City Of Granada Research Articles

An aerobiological study of Urticaceae pollen in the city of Granada (S. Spain): Correlation with meteorological parameters

An aerobiological study was made of Urticaceae pollen in the city of Granada, relating the mean values of the daily counts to meteorological parameters. Sampling was carried out with a Burkard seven‐day‐recording spore trap from October 1992 to September 1997. This pollen type has an extremely long main pollen season (MPS), with maximum counts in (January) February, March and April, causing numerous cases of human pollinosis throughout the entire Mediterranean region, including Granada. A highly constant intradiurnal variation pattern was obtained showing that the maximum peaks usually occur between 12.00 and 20.00. According to Spearman's correlation coefficient, during the pre‐peak period the parameters which have the greatest effect on the levels of this type of pollen are daily and accumulated temperature and sunshine, accumulated rainfall, and wind direction from the third quadrant; during the post‐peak period these same variables presented significantly negative coefficients. Daily rainfall and relative humidity presented negative coefficients during the entire MPS. The maximum daily temperature was the variable which provided the closest match with the theoretical predictive pattern presented here.

A self-training program in inductive reasoning for low-education elderly: tutor-guided training vs. self-training.

The main aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a self-training program in inductive reasoning run for elderly with low levels of education. Two different training settings were considered, i.e. tutor-guided training and self-training, to ascertain whether results obtained in both settings would be similar. A total of 25 subjects took part in this study (average age = 68.266, range = 60-85 years), all volunteers and residents of the city of Granada. A quasi-experimental design was used with random assignment to either training setting. The design was applied in four stages: pre-test, cognitive training (tutor-guided vs. self-trained inductive reasoning), post-test immediately after training and follow-up at 3 months. Results show considerable gains in inductive reasoning training both in tutor-guided and self-trained groups.

Analysis of the Granada (Spain) earthquake of 24 June, 1984 ( M = 5) with emphasis on seismic hazard in the Granada Basin

The earthquake of 24 June, 1984, with epicenter in the Granada Basin (36.86° N, 3.76° W; H = 12 km; m b = 4.9), was the first event to produce accelerograms in Spain. It was recorded at three sites, Beznar, Alhama, and Santa Fe, within about 40 km of the epicenter. It was also recorded by three NARS network stations (NE11, NE13 and NE14), which were in operation in Spain at the time. The data from Alhama and NE14, however, are not usable because of instrumental problems. The fact that the epicenter of the 1984 event was relatively close to the highly destructive earthquake of 25 December 1884 ( M = 6.7–7.1) makes the source study of the 1984 event very interesting and useful. By synthetic modelling of the regional seismograms at NE11, NE13 and Toledo, the seismic moment is estimated as 3.0 × 10 23 dyne-cm ( M w = 5.0). Source spectra estimated from accelerograms at Beznar and Santa Fe suggest that Holocene sediments (200 m in thickness) at Santa Fe may cause broadband amplification of about 10. From the spectra obtained from the Beznar accelerogram, the corner frequency is estimated as 1 Hz, which gives a stress drop of about 100 bar. We have synthesized expected ground motions at Santa Fe and Beznar from a postulated M w = 7.0 earthquake (similar to the 1884 event) using recordings of the 1984 event as empirical Green's functions. The simulations suggest that the horizontal accelerations during the postulated event may be 8–10 times greater than those observed during the 1984 event, exceeding 1 4 g at Santa Fe. Because of their close proximity and similar subsoil conditions, estimations at Santa Fe may also be valid for the lower part of the city of Granada. We finally compare the expected response spectra for the postulated event with the proposed design spectra.

Site Response on Seismic Motion in the Granada Basin (Southern Spain) Based on Microtremor Measurements.

We investigate the feasibility of using microtremor measurements in short and long period ranges for the prediction of frequency-dependent amplification effects due to local site geology in the Granada basin and Granada city (Southern Spain). Following a seismic reflection profile crossing the Granada basin, microtremor measurements were recorded at 12 different sites. Peaks centered at 0.7 s (1.5 Hz) and 3-4 s are observed in the microtremor spectra. The 0.7 s peak is interpreted in terms of microtremors and the second one in terms of ocean-generated microseisms. The former is present at all sites on Pliocene and Quaternary sedimens while the 3-4 s peak is present at all sites regardless of the surface geology, although with differences in the spectral amplitude. In order to investigate the possible influence of geologic parameters on long period motion, the maximum spectral amplitude value in the range 1 to 5 s was estimated at all sites in Granada basin. A good linear relation between the maximum spectral amplitude value and surface geology and depth to underground basement was found. However, for short period range (T<1 s), only the surface geology has any relation with the maximum spectral amplitude value. For Granada city, differences in the microtremor spectra were found to depend on the local geology. In the downtown area, situated on alluvial clay and sand from the Quaternary age, differences of up to 10 times with respect to the hill zones (located on compact conglomerates of Pliocene age) are observed. Results from coda-Q analysis from local earthquakes in the Granada basin show overestimations of Qc, for lapse times of 70 s, of up to 4 times at stations situated on sediment when compared to those obtained on bedrock for the 1.5 Hz frequency and to a lesser extent for 3 Hz. This overestimation is explained in terms of seismic-wave amplification in the Granada basin.

