending on private care (12.1 euros, 29.8%, p =.032). The results suggest that, even in a country with a universal public dental care coverage, changes in cash transfers do affect the dental care patterns of low-income populations.

An Empirical Analysis of the Adoption of Hi-Tech Farming Techniques Among the Farmers of the Eastern Uttar Pradesh Belt

Like in every sector, the agriculture sector also shows numerous technological advancements every now and then and it is expected from farmers to incorporate the same and increase the crop yields and keep themselves up-to-date for meeting up any type of competitions &amp; contingencies as well. A lot has been done in the agricultural sector to improve cultivation but Indian farmers still rely on the traditional practices. Farming is still not regarded as a secure source of income in India. For Indian agriculture to become more profitable and sustainable, smart farming is essential. The farmer breed will soon go extinct without getting into smart and high-tech farming. Though Agropreneurs have started taking baby steps in India with respect to smart farming, it is still a silent revolution in India as compared to other countries because of lack of awareness and confidence. In this paper a study has been conducted in order to identify the inclination of farmers towards new technologies when it comes to agriculture from the Eastern Uttar Pradesh belt. At the same time farmers have also been inquired about the limitations and the challenges faced by them in the traditional farming system. During the survey of this study farmers have also been made aware how innovative modern agricultural practices doubles the crop yield which is not only beneficial to meet the domestic needs but can also be exported worldwide adding to the GDP of the country which could be of economic importance to the nation.

Design Integrated Crop-Livestock and Fish Farming Model with LEISA System in North Minahasa Regency

Agricultural land in North Minahasa district has been shrinking. The number of farming families with land ownership of less than 0.5 ha is increasing due to land fragmentation. Designing an integrated farming system (IAS) model is a solution to the land problem, so that intensive farming can be carried out. This system can also be a solution to self-sufficiency and food self-sufficiency in agricultural products in a sustainable manner. The purpose of the study was to analyse the integrated farming system between crops, livestock and fish with various integrated farming patterns based on land area feasibility, economic feasibility, ecological feasibility, social feasibility for farming development in North Minahasa district. The results of the analysis obtained that the land area for crops and livestock/fish is between 0.2 ha to 0.4 ha including 0.1 ha for housing and other household businesses. economically, the net income from crops and livestock/fish is at least an average of Rp 175,000 per day. (North Sulawesi UMP 2023 standard, IDR 3,485,000/month), with a ratio of net income to RTP needs ≥ 1.0. Ecologically, the production of organic matter from livestock/fish is sufficient/exceeds the needs of crops (≥ 1.0) The strategic model for SPT development in North Minahasa district is to increase the variety of farmer income sources, increase the use of organic matter from livestock and agricultural residues, optimise land and soil utilisation.

Gender Equality in ASDC: Unravelling Societal Challenge in Educational Attainment and Economic Empowerment, Inheritance Access, and Workplace Dynamics in Malaysia.

This study investigates the nuanced intersectionality of gender equality within the context of Autism Spectrum Disorder Condition (ASDC) individuals. Contrary to Feminism, which advocates for gender equality and women's rights. While existing research has predominantly focused on the clinical aspects of ASDC, this study delves into the educational attainment and economic empowerment, inheritance access and workplace dynamics that impact individuals with ASDC, with a particular emphasis on gender-related disparities. The research encompasses ASDC in-depth analysis of access to resources, including property, inheritance, workplace, and sources of income, evaluating the extent to which individuals with ASDC, particularly women, face barriers in obtaining and managing. This study integrates a qualitative insight from ASDC, their families, teachers, and relevant stakeholders. 50 participants of ASDC individuals aged 14 to 57 years old contributed to the study and only 17 participants were selected for structural interview sessions. The study aims to contribute valuable perspectives to the existing literature on gender equality by unravelling the multifaceted challenges faced by women with ASDC in various societal domains. Finding underscore the critical need for targeted educational programs, innovative employment models, and curriculum adaptation within the Malaysian TVET program to enhance employability and independence for ASDC women. The study advocates for a comprehensive, multi-faceted approach to remove systemic barriers and promote gender equality, emphasizing the potential of women with ASDC as agents of change in their communities.

