Ukrainian Cities Research Articles

Academic management in war conditions: Chronicles of aggression and resistance experience of Ukrainian universities

The full-scale aggression unleashed by the russian invaders against Ukraine on February 24, 2022, became an unexpected horror that struck the life of this European country. The war radically changed absolutely everything and for everyone. It has crippled the fate of millions of innocent people, claimed the lives of tens of thousands.The crazy decisions of the russian leadership and the influx of its hordes have turned a huge number of Ukrainian cities and towns into hell. Destroyed or damaged urban infrastructure, homes and businesses, hospitals and schools.These monsters did not spare the universities either.

Simulation of vehicle traffic at exit from the adjacent territory to main streets

Abstract. Problem. The transport systems of Ukrainian cities have a fairly high number of problem areas with difficult conditions for traffic, one such example being exits to main streets from adjacent territories. The probability of transport problems at such facilities is difficult to predict even at the design stage, which ultimately has negative consequences that affect the quality of transport services for road users within these facilities. These shortcomings are already being addressed by traffic management specialists who have transport modeling skills and have the appropriate software packages at their disposal. Goal. The main purpose of the article is to estimate vehicle delays at the adjacent territory exit to main streets using PTV VISSIM. Methodology. Development of a simulation model of the object selected for the study; assessment of traffic delays for the existing traffic management option; development of measures to improve traffic management at the selected object of experimental research and evaluation of their effectiveness. Results. The result of the simulation model is the animation of traffic in the form of a real-time graphic and the subsequent output of transport and technical parameters: travel time distribution, traffic delays, queue length, idle time, emissions, fuel consumption, which can be differentiated by user group. Originality. The results of the simulation of the proposed variant of transport service for traffic participants at the adjacent territory exit to main streets indicate its very high efficiency and the possibility of implementation even under conditions of a significant increase in the intensity of flows. Practical value. Using the traffic simulation model of adjacent territory exit to main streets developed in PTV VISSIM, which is based on the results of field observations of vehicle traffic, allows us to draw reasonable conclusions about improving the quality of transport service at the object selected for the study.

MODERN TRENDS IN THE FORMATION OF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES OF CITIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND UKRAINE

The article is devoted to the study of modern trends in the formation of public authorities in the cities of the European Union and Ukraine, to the search for ways to choose the most optimal methods. The purpose of the study is to analyze the trends in the formation of public authorities in the cities of the European Union and Ukraine. The tasks that were set and solved are the analysis of the electoral systems used in the elections of local self-government bodies of the European Union countries, the characteristics of the system and the procedure for the formation of public authorities of cities in Ukraine, and the search for ways to improve the latter. It has been found that in the European Union countries there is mostly a tendency to choose a proportional electoral system and, accordingly, the participation of political parties in the implementation of local democracy. A similar trend is observed in Ukraine. The author defends the position that in the formation of representative bodies of the public authorities of cities, the most optimal is the application of the majority election system, which makes it possible to really implement the representation of the interests of the territorial community.

