Bangladeshi Citizens Research Articles

Health Tourism by Citizens of Bangladesh

Abstract not available IAHS Medical Journal Vol 7(1), June 2024; 1-3

Access to Justice for Women: A Comparative Study between Subarnachar and Begumganj Upazila of Noakhali District

Access to justice is the first step towards justice in the current legal system and is recognized as a fundamental human right in both the Constitution of Bangladesh and several international conventions. Despite this recognition, many Bangladeshi citizens, particularly women, face significant barriers to accessing justice due to gender and other factors. Access to justice is an important human right, but women in rural areas often face significant challenges in exercising this right. This study compares women's access to justice in two upazilas of Noakhali district: Subarnachar and Begumganj. By examining the sociocultural, economic and institutional elements that influence women's ability to seek and pursue legal remedies, this study highlights the differences between the two regions. Data obtained through interviews, questionnaires and focus group discussions with women, lawyers and community leaders. The study shows that while both upazilas face challenges such as patriarchal norms, lack of legal awareness and limited access to legal representation, the intensity and nature of these challenges differ significantly between Subarnachar and Begumganj. The findings highlight the need for targeted interventions that address the specific barriers faced by women in each upazila and promote equal access to justice. This study contributes to the broader discourse on gender and justice in Bangladesh and provides insights for policymakers, legal practitioners and civil society organizations working to reinforce the legal empowerment of women in rural areas.

Statelessness of Rohingyas and their Right to Bangladeshi Citizenship

Abstract Since the outbreak of violence and persecution against Rohingyas in 2017 they have been fleeing Myanmar and taking refuge in Bangladesh. A significant number of them are married to a Bangladeshi citizen and their children are entitled to Bangladeshi citizenship by descent. However, these Rohingyas are not registered as Bangladeshi citizens. As a result, a significant number of Rohingyas and their children have become stateless. As Bangladesh is not a party to the statelessness conventions, the issues surrounding the statelessness of these Rohingyas can hardly be addressed under these conventions. This article explores the citizenship rights of these Rohingyas outside of these conventions. It argues that, although Bangladesh is not a party to the statelessness conventions it is a party to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other international human rights treaties under which it is obliged to grant citizenship status to the Rohingyas who are married to a Bangladeshi citizen or born to a Bangladeshi parent.

Businesspeople Becoming Politicians: A Paradigm Shift and Challenges/Opportunities Ahead

The political environment is one of the most crucial factors that shapes the direction of businesses at any point in time. Bangladesh has been practicing democracy for more than three decades and has enjoyed a period of relative stability for more than a decade. This emerging economy of South Asia has been witnessing a noticeable development in its business sector, which constitutes several industries across the country. As a parliamentary form of governance has now been in place for a period of time, a number of business leaders, primarily the owners of businesses in Bangladesh, have begun to engage in politics more actively than was the case previously. In Bangladesh, politics was formerly predominantly controlled by veteran politicians coming from the root level of the political parties, but now an evident transformation has occurred. This article aims to identify the influence of business leaders on policymaking. As policies ultimately determine the future of employees, who are also the citizens of Bangladesh, this whole issue clearly requires a close examination. The article employs secondary data in order to analyze the relationship between the business owners’ involvement in politics and the changes that have taken place as a result of this. As business and politics work hand in hand on a global scale, the author explains the potential opportunities and challenges that this paradigm shift will create for Bangladesh.

Exploring risky health behaviors and vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases among transnational undocumented labor migrants from Bangladesh: a qualitative study

BackgroundIn Bangladesh, remittances constitute a substantial portion of the country’s foreign exchange earnings and serve as a primary source of income. However, a considerable number of Bangladeshi citizens reside overseas without proper documentation, exposing them to significant challenges such as limited access to healthcare and socioeconomic opportunities. Moreover, their irregular migration status often results in engaging in risky health behaviors that further exacerbate their vulnerability. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the risky health behavior and HIV/STI susceptibility of Bangladeshi irregular international migrants residing across the globe with undocumented status.MethodsUsing a qualitative Interpretative Phenomenological Approach (IPA), 25 illegal migrants were interviewed who are currently living illegally or returned to their home country. The author used a thematic approach to code and analyze the data, combining an integrated data-driven inductive approach with a deductive approach. Concurrent processing and coding were facilitated by employing the Granheim model in data analysis.ResultsThe study identified four risky health behaviors among irregular Bangladeshi migrants: hazardous living conditions, risky jobs, suicidal ideation, and tobacco consumption. Additionally, the authors found some HIV/STI risk behavior among them including engaging in unprotected sex, consuming alcohol and drugs during sexual activity, and having limited access to medical facilities.ConclusionsThe findings of this study can be used by health professional, governments, policymakers, NGOs, and concerned agencies to develop welfare strategies and initiatives for vulnerable undocumented migrant workers.