Limiting money: redesigning the artifact that shapes modern people

AbstractThe transdisciplinary argument in this article is that the social and ecological unsustainability of modern, globalized capitalism ultimately derives from the design of its central artifact: what Polanyi called all- or general-purpose money. The notion of a singular measure of economic value is a peculiar cultural conception that is inherently at odds with physical reality, yet it pervades modern economic thought and practice as if it were immutable. To transcend the political impasse of economic globalization, a complementary national currency (CC) exclusively for local use could distinguish a sphere of exchange and special-purpose currency for basic needs from a global sphere of more remote exchange-values. To avoid the pitfalls and failures of earlier experiments with local currencies, such a CC would require the support of national authorities, the specified objective of sustainable consumption and production, and systematic efforts to provide citizens and entrepreneurs with ample incentives to utilize it. In combining the concept of a CC with that of a universal basic income (UBI), the reform would allow their advantages to complement each other, joining the generalized scale of UBI with the potential of politically influencing consumption patterns that is inherent in CC. An essential difference in relation to earlier experiments would be that the reach of the CC would not be defined in terms of the geographical location of retailers but in terms of the derivation, relative to the consumer, of the products and services into which it could be converted. Although no such system yet exists, this should not stop us from imagining its possibilities.

Causal Relationship Between Economic Growth and Government Tax Revenue: A Case of Nigeria (1970-2021)

This paper aims at elucidating the mystery surrounding the belief that, high and vibrant economic activities and economic growth are a prima-facie and a leading indicator for high tax revenue as a source of income for the Federal government in Nigeria. The effects of economic growth on government tax revenue are therefore empirically investigated from 1970-2021. The short-run and long-run relationships between the economic growth in Nigeria and its tax revenue are thus explored in this study. Although, theoretical and empirical reports found that there is a causal relationship between economic growth and tax revenue; this study thus further investigated this relationship by applying Johansen's cointegration test, autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL), and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to establish the short and long-run relationships that may exist between economic growth and government tax revenue. However, the findings of this study clearly showed that there is an independent relationship between economic growth and government tax revenue with a 76% speed of adjustment. Thus, there is a unidirectional relationship between economic growth and total government tax revenue with a 74.76% speed of adjustment in the short run to reach an equilibrium level in the long run. This implies that there is fiscal independence between economic growth and tax revenue. The empirical analysis also provides evidence of a long-run equilibrium relationship. Based on the findings that GDP, exchange rate, and production capacity strongly and positively affect the performance of tax revenue in Nigeria. The study recommends among others that appropriate fiscal policies be put in place to moderate the fluctuations in exchange rates of the Naira against other foreign currencies and that the government should support innovative activities by youths through the creation of innovative labs. This would help to create more job opportunities for the youths and also encourage public and private partnerships between the state governments and private investors to improve the economic activities of the country, which will in turn bring about increased tax revenue. Keywords: Economic Growth, Tax Revenue, Tax Policy, GDP,

The Smart Agriculture System Using IOT and ML

Numerous countries have abundant resources, including land, rivers, groundwater, the environment, with agriculture serving as the primary source of income for many people in country. Nonetheless, resource shortage has grown in recent decades, particularly for groundwater and river water, so remote control smart irrigation system is developed to avoid access use and loss of water in the agriculture. A lack of information about the best use of available resources leads to increased resource consumption and worse crop yields. Choosing crops that are unsuited for the soil or climate reduces both quality and quantity of crop. As a result, system that recommends appropriate crops and fertilizers based on soil NPK values, soil colour, Season, PH, Rainfall, temperature etc has been developed. Fires are one of the most destructive global disasters, thus early detection is necessary to avoid the damages in agriculture. To reduce losses, an automated system capable of early fire detection through alarm systems and prompt extinguishing procedures through the roof structure pipeline in the farm is developed. Another use of that same pipeline is for spraying the pesticides and fertilizers. A potential resolution to address all these challenges involves the development and implementation of an intelligent agricultural system integrating Internet of Things (IOT) and Machine Learning technologies.