INCREASING THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF ELECTRIC DRIVES OF SUBWAY CARS

The article proposes the use of a frequency-controlled drive for regulating asynchronous electric motors used on subway cars. The proposed solution creates all the grounds for increasing the energy efficiency of electric cars and, in general, the entire metro. Taking into account that the subway is one of the most used types of urban transport in large cities of Ukraine and at the same time consumes a significant part of electricity, therefore, in the conditions of rising prices for energy resources, these issues become the most urgent. It is shown that the methods of regulation of subway engines are not covered widely enough in scientific research, but the methods of increasing the energy efficiency of drives generally accepted in industrial spheres are a developed direction. This reveals the possibilities of integrating the developed methods for application on subway cars. The use of a frequency converter, which changes the frequency of rotation of the motor rotor by changing the frequency and amplitude of the supply voltage using vector and scalar control, is a generally accepted method of motor regulation. There are a number of conflicting findings in research regarding the use of scalar or vector control, with some favoring the induction vector control system. However, a clear regulation is not required to regulate the operation of metro engines. Therefore, the article considers scalar control, which has not lost its importance due to the ease of implementation and adjustment and is used in various areas of industry and transport. The parameters of the STDa 280-4B-UK type STDa 280-4B-UK traction asynchronous traction motor with a capacity of 180 kW, manufactured by the EMIT Cantoni Motors company, which are installed on subway cars of the 81-7036/7037 series, were used for the study. The parameters of the T-substitution scheme of the asynchronous electric drive and the numerical values of the vectors of the asynchronous motor were calculated. To analyze the operation of an asynchronous motor, the article uses the mechanical characteristic of the dependence of the motor torque on slippage at certain frequency values. It has been established that an asynchronous motor can operate stably only in a limited slip range, when the moment reaches its maximum value and the motor stops, as it has a load limit. The main reason for this is the increase in the influence of the active resistance of the stator winding when the supply voltage frequency decreases. The solution to this problem is the introduction of IR-compensation into the control system of the electric drive, which provides positive feedback on the stator current acting in the voltage channel. To demonstrate the effect of IR compensation, a comparison of mechanical characteristics was made before and after its introduction into the control system. Therefore, it was proved that the application of IR compensation is a promising direction of work, as the value of the electromagnetic moment increases significantly in the case of a low control frequency. Keywords: energy efficiency, asynchronous electric motor, subway, electric drive, scalar control, IR compensation.

Особливості розроблення проєктів землеустрою для співвласників багатоквартирних будинків

The purpose of this work is to establish the cases and factors that affect the determination of rights to land plots under apartment buildings and to establish the basic requirements and to improve the content of the relevant land management documentation with “maximum” consideration of the existing norms of current regulatory legal acts of Ukraine and “minimal” changes to them. Method. Allotment of land plots of apartment buildings residential areas is important both for the residents of these buildings and for local self-government bodies, especially in large settlements with existing dense buildings. These works are accompanied by the use of a significant number of regulatory and legal acts of Ukraine, in which there are some inconsistencies regarding the right to use such a plot of land and the content of the relevant land management documentation. Taking into account who owns the apartment buildings, three options are defined for allocating land plots for private ownership, permanent use or rent. The results. Methodical approaches have been developed that make it possible to divide all apartment buildings into three groups depending on who owns them. Taking into account the established properties of apartment buildings, proposals were developed for determining the right to use the relevant land plots, simplifying the requirements for relevant land management documentation, and establishing objective information for calculating rent. The proposed approaches can be used in all cities of Ukraine. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The presented research results provide an opportunity to determine methodical approaches to establishing rights to the adjacent territory of an apartment building and to specify the content of the relevant land management documentation. Taking into account the above proposals will simplify and, at the same time, improve the implementation of such works with land management and improve the filling of city budgets.

USING AN INTEGRAL APPROACH TO ASSESSING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF IT COMPANIES

The article examines the concept of “enterprise competitiveness” by various scientists and determines that the enterprise’s competitiveness is the enterprise’s ability to develop and the ability to produce goods or offer services that meet the requirements of the industry market under the condition of the best possible use of all available resources. An algorithm for assessing the competitiveness of the enterprise using an integral approach is proposed, which is formed according to the system of evaluation indicators of its activity in the following functional blocks: a block of indicators of financial potential; block of indicators of production potential; block of indicators of organizational potential and management. Approbation of the proposed approach was carried out based on the materials of telecommunications enterprises: PJSC “Kyivstar”, PJSC “VF Ukraine”, JSC “Ukrtelecom”, LLC “Lifesell”, which offer the same type of services, focusing on the same consumers, because of this, quite complex competition is formed. A general conclusion was made about the competitive advantages of Kyivstar PJSC among other enterprises in the field of telecommunications due to investments in the development of a mobile network that covers all large and small cities of Ukraine, as well as over 28,000 rural settlements, all main national and regional routes, most sea and river coasts. Therefore, the use of an integral approach to assess the competitiveness of a telecommunications company is a continuous process of transformation, as a result of which it is possible to note changes in the indicators of the company’s functioning and highlight the advantages that primarily distinguish it from other competitors that offer similar products or services. Also, it contributes to the timely determination of the strategy for achieving competitive advantages, taking into account its position in the industry, goals, opportunities and resources.