Bank becomes cashless: Determinants of acceptance of mobile banking (fintech) services among banking service users

Fintech services such as mobile banking are gaining significant acceptance among the citizens in Bangladesh. Therefore, this study aims to explore the determinants that influence banking service users’ decisions to accept and use fintech services such as mobile banking in an emerging market, specifically in Bangladesh. A questionnaire was developed and distributed to individuals actively using banking services in Bangladesh. A total of 400 questionnaires were distributed to individuals who have active bank accounts. This study obtained a total of 315 valid responses that were deemed suitable for inclusion in the data analysis, with a response rate of 78.75%. Furthermore, a five-point Likert scale was utilized to evaluate the responses to the item-based questionnaire. To evaluate the hypotheses, a significance level of 5% was applied, and the data pertaining to the subject matter and purpose of this study were examined using the SPSS v.29. The results of the study display that the acceptance of mobile banking (fintech) services is pronouncedly shaped by perceived trust, privacy, and security but not by perceived risk. Importantly, perceived security (β value = 0.302) has the greatest impact on mobile banking acceptance among customers compared to other variables. This study contributes to the literature by investigating the propensity of using Fintech services within the context of mobile banking.

Citizens’ trust in Bangladesh Police: A cross-sectional survey on urban population

Abstract The study assessed the level of trust in police among urban citizens in Bangladesh and examined the associated factors. An online cross-sectional survey was conducted through mobile phones to collect data from 1,680 respondents using a structured questionnaire. A 9-item scale was developed and validated to measure citizens’ trust in police using procedural- and outcome-based trust models. The urban citizens had a relatively low level of trust in the police. Factors like trust in neighbourhoods, satisfaction with governmental law and order operation, believing positive media reports on police, and personal safety awareness were significantly positively associated with trust in police. In contrast, increasing crime in the residential areas, believing negative media reports on police, and senior citizens were significantly associated with low levels of trust in police. Bangladesh police should adopt pro-people practices with effective implementation of law and order to increase their trust.

Professional Relationship Between Physicians and Journalists in Bangladesh: Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

A health care system is intertwined with multiple stakeholders, including government institutions, pharmaceutical companies, patients, hospitals and clinics, health care professionals, health researchers and scientific medical experts, patients and consumer organizations, and media organizations. Physicians and journalists are the key actors who play a significant role in making health care services and health information accessible to the people of a country. The aim of this study was to explore the tensions and alliances between physicians and journalists in Bangladesh, along with identifying strategies that could potentially improve the often contentious relationship and quality of medical journalism. We conducted a web-based cross-sectional survey using the snowball sampling technique from September 2021 to March 2022. Adult Bangladeshi citizens belonging to the two selected professional groups (physicians and journalists), who understood the survey content, and agreed to participate in the survey were considered eligible for inclusion in the study. Both descriptive and logistic regression analyses, including the Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test, were performed to determine the differences between groups concerning selected perception-related variables, and the associations of perceptions about lack of trust in each other's knowledge, skills, and professional integrity with background characteristics. A total of 419 participants completed the survey, including 219 physicians and 200 journalists. Among physicians, 53.4% (117/219) reported lower trust toward journalists' professional domain and expertise, whereas 43.5% (87/200) of journalists had lower trust toward physicians' professional domain and expertise. In terms of perception about not having respect for each other, the median value for the physicians was 5 (strongly agree), whereas it was only 3 (agree) for the journalists. We also found that male physicians (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.45, compared with female physicians) and medical officers (AOR 0.30, compared with specialists) had significantly higher odds of lacking trust in journalists' knowledge, skills, and professional integrity. When rating the statement "Regular professional interaction between journalists and doctors may improve the relationship between the professional groups," most physicians (186/219, 84.9%) chose "neither agree nor disagree," whereas most journalists (106/200, 53.0%) stated that they "slightly agree." Both physicians and journalists in Bangladesh have negative perceptions of each other's professions. However, physicians have a more negative perception of journalists than journalists have of the physicians. Strategies such as a legal framework to identify medical-legal issues in reporting, constructive discussion, professional interaction, and capacity-building training programs may significantly improve the relationship between physicians and journalists.