Investigating the Relationship Between Unemployment Rate and Alaskas Unique Universal Basic Income

The distribution of the Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend (PFD) has existed for over four decades. Similar to a universal basic income PFD entitles each Alaska resident to an equitable portion of an annual government allocation. This paper examines how Alaskas Permanent Fund Dividend impacted Alaskas unemployment rate before and during the pandemic. It also evaluates the merits of a universal basic income before and during a pandemic. This paper demonstrates a positive association between the unemployment rate and the distribution of the Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend. As unemployment rates increase, the dependence on the additional income offered by the Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend or Universal Basic Income becomes increasingly evident. In other words, the PFD is designed to distribute the state's resource wealth among its residents and appears to function as a stabilizing influence during economic downturns. It serves as a financial safety net for individuals experiencing job losses, potentially alleviating financial strain on both individuals and families, and mitigating the adverse effects linked to elevated unemployment rates.

Review on Fundamental Considerations During Lignocellulosic Fiber Characterization in Light Micromechanical Analysis of Their Composites

Lignocellulose fibers (Cellulosic fibers) are among the major agricultural resources from plant whose potentials are not exploited in some cases and/or underexploited in many cases. If their potentials for industrial application could be exploited, selling the fibers for manufacturing uses would be a win-win situation for both the industries and the farmers, and provide the latter with a much needed source of additional income since composite material reinforced with lignocellulose fibers can be used for diverse application including the production of parts in automotive industry. For this to be successful, it is mandatory to make fiber level characterization. In this process, there are various determinants that affects the characteristics of lignocellulose fiber including agro-ecological zone, plant age from which the fiber is extracted, lignocellulose structure, fiber extraction method and subsequent treatment to enhance properties. This review, therefore, presents the basics of lignocellulose fiber potential and insight into selected deliberation related to fiber level characterization in light of micromechanical analysis for new biocomposite under development. Included in this review, there are considerations to be potted during characterization at fiber level. For fiber diameter measurement and estimation, the following considerations are reported in this paper: measurement method validation, proper cross-section and fiber geometry assumption, lignocellulose structure and internal holes; enough sample consideration, incorporation of analytical method for cross checking. Likewise consideration during estimating fiber density, single fiber tensile strength and stiffness are review and discussed in this review.

PERAN LINGKUNGAN KELUARGA DALAM MENINGKATKAN KESEHATAN MENTAL REMAJA

Mental health is a state of well-being in which a person is able to endure the rest of life, work well, and affect society. Mental health does not only mean the absence of mental disorders, but also includes a person's ability to manage their emotions, social and interpersonal relationships, and adapt to change. Conflict in the family can affect children's behavior and mental health, because the family is the closest place for a child. What children see and hear often runs in the family. Therefore, it is a good thing that family activities and the child's personality, behavior and health are influenced by what their parents see and hear. Mental disorders are still common in Indonesia, and it needs to be addressed more, because it is the young generation who will be the children and grandchildren of the country one day. If a teenager has a mental health problem and is left untreated, the child's mental health problem will persist and hinder their development. The purpose of this research is to find out the prevalence of mental health problems among teenagers today, the factors that affect them, and how the family can affect the mental health of teenagers in Indonesia. As you said, the role of the family in supporting children's mental health is very important, because parents are the main source of income for children. They can provide emotional support, create a safe environment, and help children develop problem-solving and social skills. By understanding the role of the family environment, we can better understand how to improve the mental health of the younger generation.

Income inequality of tribal households in Bangladesh: A decomposition analysis

This paper uses field survey data to examine farm and non-farm income to reduce income inequality among tribal households in Sylhet district, Bangladesh. It uses a decomposition method and a regression-based decomposition method to measure income and expenditure inequality by source of income as well as by household and family characteristics. For this, non-farm income was considered as an external transfer of total income to decompose the Gini index and as a potential substitute for farm income, taking into account household preferences. The results indicate that income differences exist between farm and non-farm income, thereby increasing income inequality. The endowment effect on household characteristics was positive and significant, directly supporting the increase in non-farm income per capita daily household expenditure. On the other hand, in terms of its components, non-farm self-employment income reduces income inequality, while non-farm wage income increases income inequality. At the 50th quantile results, an additional year of age of the household head increases the per capita expenditure of farm and non-farm households by BDT 300 to BDT 400, respectively. Moreover, the education of household heads also positively and significantly affects the per capita expenditure of non-farm households. As estimated by the 50th quantile, farm and non-farm households with graduation had higher per capita daily expenditure than household heads with primary education. Raising household education level and total farm household income to a better level, adopting farm-income enhancement programs, and enacting policies to increase alternative income opportunities that will shift income from non-agricultural to agricultural tribal households, reduce income inequality, and bring about the well-being of tribal society.