Veterinary and sanitary requirements for snail farms

Heliceculture (breeding of snails) has been practiced in Europe for a long time, and here, in Ukraine, the first snail farms appeared literally 10 years ago. Ukrainians quickly realized that among all areas of animal husbandry, heliceculture is the most profitable. At the same time, you can start a business almost from scratch, and the risks are minimized. This is how the snail boom spread throughout the territory, and now molluscs are grown in almost all cities of Ukraine. It should be remembered veterinary and sanitary requirements on snail farms must be given important attention, because if they are violated, it can lead to the death of molluscs and cause great losses. Taking into account the importance of growing snails in farms and the lack of regulatory and technical documentation in our country, the purpose of this work was to clarify the main veterinary and sanitary requirements for such farms. In this work, the general veterinary and sanitary rules for snail breeding farms, requirements for water and feed, preparation for transportation, vehicles, types of containers, packaging materials and requirements for keeping snails in the field in the summer are carefully considered. Owners of snail farming farms are obliged to implement economic and veterinary-sanitary measures that ensure the prevention of the death of molluscs, maintain premises and facilities for storing feed and processing snail-farming products in proper condition, prevent environmental pollution with waste, comply with zoohygienic and veterinary-sanitary requirements for placement, construction, commissioning of objects related to keeping snails. Compliance with these requirements in the farm plays a big role in the cultivation and maintenance of snails. This will make it possible to grow snails, avoiding any diseases that are inherent to them and death, which will make it possible to obtain snail farming products of high quality and safety. Therefore, in order to prevent invasive diseases, snail poisoning, etc., managers and specialists of these farms (farms) are obliged to ensure the implementation of a set of general veterinary and sanitary measures, as well as the implementation of veterinary and sanitary requirements for the construction, equipment, operation of snail farms and their compliance sanitary regime.

Some ideas for a post-war recovery of Ukrainian cities

The author gives a short overwiev of ”Military Operations in Urban Terrain” (MOUT) as known from history, especially from World War II, especially in Kyiv and Budapest. Some reflections on history and actual state of civil defence follow. After an overwiev of actual Ukrainian local government reform and planning legislation, a description of desirable legilatvie and financial action for the post-war time are described. A sort of ”Marsahll Plan” including the relevant institutions, and measures in the field of urban development, especially renewal, organisation of authorities, safeguarding plans, reallocation of property rights and - perhaps - betterment levy will be needed. Strategic environmental assessment should be introduced in acordance with EU legislation.

Economic impact of restructuring the municipal wastewater treatment system in San Francisco: Possibilities for application in ukrainian realities

The relevance of the subject matter is conditioned by the existing difficulties of operating the wastewater treatment system of large modern cities and the need to make qualitative changes in the structure of their functioning. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the economic effect of restructuring the municipal wastewater treatment system in the city of San Francisco in the context of analysing the promising possibilities of applying this experience in Ukrainian realities. The basis of the methodological approach is a combination of methods of systematic analysis of the experience gained in San Francisco during the restructuring of the wastewater treatment system, with an analytical investigation of the factors influencing the assessment of the economic effect of the implementation of this event. The study revealed the need for comprehensive investment into the restructuring of the wastewater treatment system existing in a large modern city to obtain a sustainable economic effect from the implementation of such programmes and improve the quality of water use services provided to residents of modern Ukrainian cities. The results obtained and the conclusions formulated on their basis are of significant practical importance from the standpoint of prospects for improving the functioning of wastewater treatment facilities in large modern Ukrainian cities and stabilising the overall environmental situation in these cities, as well as obtaining a tangible economic effect from the modernisation of wastewater treatment systems to improve the quality of services provided to city residents

Russia’s War against Ukraine: A Contravention of International Humanitarian Law

In February 2022, Russian forces invaded Ukraine and began targeting military objectives in some major Ukrainian cities. In the following months, airstrikes continued and extended to other areas of Ukraine, including the capital Kyiv. Attacks started being conducted against civilians too. For instance, it has been reported that an apartment complex outside of Kharkiv was directly targeted. International humanitarian law, or the laws of war, protects civilians and noncombatants from the dangers of armed conflict. It addresses the conduct of hostilities-the means and methods of warfare - by all parties to a conflict. Foremost is the rule that parties to a conflict must always distinguish between combatants and civilians. While humanitarian law recognizes that some civilian casualties are inevitable during hostilities, it imposes a duty on parties to the conflict to distinguish between combatants and civilians at all times, and to target only combatants and other military objectives. Civilians lose their immunity from attack when they are “directly participating in the hostilities” - such as by assisting combatants during a battle. This article aimed to contribute to the understanding of the contravention of the international legal framework that regulates the use of force in the Russia - Ukraine armed conflict and how a powerful member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) deliberately circumvented treaty provisions on the use of force. The article concludes with a sidebar of the need to exploit avenues for accountability that will help to forestall future occurrences.