A longitudinal study on organic food continuance behavior of Generation Y and Generation Z: can health consciousness moderate the decision?

PurposeThis study examines the organic food continuance behavior (OFCB) of young (Generations Y and Z) Bangladeshi consumers as a part of green consumption for sustainable development. Based on the extended “Theory of Planned Behavior” (TPB), this study investigates the reasons for continuing organic food (OF) consumption. This research aims to create a model highlighting the characteristics influencing Bangladeshi consumers to continue eating OFs while considering the moderating role of health consciousness during the COVID-19 health crisis (CHC).Design/methodology/approachThis is a longitudinal study, the first phase of which was conducted in 2020, whereas the second phase of data collection is completed on December 31, 2021. Thus, a longitudinal research design (N = 196) was used to investigate whether TPB element have the same impact over the period of time in two data collection phases. It also attempted to reveal if there is any change in the level of influences of Knowledge of organic food health benefit (HAK), and health consciousness on OFCB. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the participants of Generations Y and Z. Partial least square structural equation modeling validates the proposed research model.FindingsResearch results of phase two ensure that out of the five direct hypotheses related to social norm (SNRM), attitude (ATD), perceived behavioral control (PBRC), HAK and CHC, four (ATD, PBRC, HAK and CHC) significantly influence OFCB of Bangladeshi consumers. SNRM has no significant statistical influence on OFCB. On the other hand, all the direct hypotheses, including SNRM, were accepted during the first phase of the study. Hence, when people begin eating OF and recognize the health benefits, their firm behavioral control ensures that what others think has no significant influence on OFCB.Research limitations/implicationsMost of the data for this study came from those born after 1980, commonly known as Generations Y and Z. Thus, including more data from different age groups may result in different research conclusions. The survey contains a large proportion (62%) of respondents with an income of less than BDT 40,000 per month, a price-sensitive demographic in Bangladesh. The price of OF was not included in this study though price sensitivity may have impacted the study’s findings.Practical implicationsThis research used one moderating and four exogenous variables to determine Bangladeshi consumers’ OFCB. HAK and PBRC are proven to be the strongest determinants. Though health consciousness, Knowledge and self-control are essential, Bangladeshi citizens’ awareness of OF and sustainable consumption is still far below compared to other countries. Consequently, this study urges policymakers to raise health awareness through various social efforts.Social implicationsThe Bangladesh government has various initiatives to encourage sustainable development, including promoting OF consumption. Increased OF consumption will increase demand, resulting in an enormous need for organic production. This phenomenon will benefit society as bio-fertilizers are ecologically benign, resolving soil fertility issues and reducing disease risks while enhancing nutritional content. This study can serve as the foundation for developing a plan to boost the consumption of OFs, which can have a beneficial social impact.Originality/valueSince no longitudinal study to explain the continuance of OFs has been observed in Bangladesh, this research uniquely contributes to predicting sustainable consumption behavior.

Why is India a popular destination for Bangladeshi medical tourists? A study based on perceived justice by Bangladeshi patients

