City Of Bangladesh Research Articles

Medium-Term Energy Demand Analysis Using Machine Learning: A Case Study on a Sub-District Area of a Divisional City in Bangladesh

Medium-Term Energy Demand Analysis Using Machine Learning: A Case Study on a Sub-District Area of a Divisional City in Bangladesh

Prospects and Challenges of E-Rickshaws in Urban Transportation Systems of Bangladesh: A Case Study of Rangpur City Corporation

The availability of public transportation is frequently insufficient and the quality of the services is quite low in many cities of developing country. This is mostly because of the growing discrepancy between the supply and demand for transportation infrastructure and the provision of services. As a result, E-rickshaws (battery-operated electric three-wheelers locally termed as Auto/Easy bike) have emerged as a form of para-transit/informal public transport in many developing country cities and providing flexible and demand-responsive services to users. E-rickshaws are becoming one of the main travel modes and playing a crucial role in urban mobility because bus-based or formal public transportation is lacking in many medium- and small-sized cities in Bangladesh. This study made an effort to answer how E-rickshaws might function in the future when public bus service will be launched in a mixed traffic situation of Bangladesh. Rangpur in Bangladesh was selected as the representative of developing country cities for conducting the case study. This study is generally based on primary survey because the E-rickshaw is a new concept in urban transport. Primary data were collected at different road intersections and some temporary E-rickshaw stands in Rangpur City (as no permanent E-rickshaw stand in the city). Basically, the data was collected by Questionnaires Survey with E-rickshaw Drivers and Users; Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with E-rickshaw union members and Key Informants Interview (KII) with local authorities who are concerned with E-rickshaws. The driver-owned, operational E-rickshaw has an income-investment ratio of 1.45 and generates an average daily income of BDT 850. According to the survey, 81% of the drivers of E-rickshaws agreed that their current financial situation or income is better than it was when they worked in another or previous occupation. Compared with other travel modes, commuters are very satisfied with the quality of E-rickshaw services. Based on study findings it may be concluded that the E-rickshaw is a potential future-proof means of transportation. Public transport planning should include E-rickshaw in providing services which may not be catered by the formal public transport. The conclusions drawn from this case study is that locations may be applied to other places in the country or cities where rickshaws are a significant source of informal public transportation.

Harnessing Untapped Resources for Sustainable Energy Production from Municipal Solid Waste in Recourse Challenged Economies: A Case Study of Rajshahi City Corporation, Bangladesh

The sustainable management of municipal solid waste is of utmost importance for cities in Bangladesh, including Rajshahi City, which faces unique challenges due to rapid urbanization, industrial growth, and population expansion. This study aimed to gain insights into waste generation patterns and characteristics in Rajshahi by analyzing factors like moisture content, bulk density, dry density, and calorific value of municipal solid waste at the Rajshahi landfill site. The objective was to identify the most feasible method for waste characterization and segregation. The research methodology utilized a comprehensive approach, incorporating field surveys, laboratory analyses, and statistical modeling to create an energy matrix and assess the potential for waste-to-energy production in Rajshahi City. This study aligns with several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to waste and energy management, including SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy - by exploring waste-to-energy options. SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities - by addressing waste management challenges in a rapidly urbanizing area. SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production - by promoting sustainable waste management practices. SDG 13: Climate Action - by potentially reducing greenhouse gas emissions through efficient waste-to-energy conversion. Overall, this research contributes to Rajshahi City's efforts to achieve sustainable development while addressing its waste and energy needs by converting its 75.8% organic waste to electricity using an anaerobic digester.