AGGRESSION AGAINST GEORGIA AND UKRAINE: CONTEXT AND PARALLELS

AGGRESSION AGAINST GEORGIA AND UKRAINE: CONTEXT AND PARALLELS

GEOHISTORY AND GEOPOLITICS AROUND THE WAR IN UKRAINE

          The Ukrainian state-historical tradition traces its roots back to the Kyiv state, which was the creature of the ancient Ukrainian tribes and, above all, of the most influential of them - the Polans. The Polans, who adopted the name of Rus in VI-VII centuries, were destined to play an outstanding role in the creation of the state, which developed on the territory of Kyivschyna, Chernigivschyna and Pereyaslavschyna, and in due course expanded its power to almost the whole of Eastern Europe.  By the middle of the XII century the state had entered into a state of feudal fragmentation and was actually split up into a dozen and a half principalities, ruled by different branches of the Rurikovich dynasty. Until the Mongol invasion (1237-1240) Kiev, which lost its influence in favour of the new centres of power, continued to be formally considered the main city of Ukraine.         In 1569 the The Union of Lublin (Polish: Unia lubelska; Lithuanian: Liublino unija) was proclaimed, which united the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland into one state, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Volhynia, Podlasie, Podolia, Bratslav and Kyivschina were under the authority of the new state. After the adoption of the Brest union, which legitimized the union of the Orthodox Church of the Kyiv Metropolitanate and the Catholic Church, many prominent Ukrainians began to move from Orthodoxy to Catholicism. In 1648 Zaporozhye Cossacks led by Bohdan Khmelnitsky rebelled against Polish magnates. Cossacks reached Lvov and occupied Kiev, but in 1651 they were defeated.  It was a turning point in the history of Ukraine and Russia. In 1654 at Pereyaslav Rada the transition to the protectorate of the Moscow Tsar was approved. It all led to a protracted Russo-Polish war, the outcome of which was the Truce of Andrusovo. The parties agreed that the lands on the left bank of the Dnieper River would go to Russia, and the right bank would belong to Poland. But there was no peace on this land for decades.         With the death of Bohdan Khmelnitsky a new round of struggle for a free Ukraine began. The new hetman of Ukraine, Ivan Mazepa, radically changed his foreign policy course.   During the Northern War hetman Mazepa decided to take advantage of the situation and get out from under the control of Peter I. Some of the Cossacks went over to the side of Sweden, but the Russian army won the decisive battle, and Mazepa was forced to flee.  Ukrainian lands at the beginning of the twentieth century were ruled by two empires: Russian and Austro-Hungarian. Current events on the territory of Ukraine are largely determined by its historical role. At different times different Ukrainian territories have been ruled by different states. The Ukrainian people have never been distinguished by nationalism or chauvinism; many nations of the world have lived in Ukraine at different periods of history, and none of them have felt oppressed. The historical tolerance of the Ukrainian people is reflected in both culture and ideology. Simultaneously, the Ukrainian people have constantly struggled for their own statehood. And it seems that this struggle is not over.        The Ukrainian people today have once again felt the perfidy of their neighbouring nation.  The Russian people have in fact abandoned Ukrainian statehood and the so-called DNR and LNR have been proclaimed on the occupied territories.  Nor could the Ukrainian people understand all this, and forgiveness is no longer possible! The pharisaism did not end there, Moscow recognised the so-called DNR and LNR as independent states. It is the consideration of these issues that is the purpose of this paper.