PurposeThere is evidence of Bangladeshi citizens travelling to India to receive medical treatments, known as medical tourism. This study aims to explore the perceived justice dimensions of Bangladeshi patients towards domestic health care and the effects of these dimensions on their intention for outbound tourism to India.Design/methodology/approachData from 307 Bangladeshi medical tourists were collected to test the proposed model. The data has been interpreted through the proposed model with covariance-based structural equation modelling in AMOS. To produce the results, the measurement model and structural model were examined.FindingsThe analysis confirmed the significant impact of procedural, informational and interpersonal justice dimensions on patients’ health-care experiences. However, the effect of distributive justice on patient experience has been found insignificant. The study also revealed a significant negative impact of patient satisfaction on outbound medical tourism intention. Thus, it raises concerns for the local medical service providers about improving patient satisfaction.Practical implicationsThe findings of this paper can be applicable for health-care practitioners and policymakers in emerging countries to improve the bottlenecks of the health-care system for increasing patients’ service experiences and reducing the intention of patients for outbound medical tourism.Originality/valueThe research on perceived justice theory regarding the intention of medical tourism is limited. This research is one of the few studies to combine perceived justice theory with trust and medical tourism decision-making. Using the lens of perceived justice, this research argues that the decrease in perceived justice negatively affects the patients’ service experience, trust and loyalty to the service provider.

Assessing information quality of Bangladesh e-government websites

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess the information quality of e-government websites by university-education citizens of Bangladesh. It also investigated citizens' demographic and Internet related variables associated with perceived information quality ratings and the validity of the underlying factor structure of information quality dimensions.Design/methodology/approachAn online survey was conducted to assess information quality of e-government websites among a sample of university-educated citizens in Bangladesh. Descriptive statistics were obtained to examine respondents' ratings on information quality of these websites on a five-point Likert scale. A multiple linear regression model was applied to determine the effect of demographic and Internet use variables associated with information quality ratings on e-government websites. Finally, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to determine the underlying factor structure of information quality dimensions.FindingsThe findings revealed that the ratings on most information quality items were close to 4.00 on a five-point scale, indicating a generally high information quality of Bangladesh e-government websites. Out of 20 information quality dimensions, value-added and authority were the two top-rated information quality dimensions while security, completeness, reliability, advertisement, relevance and ease of use were the least rated dimensions. The results of multiple regression suggested that gender, age and the device used for accessing the Internet were significantly associated with information quality of e-government websites. The CFA results indicated that information quality dimensions corroborate the factor structure of information quality dimensions used in earlier studies, although the model fit statistics were not fully validated.Research limitations/implicationsThe focus of this study was confined to university-educated citizens in Bangladesh. Therefore, the results of this study may not be generalized to other demographic groups in Bangladesh or elsewhere.Practical implicationsThis paper can provide guidelines for developing high-quality, informative and citizen-centric e-government websites and suggest ways on how these websites can be evaluated for information quality.Originality/valueThis study is the first to examine the information quality of e-government websites from the citizens' perspective in Bangladesh. The findings of this paper can assist responsible government agencies in making the websites more informative and useful for a diverse group of users.

Community Coping Strategies for COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey

It is important to know the community coping strategies during the rapid uprise of a pandemic, as this helps to predict the consequences, especially in the mental health spectrum. This study aims to explore coping strategies used by Bangladeshi citizens during the major wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Design: Prospective, cross-sectional survey of adults living in Bangladesh. Methods: Participants were interviewed for socio-demographic data and completed the Bengali-translated Brief-COPE Inventory. COPING indicators were categorized in four ways, such as approach, avoidant, humor, and religion. Results: Participants (N = 2001), aged 18 to 86 years, were recruited from eight administrative divisions within Bangladesh (mean age 31.85 ± 14.2 years). The male-to-female participant ratio was 53.4% (n = 1074) to 46.6% (n = 927). Higher scores were reported for approach coping styles (29.83 ± 8.9), with lower scores reported for avoidant coping styles (20.83 ± 6.05). Humor coping scores were reported at 2.68 ± 1.3, and religion coping scores at 5.64 ± 1.8. Both men and women showed similar coping styles. Multivariate analysis found a significant relationship between male gender and both humor and avoidant coping (p < 0.01). Male gender was found to be inversely related to both religion and approach coping (p < 0.01). Marital status and education were significantly related to all coping style domains (p < 0.01). The occupation was related to approach coping (p < 0.01). Rural and urban locations differed in participants’ coping styles (p < 0.01). Exploratory factor analysis revealed two cluster groups (factors 1 and 2) of mixed styles of coping. Conclusions: Participants in this study coped with the COVID-19 pandemic by utilizing mixed coping strategies. This study finds female gender, the married, elderly, and rural populations were adaptive to positive approaches to coping, whereas the male and educated population had the avoidant approach to coping.