Demographic Profile of Dengue Patient with Comorbidities in 100 Patients in A Tertiary Care Hospital, Bangladesh

Background: In the past decades, incidence of dengue has grown rapidly. There are four types of viruses (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4) belonging to the Flaviviridae family. These mosquitoes breed in areas with standing water, including puddles, water tanks, containers and old tires. Lack of reliable sanitation and regular garbage collection also contribute to the spread of the mosquitoes. Each year, thousands of dengue infections are reported and there are several outbreaks of dengue in several countries including Bangladesh and this imply the global importance of this infection. Objective: To assess the demographic profile of dengue patient with comorbidities in 100 patients in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A prospective study was done at Department of Medicine, Uttara Adhunik Medical College and Hospital, Uttara, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2023 to June 2023. Written consent was taken before including the subject to the study. The study included 100 patients who consented to be a part of the study. The patients were subjected to detailed history and clinical examination. Data were collected from hospital records. All the relevant data regarding history and examination findings of the patients, the laboratory reports were collected. Statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 22, was used for data entry and statistical analysis. Results: Total 100 dengue patients were enrolled in this study. Mean age of all patient was 34.62±16.22 years (12-75 year) with male predominance (54%). Maximum patients were from urban residence (84%), non-smoker (73%), had active lifestyle (63%) and normal body mass index (69%). Overall, 65% patients had no comorbidity and 89% had no concurrent acute illness. Conclusion: Although the results of this study cannot be generalized to other cities of Bangladesh, our findings will allow public health agencies in Bangladesh to concentrate their efforts to battle against dengue.

Strengthening health service delivery and governance through institutionalizing 'Urban Health Atlas'-A geo-referenced Information Communication and Technology tool: Lessons learned from an implementation research in three cities in Bangladesh.

Urban health governance in Bangladesh is complex as multiple actors are involved and no comprehensive data are currently available on infrastructure, services, or performance either in public and private sectors of the healthcare system. The Urban Health Atlas (UHA)-a novel and interactive geo-referenced, web-based visualization tool was developed in Bangladesh to provide geospatial and service information to decision makers involved in urban health service planning and governance. Our objective was to study the opportunities for institutionalization of the UHA into government health systems responsible for urban healthcare delivery and document the facilitators and barriers to its uptake. This implementation research was carried out during 2017-2019 in three cities in Bangladesh: Dhaka, Dinajpur and Jashore. During the intervention period, six hands-on trainings on UHA were provided to 67 urban health managers across three study sites. Thirty in-depth and twelve key informant interviews were conducted to understand user experience and document stakeholder perceptions of institutionalizing UHA. Capacity building on UHA enhanced understanding of health managers around its utility for service delivery planning, decision making and oversight. Findings from the IDIs and KIIs suggest that UHA uptake was challenged by inadequate ICT infrastructure, shortage of human resources and lack of ICT skill among managers. Motivating key decision makers and stakeholders about the potential of UHA and engaging them from its inception helped the institutionalization process. While uptake of UHA by government health managers appears possible with dedicated capacity building initiatives, its use and regular update are challenged by multiple factors at the implementation level. A clear understanding of context, actors and system readiness is foundational in determining whether the institutionalization of health ICTs is timely, realistic or relevant.

Toxin-producing Clostridium perfringens in cooked cereal food in restaurants in Bangladesh

Clostridium perfringens causes food poisoning in humans worldwide and C. perfringens beta toxin is associated with improperly heated or reheated cooked food. A study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of beta toxin-producing C. perfringens in cooked Plain rice, Pulao, and Biryani in different types of restaurants (general, well furnished) of four districts [Dhaka (north and south city corporation area), Cumilla, Narayangonj, Gazipur)] of Bangladesh. A total of 200 food samples were examined for the presence of C. perfringens and its beta toxin. The positive samples were further tested for the CPB gene (236 bp) of beta toxin-producing C. perfringens using PCR assay. Three samples had C. perfringens (1.5%), in food samples of the restaurants in Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC). Beta toxin-producing C. perfringens was in one sample (0.5%) in a sample of pulao in the same area during the winter. It is suggested that the prevalence of beta toxin-producing C. perfringens was low but, further studies are required in other cities in Bangladesh.
 Bangl. vet. 2023. Vol. 40, No. 1-2, 8–15