Participatory budgeting as a public mechanism for diagnosing priorities of territorial communities

The winning projects of participatory budgeting in the cities of Ukraine and Poland are analyzed as a public mechanism for diagnosing the priorities of territorial communities. It is found out that given the unmet basic needs of community representatives (road quality, condition of schools, playgrounds, etc.) involved in participatory budgeting in Ukraine, the strategic goals of local communities are ignored. It has an adverse impact on the need to achieve sustainable development goals based on community potential. It is proposed to establish additional quotas or separate project categories related to the categories of “environment” and “renewable energy” as strategic projects.

Motivation of the enterprise in risks management of transport behavior of passengers in megapolises

Methods. The theoretical basis of the research is the scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists, where, along with general scientific methods, those determined by the specifics of the transport service. The basis of the study is the management concept as the art of changing people's transport behavior, which allows to avoid significant costs of the development of the transport system, transport risks and the negative impact of the increase in the number of private cars on the functioning of the metropolis as a place for a comfortable and safe human life. Analysis and synthesis were applied to identify the motives of transport behavior of residents of the metropolis; methods of grouping and classifications were used to identify behavioral intentions regarding the choice of the type of travel in the city; comparison – when identifying the factors affecting the choice of a vehicle according to the concept of Transportation Demand Management (TDM). Results. It has been shown that TDM campaigns often have low performance, which leads to the search for conditions and factors under which they can get the expected results. Motives for changing transport behavior are singled out, among which a separate group is formed by hidden motives. It was found that behavioral intentions regarding the type of city trip are dependent on satisfaction with previous trips, their consumer value and its predictors - sacrifices and benefits of the service. The main factor in the advantages of the transport service in the city is its quality. Novelty. It has been proven that the potential of TDM facilities in the cities of Ukraine is greater than in developed countries. The uniqueness of the state of urban transport development in Ukraine lies in the fact that the rapid improvement of its quality together with the introduction of transport demand management campaigns can create a strong influence on private car drivers and change their transport behavior. Practical value. Sustainable development of cities in ecological, economic and social dimensions in conditions of mass motorization of the population is possible only with the predominant use of public transport. The transition to the use of public transport or an increase in the frequency of its use is possible only if its quality is improved compared to the use of private cars. This requires the revision of all approaches to the evaluation of the quality of trips in the city by public transport, and therefore the results of the study can be useful for practice.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN UKRAINE IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR

The article is devoted to the problems of the functioning of the tourism sector of Ukraine in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war. Special attention is devoted to the period of full-scale invasion from February 24, 2022. The negative impact of Russia's invasion of Ukraine on the development of international tourism and the functioning of international tourist logistics centres has been studied. The dynamics of air transportation and air ticket bookings for the period February-May 2022 were analysed, and it was established that the Ukrainian market is not the only one affected by this war: on certain European destinations, a drop in the number of flights is observed after February 24, compared to the same period in 2021. The main results of the development of domestic tourism in Ukraine were studied. Conclusions have been made regarding the development of outbound tourism. The lack of air connections between Ukraine and traditional tourist resorts forced operators of the tourist market to change logistics flows, starting bus connections between Ukrainian cities and such tourist destinations as resorts in Turkey, Greece, Italy, Croatia and a number of other countries, as well as reorientation of charter flight programs with departures from countries neighbouring Ukraine - Poland, Moldova, the Baltic states, etc.

A GIS Assessment of the Green Space Percentage in a Big Industrial City (Dnipro, Ukraine)

Abstract Green spaces in an industrially polluted city are extremely important for the physical activity and mental health of its inhabitants. The study aim was to analyze the urban green space dynamics and the greening degree of different functional zones typical for a big Ukrainian industrial city (Dnipro, Ukraine). This article used the remote sensing methods and geographic information systems (GIS) to assess the percentage of green spaces in the city of Dnipro, its eight districts, parks, ravines, and sanitary protection zones. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used for mapping the urban green spaces within the ravines, parks, and sanitary protection zones. According to our results, 67% of Dnipro city is greened (NDVI >0.3). On average, there are 219 m2 of green spaces per person, which is 24 and 4 times more than the minimum and optimal values recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), respectively. It was found that the NDVI values were significantly lower in the territories of sanitary protection zones, compared to the other functional zones. The results of NDVI analysis indicate a significant variation of the studied parameter during the vegetative season, with two typical peaks of the green space vegetative activity. The peak of plant vegetative activity occurs in the first decade of June, followed by slight decline for 2–3 weeks, then there is another increase in the activity, reaching the maximum in mid-July. Even in autumn, the photosynthetic activity remains relatively high for most of the urban areas, declining only from mid-October. In addition, a method and algorithm for estimating and standardizing the level of the urban area greening based on the remote sensing methods and zonal statistics tools are proposed.