Communicating health and risk information among senior citizens in Bangladesh

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected human being in multiple ways all over the world. Senior citizens are more likely to get sick from COVID-19 compared to other age groups. Little is known about ways to deliver the messages to adult people to get the best outcome. We conducted a direct telephone/mobile phone-based cross-sectional survey among individuals who were aged >60 years old in Bangladesh. Verbal consent was taken and the snowball sampling method was used to reach the participants. This study showed that the most common sources of information about COVID-19 were family members, relatives, friends, and electronic media. Hence, 36.8% participants perceived that the media massages about COVID-19 were difficult to understand. Meanwhile, 53% participants could not understand the meanings news and information as those were presented using unknown terminologies. From the findings it can be concluded that the media messages should be communicated in a way that are context-specific and understandable, especially using more convenient terminology for better understanding for all levels of people.

Fifty Years of Human Rights Enforcement in Legal and Political Systems in Bangladesh: Past Controversies and Future Challenges.

This paper provides a synopsis of the human rights enforcement in Bangladesh, which marks its 50years in 2021 since its independence. After a theoretical background on how human rights are perceived as legal and political instruments, it critically discusses human rights provisions and explores the legal and institutional frameworks on human rights enforcement in Bangladesh-(re)construed in 50years (1971-2021). Finally, it divulges the controversies in human rights enforcement and a roadmap to address them by making some suggestions: multiple legislative, administrative, and judicial reforms are required to tackle human rights abuses to ensure punishment for the abusers and restitution for the victims. The paper concludes with the notion that the positive will of the relevant stakeholders (legislature, executive, and judiciary) is the key to upholding and protecting the human rights of Bangladeshi citizens. The significance of this paper lies in exploring the complexities associated with the laws and insular national politics, which often debars the enforcement of human rights and crucially compromises Bangladesh's ability to empower its citizens.

Healthcare-seeking experiences of older citizens in Bangladesh: A qualitative study.

Despite improvements in many health indicators in the last few decades, providing access to affordable and quality healthcare for older citizen remains a considerable challenge in Bangladesh. This study aimed to understand individuals 'experiences regarding their healthcare-seeking, treatment cost, accessibility and coping mechanisms for the promotion of appropriate strategies to enhance the quality of life of the older citizens of Bangladesh.A qualitative descriptive approach was used in this study. A total of 27 In-Depth Interviews (IDIs) were conducted in a district in Bangladesh with older people between January and February 2020, where gender distribution was equal. Face-to-face interviews were conducted by trained and experienced interviewers regarding healthcare-seeking and accessibility, affordability, and healthcare coping strategy. Thematic analysis was conducted to analyse the data. It was found that the health condition of the older population is not satisfactory. Most of them had been suffering from several diseases such as benign tumor, chronic kidney disease, body aches, gastric ulcers for a longer period of time. The majority of the participants were suffering from multiple non-communicable diseases while diabetes and hypertension were the foremost of all diseases. This study provides insight into the challenges of managing healthcare services for older citizens in Bangladesh. Healthcare facilities were available, but high out-of-pocket payments, lack of caregivers, and time distance created a barrier to the service provision. The findings indicated that geriatric care policymakers and service providers should prioritize the older-friendly health infrastructures with affordable cost of treatment for the betterment of the health status of older citizens in Bangladesh.

Citizens’ Satisfaction with the Digital Land Services of Upazila Land Office: A Study of Barishal Sadar Upazila, Bangladesh

At present, Upazila land offices are designated to provide digital land services for reducing the complexity of land-related services and increasing the satisfaction of citizens in Bangladesh. The government has planned to extend the digital land management framework to all Upazila’s land offices for improving the state of land service delivery. The study has tried to explore the extent of satisfaction, trust and knowledge of citizens about the digital land services delivered by the Upazila land offices. The study has applied qualitative methodology approach. The data have been collected through in-depth interviews and key-informant interviews, both from service-receivers and service providers. Content analysis has also been used to analyse secondary data. The findings of the study suggest that lack of responsiveness, insincerity and non-cooperation of the staff in service delivery as well as lack of knowledge and awareness of citizens about digital land services are major constraints to achieve satisfaction in digital land administration.