La Satisfacción De Los Usuarios Con Los Dos Modelos De Asistencia Primaria Vigentes En Andalucia

A study was completed to investigate if any differences are observed in user satisfaction with health care centres, polyclinics and solo-practice, furthermore to identify user, organizational characteristics and doctors as variables that relate to user satisfaction in health care. A sample of users was chosen from the Andalusian cities of Granada, Málaga and Sevilla with an alpha = 5%, beta = 10% and d = 11%. The variables were collected trough the use of three questionnaires. Greater satisfaction was found between health care centre users than with polyclinics and solo-practice, with values being 62.4, 58.2 and 60.6 with a p < 0.001. The variables more strongly associated with user satisfaction in health care centres are those related with doctors and organization characteristics. Therefore several are capable of improvement in order to increase user satisfaction. On the contrary in polyclinics and solo-practice the most influential variables are those related with the user characteristics, which are not modifiable by the health services intervention.

Why Almería? An Islamic port in the compass of Genoa

Almería was a significant seaport both before and after the Genoese and their allies attacked it in 1147. In the early Middle Ages it achieved a symbiosis with the partly Jewish city of Granada. Stagnation was visible around the mid-twelfth century, as a result of wider changes in the Islamic world, including transformations in the trade routes tying the port to the Iberian interior. This bond was reinforced in the thirteenth century when Granada re-emerged as the capital of the Nasrid state. The Genoese made use of Almería because it gave access to the interior. In the mid-fourteenth century, Málaga assumed many of its functions and Almería retained a particular importance as a centre of piracy. The article lays emphasis on the role of Almería as part of a dual city, combining the port itself with the inland capital at Granada.

El cuenid como técnica de educación sanitaria en escolares

Schoolchildren health education should begin as early as possible. The objective of this study is to show that to develop health education early in the lifetime is feasible by using the tale/psychodrama as tool for making class explanations more useful. An intervention study was carried out with all the children attending course level 1 of Basic General Education (BGE) in four schools, two from the city of Granada (urban) and two from two surrounding municipalities (semi-urban). They were randomly divided in two groups in order to compare the efficacy of two different health education interventions on taking care of pets: formal explanations at the classroom vs listen to a tale. Evaluation was assessed by a simple 15 yes/no items questionnaire which was administered before and after the intervention. Both interventions resulted in important improvements of children responses. The tale was clearly better than class formal explanations, the differences being statistically significant for 8 of the questions. We conclude that health education is feasible early in childhood and that tales can be more efficient than class explanations.

A Floristic Study of Volcan Mombacho Department of Granada, Nicaragua

Volcdn is a moderate sized (1,345 m elev.), quiescent volcano with one of two cloud forests in southwestern Nicaragua. Of 457 species listed, 80 are pteridophytes and 87 are orchids. The species richness of these groups may be accounted for by their high fecundity and dispersibility. This study has revealed only one endemic species. Since is the apparent northern range limit of several orchid species, it is suggested that the flora of the cloud forest has most of its affinities with Costa Rica. The lack of several wide ranging species on which are known only as far south as northern Nicaragua further supports this contention. As with most of tropical America, the cloud forests of are threatened by exploitation of their natural resources. Volcan (Fig. 1) is a quiescent, much eroded, and well vegetated volcano located near the city of Granada, Nicaragua. Mombacho is a modification of the Nahuatl Mopachotepetl meaning inclined mountain (Mantica, 1973). It is located at 1 1050'N latitude, 85059'W longitude (see map, Fig. 2), and is the fifth largest of the quaternary volcanos in western Nicaragua forming a chain from El Salvador to Costa Rica (Mooser et al., 1958). With a maximum elevation of 1,345 m, is somewhat lower than several other Nicaraguan volcanos, the highest of which is 1,745 m. It is, however, perhaps the most massive with a basal diameter of about 7 km. Its U-shaped crater rim is 1.5 km in diameter and the crater floor is about 750 m lower than the highest peak. The lowest point on the crater rim is 1,080 m. Besides the highest peak of the southeast crater rim, there is a second peak on the northwest rim with an elevation of 1,222 m. Adjacent to this peak is a large flat area appropriately called de las Flores. Within this area are two small vegetated craters each of unknown depth and about 200 m in diameter. Eastward from Plan de las Flores lies a trough-shaped valley over 1.5 km across extending northeast from the crater rim for a distance of 3.5 km. Aerial photographs reveal a number of lava flows extending down the sides of Mombacho, but these features have been obscured in the northeast valley and the open south side of the crater rim by later seismic events. The lava flows are for the most part fully vegetated, and their basal limits are sharply defined where they meet

Olympia in the Four Poster

Janet Braun-Reinitz lives in Ithaca and exhibits her work in upstate New York and New York City. She recently returned from three weeks in Nicaragua where she worked on murals in collaboration with ten other artists in the southern city of Granada. Braun-Reinitz feels that her art has been consciously influenced by her feminism and her other broad political concerns. Of Olympia, she writes, I wanted to take the Manet tradition of the reclining nude and bring it up to date. This lady is disinterested in her audience; she is not an object. She is interested in herself and in being a woman in a very opulent setting.