Cluster Organization of Open Public Spaces of the Post-Socialist City

The spatial organization of post-socialist cities in Ukraine requires the creation of an adequate, comfortable urban environment in the conditions of crisis phenomena caused by problems of an economic, ecological, social and military nature. The problem of reforming cities requires a review of the "functionalism" paradigm and a new systemic consideration at three interconnected territorial levels: macro, meso, micro. The article describes the change in the paradigm of functionalism of spatial planning in post-Soviet countries, considers new methodologies of urban development of cities, proposes a new approach to the study of open public spaces, namely, as an element of the system of the urban planning environment. This approach reflects the important role of public spaces in shaping the urban fabric. Particular attention is paid to the integration processes of sustainable development of cities, which reveal a new meaning of human coexistence in the surrounding environment. In the context of a new look at open public space, the text describes the assumption "space creates the environment", which allows us to consider urban planning in a completely new dimension. The latest developments in scientific research on the typology of public spaces are separately considered. The article singles out physically accessible and physically inaccessible categories of public spaces. The article assumes that the city, as a cluster structure, is the sum of independent environments (elementary systems), which consist of public spaces united by certain characteristics. The issue of the micro-territorial level is considered, where the priority is the spatial organization of the city's public spaces on the basis of an urban cluster. An important feature is the pedestrian accessibility to various service functions of the urban environment. Based on the assumption, new approaches to the study of open public spaces at different urban planning levels are proposed, taking into account the human-oriented principles of the formation of a sustainable urban environment.

Kharkiv’s shattered landscapes: observations from the front line of the war in Ukraine

ABSTRACT The Ukrainian city of Kharkiv has witnessed terrible destruction during the war with Russia. Many of its inhabitants have fallen victim to enemy shelling. Hundreds of objects and many urban areas turned into ruins. However, the destroyed private houses, high-rises, and even entire neighbourhoods in Kharkiv demonstrate that architecture lives even when it has been involuntarily abandoned, isn’t used, and isn’t experienced sensually, but is a part of complex systems of things, feelings, and communities. This work focuses on how damaged urban objects and places are being mourned, and how and where new ecological landscapes are being created. To answer these questions, the author went to the damaged places in Kharkiv (the city centre, residential areas, markets, memorials, and the subway) as a clean-up volunteer. Data collection was carried out from April to June 2022. The collected data are considered in the optics of posthumanism, with equal attention to the fragments of concrete, brick walls, broken glass, people and shell craters.

Ukrainian-Polish Partner Cities’ Cooperation during the 2022 War

The cooperation of Polish and Ukrainian partner cities has changed significantly since the beginning of the war in Ukraine in 2022. Traditional widely spread cultural programmes and projects were displaced by humanitarian assistance. Ukrainian cities (authorities) and the entire Ukrainian society affected by the war received the support mostly from Poland. The following research shows how cooperation between Polish-Ukrainian partner cities has changed in terms of law, areas of cooperation, the geography of the expanded partnership, and forms and types of assistance since 24 February 2022. Selected examples of partnership cooperation between Ukrainian-Polish cities are analysed taking account of a significant number of initiatives and programmes.

My Fulbright Experience: International Teaching during Times of Pandemic and War

This paper provides a first-person account of my experience in the Fulbright Scholar program and the lessons learned about teaching internationally, responding to crisis, and understanding the role of faith in seeking guidance and direction during uncertain times. My Fulbright experience took place during the 2021-2022 academic year. During my Fulbright, I was able to live in both Chisinau, Moldova, and Bucharest, Romania. I was able to visit 15 additional cities in Moldova, five additional cities in Romania, and one city in Ukraine. Teaching and research were an important part of my experience, but I learned so much more about myself, about people, about language, about culture, and about history.