Awareness and Practice of Road Safety Measures of Pedestrians in Bangladesh

Although Bangladesh has a higher risk of accidents involving pedestrians, safety culture is vital in reducing unintentional deaths and injuries, generally in developing countries. The promotion of a pedestrian safety culture has received little attention. This study looked into Bangladeshi pedestrians' present attitudes toward and understanding of safety and related activities. Using an online-based structured questionnaire with 16 items relevant to safety attitude, awareness, and actions, a cross-sectional survey of 320 randomly chosen Bangladeshi citizens was carried out. According to the study, pedestrians' safety attitudes, awareness, and behaviour levels are insufficient. It was revealed that safer pedestrian actions were connected with positive attitudes toward traffic safety. Males, younger respondents and respondents with less education reported engaging in riskier behaviours and having more risky views regarding traffic safety. In order to strengthen and promote a safety culture among Bangladeshi walkers, it is advised that various safety education courses, training, and awareness programs be implemented. The safety culture of road safetyof Bangladeshi people needs to be investigated.
 Road Safety,

Model Citizens in Bangladesh

Abstract Recently dubbed the new ‘Asian Tiger’, Bangladesh developed a post-independence citizen-centered economic strategy that included generating non-farm jobs and constituting a new type of model or ideal citizen: the independent, prosperous, and entrepreneurial woman. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in Dhaka, in this article I document the model citizen campaigns by analyzing female ready-made garment factory workers’ lives. I also outline the form that egalitarianism assumed in this context. I argue that through investigating the emergence of joggo nari—women who challenge gendered norms and hierarchies, aspire toward forms of gender equality, and represent new women of a new Bangladesh—central paradoxes of egalitarian dynamics, such as contradictory and multi-layered gendered relationships and expressions of personhood, desire, and freedom, may come into view.

Effectiveness of using Social Media to Raise Public Awareness during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh

Social media has been one of the most effective and influential forms of communication in providing day-to-day information during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of social media platforms in raising public awareness in Bangladesh during the pandemic. The study employs a quantitative method based on 833 (Male 86.8%; Female 13.2%) valid responses from citizens of Bangladesh, disseminated through an online questionnaire using social media channels. Datasets were analyzed through statistical tools using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 26 (IBM Corp), e.g., Frequency and Percentage, Descriptive Statistics, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Pearson’s Correlation Matrix (PCM). Based on the findings, Facebook (78.3%) has been the most used social media platform during the pandemic in Bangladesh. However, statistics of the majority (44.1%) indicate that only 37% of awareness (37%) related posts on social media attract their attention. The study indicates that social media has been essential in raising awareness amongst the majority of the citizens (Mean 4.14), providing updates (Mean 4.05) and accurate (Mean 4.05) information to the masses. Awareness through social media has resulted in citizens becoming highly aware of the necessity of washing hands, maintaining social distance, wearing masks, and learning about vaccination, authenticating the influence of changing citizens’ behavior. Although there is a risk of spreading incorrect information via social media, its effective utilization can significantly raise public awareness during a global crisis, such as COVID-19, influencing citizen behavior.

ADEQUACY OF PRIVACY REGIME IN BANGLADESH: KEY CHALLENGES AND POTENTIAL POLICY MEASURES

Privacy is one of the most desired human rights in this ubiquitous computing era - when a vast majority of our work is done online using personal data. Numerous actors are continually monitoring our activities, and consequently, user privacy came under tremendous threats. In response, various legal and policy measures have been adopted at national, regional, and international levels. The citizens of Bangladesh are also experiencing diverse privacy threats, and hence, they deserve to have adequate legal protections. This context requires a study to search for answers to the question - whether there are any legal protections for privacy in the existing legal regime of Bangladesh comparable with international data protection standards. This study aims to fill the gap using doctrinal legal research methodology. The findings of this study reveal that although there is no privacy or comprehensive data protection law in Bangladesh, privacy is conditionally recognised in the Constitution. There are numerous isolated privacy provisions in some other subsidiary legislation and references to privacy in several case laws as well. The results of this study will enlighten all stakeholders regarding privacy issues and facilitate them to map and design future policy strategies. This eventually contributes to establishing a safer online ecosystem in Bangladesh.