Observations on Present-Day Seseo and Ceceo in Southern Spain

T WO of the most interesting dialectal features of Spain are the seseo and ceceo of the eight southern provinces that comprise Andalucia (Almeria, Cadiz, C6rdoba, Granada, Huelva, Ja6n, Malaga, and Sevilla). Supposedly seseo speakers do not pronounce the interdental slit fricative phoneme / / found in the national standard dialect castellano, and ceceo speakers do not pronounce its alveolar groove fricative phoneme I/s/. Thus, where castellano speakers contrast these two sounds for the letters z, c + e, i and s, x, respectively, in all positions, as in cierra-sierra,' caza--casa, Velizquez-Velasco, and vez--ves, seseo speakers pronounce all these words with / / and ceceo speakers with /0/. The chronology and development of seseo and ceceo, along with that of /0/ itself and the various realizations of / /, is a complicated and controversial question in Spanish historical linguistics. In the present study, however, we will treat these matters mainly from a synchronic point of view. Castellano, the national standard dialect,' is taught in schools, is heard on radio and television and in films, and is used all over the country in offices, stores, and public places in general, often sideby-side with other dialects of Spanish and even other languages, such as catalkn. Castellano is characterized by its own unique intonation and several other prominent sound features, including the above-mentioned contrast between / / and / 0/ (hereafter referred to as distinci6n) and a sibilant sometimes called impressionistically s gorda or s espesa. This sound, represented as [s], is articulated by raising the tongue tip to the alveolar ridge, with slight retraction and sometimes even retroflexion. Its acoustic quality is quite noticeable to foreigners and often sounds to them somewhat like the palatal [9] of English 'ship.' The use of this particular sibilant [s] is not in itself a distinctive feature of the dialect castellano since not all speakers use it exclusively, and it can also be found in other dialects of peninsular Spanish and in another language, cataldn. Nor is distinci6n exclusive with castellano since it can be found in other dialects of peninsular Spanish. Thus, when a speaker from Granada, for example, makes a phonemic ontrast between /Is/ and /0/, he will be categorized in this study as having distinci6n but will not be considered a speaker of castellano. However, when an individual makes distinci6n, uses the apicoalveolar [s], and possesses certain other phonetic features not discussed here, he is probably from central or northern Spain and is thus a speaker of the dialect casteliano. Not all speakers from Andalucia can be characterized as having seseo or ceceo. Many, although they do not speak the specific dialect castellano, nonetheless make the distinci6n. Dialectal studies have shown that not only well-educated people, particularly in the cities of Granada and Sevilla, distinguish but also many rural and uneducated speakers from Almeria, Ja6n, C6rdoba, and Huelva.2 Nevertheless, the majority of Andalusians, regardless of educational level and social status, are said to be seseantes or ceceantes. Both these modes have their origin in the modifications of the medieval dental sibilant (now / 0/) and the subsequent loss of the apico-alveolar phoneme / /. These modes are really statistical tendencies, as we shall see, rather than absolutes. A great many Andalusians exhibited in the past, and, as our experience has shown, still exhibit in the present a sibilant mode that lies at some undetermined point between the theoretical extremes of seseo and ceceo. This inbetween variation still lacks a standard or widely accepted label and is the subject of analysis in the present study.

The Expulsion Of Archbishop Ramón Casaus Y Torres From Central America

Archbishop Ramón Casaus y Torres arrived in the Captaincy General of Guatemala in July, 1811. At this time events in Spain blanketed with confusion the lines of authority to the colonies. And in the colonies factions had begun to form, favoring local control until the return of Ferdinand VII. In Mexico fear of just such a faction impelled influential Peninsulars and creoles to depose Viceroy Iturrigaray, providing precedent for Miguel Hidalgo’s Grito de Dolores. As bishop of Oaxaca, Casaus y Torres witnessed these events; and as a fiercely loyal Peninsular, he issued a scathing denunciation of Hidalgo. Casaus thus had taken his position before he came to Guatemala. Shortly after he arrived in the capital, uprisings occurred in San Salvador, León, Granada, and Guatemala City. Predictably, Casaus y Torres supported the action of Captain General José de Bustamante.