Menstrual Hygiene Practice among Adolescent Girls in Selective Slum Areas of Dhaka City in Bangladesh

Background: Adolescence is the transition period from childhood to adulthood and is widely recognized as a time of great importance due to its vulnerabilities linked with biological, physical, social, and environmental considerations.Objective: To assess the experience of menstruation and menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls in selective slum areas of Dhaka city in Bangladesh.Methods: This cross-sectional, observational study was conducted between June and September of 2023 among 169 adolescent girls. A semi-structured questionnaire was used as tool for data collection through face to face interview. A total of 169 girls aged between 13 and 19 were included in this study.Results: The mean age of the girls was 15.33 years. Most of the girls (71.59%) were in 13-17 years age group. The mean age at menarche was 12.38 year. 136 (80.47%) by the age of 11-14 years and 127 (75.15%) had information on menstruation before menarche from mothers 98 (27.84%). During menstruation, 118(69.82%) were using sanitary pad, 60(50.85%) girls changed pad two times a day. The reuse of cloth material was practiced by only 39(76.47%) girls; among them, only 32(82.05%) girls were using soap (detergent) to clean the cloth material. 34(87.18%) girls were drying their used cloth in sunlight. All participants bathed during menstruation and of which 127(75.15%) girls were using soap to clean the external genitalia. 111(65.68%) discarding sanitary materials in public dustbin. The main cause of choosing cloth as absorbent material over sanitary pad is financial issue for 59% of the girls.Conclusion: The average population of females in urban slums practiced good menstrual hygiene. The findings of this study may aid governmental and non-governmental groups in developing programs to prevent health concerns during menstrual periods by improving education on menstrual hygiene habits.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 08 No. 01 Jan’24 Page: 79-83

Consumer’s preferences for healthy food consumption: An empirical analysis from Mymensingh city in Bangladesh

Numerous non-communicable diseases are being caused by changes in food and lifestyle choices. However, the global trend of eating more healthful food is growing as people become more aware of their personal health. Nonetheless, not much scholarly work has been done on the perplexing purchasing habits of customers, especially in developing nations like Bangladesh. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the preference for healthy food consumption and the factors associated with consuming healthy food. The study was conducted on 140 participants selected by a purposive sampling technique from Mymensingh city. Data were collected through both face-to-face surveys and via email with the help of an e-questionnaire from May 2022 to August 2022. A five-point Likert scale was applied to assess the consumer’s preference for healthy food products. The internal consistency of the items on the scale was examined by Cronbach’s alpha. In addition, binary logistic regression was used to identify the factors that affect consumers’ decisions to consume healthy food products. The study findings provide evidence of the highly disfavored attitudes (82.86%) toward healthy food consumption among people in the study area. The analysis also reveals that factors like gender, age, education, and monthly income have a positive impact on consumption decisions, while distance from the market, occupation, family size, and credit negatively affect consumption decisions.

Integrating health belief model and theory of planned behavior to assess COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among urban slum people in Bangladesh.

The vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been identified as a promising strategy to reduce the severity of the pandemic. Despite the safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines, bringing socioeconomically disadvantaged people under vaccination coverage has been challenging for developing countries like Bangladesh. Therefore, this study explored the determinants of vaccine acceptance among urban slum residents of Bangladesh using the Health Belief Model (HBM) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). A face-to-face survey of 400 urban slum dwellers in two large cities in Bangladesh was conducted between July 5 to August 5, 2021. The questionnaire included vaccine acceptance, socio-demographics, health-related characteristics, trust in health authorities, reasons for vaccine hesitancy, and dimensions of HBM and TPB frameworks. Hierarchical logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association between these characteristics and vaccination acceptance. Around 82% (n = 327) of respondents were willing to accept the COVID-19 vaccine. In a fully adjusted model, respondents with secondary level education had higher intention (OR = 46.93, 95%CI = 1.21-1807.90, p < 0. 05) to accept COVID-19 vaccine. Respondents with bad (OR = 0.11, 95%CI = 0.01-0.35, p<0.05) or very bad (OR = 0.01, 95%CI = 0.01-0.35, p<0.05) health conditions were less interested in the COVID-19 vaccination. In regard to HBM dimensions, greater perceived susceptibility (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.12-2.75, p < 0.05), and perceived benefits (OR = 3.28, 95% CI = 1.17-6.00, p < 0.001) were associated with a greater willingness to get vaccinated. In regard to TPB, higher self-efficacy in preventing illness without the vaccine increased the desire to get vaccinated (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.02-2.37, p < 0.05). Fear of unknown side effects, religious beliefs, contraindications to vaccination, and insufficient information on the vaccine were the main reasons for vaccine hesitancy. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers in Bangladesh to design targeted interventions that address vaccine hesitancy and increase vaccination acceptability among socially disadvantaged individuals in urban areas. Strategies should focus on providing accurate and accessible information about the vaccine, communicating its positive impact effectively, engaging with religious leaders to address misconceptions, and tailoring vaccination campaigns to meet the unique needs of different demographic groups.

Prevalence of Comorbidity among the Patients with Angina in a Divisional City of Bangladesh

Bangladesh has experienced a significant increase in the presence of non-communicable chronic diseases and associated mortality and morbidity in the last few decades. Chest pain is a common complaint and reason for consultation among them. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of comorbidity among patients with angina in a divisional city in Bangladesh. Method This Prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Emergency, Delta Health Care, Chittagong Ltd and CSCR (pvt) Ltd, Chattogram, Bangladesh. The study duration was January’20 to June’22. A total of 420 patients presenting in the emergency department were enrolled in this study following the inclusive criteria. Data were collected using the predesigned semi-structured questionnaire. A consecutive sampling technique was used. Data were processed and analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. Unpaired t-tests and Chi-square tests were performed to observe the association between the study variables, where p&lt;0.05 was considered the level of significance with 95% CI. Verbal consent was taken before recruiting the study population. Ethical clearance of this study was taken from the Ethical Review Committee of Delta Health Care, Ctg. Ltd and CSCR Ltd, Chattogram. The information was kept confidential only to be used for the study purpose. Result In this study, most of the patients (123, 29.3%) belonged to the age group of 50-59 years, with a minimum of 35 years and a maximum of 90 years of age. The mean age was 57.18±11.57. most of the patients (222, 52.9%) were male and the rest were female with a male-to-female ratio of 1.1:1. 95 (31.6%) patients from the 50-59 years age group, followed by, 82 (27.2%) patients from the 60-69 years age group complained of chest pain among all the study subjects with male preponderance (169, 56.1%). In contrast, 37 (31.1%) patients from the 60-69 years age group did not experience chest pain, and female preponderance was seen in the patients who did not complain of chest pain. There was no significant association of chest pain with age distribution but with sex. The comorbid conditions were DM, HTN, IHD, CAD. Chest pain was present in 122 (40.5%) and absent in 53 (44.5%) diabetic patients, it was also present in 150 (49.8%) and absent in 59 (49.6%) patients with IHD. Chest pain was present in 94 (31.2%) and absent in 37 (31.1%) patients with CAD and present in 188 (62.5%) absent in 77 (64.7%) hypertensive patients as well. There was no significant association between the comorbidities and chest pain. There was no significant relation between blood pressure with chest pain. Conclusion This study concluded that the mentioned comorbid conditions (DM, HTN, IHD, CAD, dyslipidemia) did not show any significant prevalence rate in patients with angina. However, some patients had one or more such conditions along with chest pain which was not statistically significant.

Demographic Profile of Patients with Dengue Fever Presented in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh

Background: Dengue is an important tropical infection caused by an arbovirus having four serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4) transmitted through the bite of infected female Aedes mosquito. Dengue is a challenging disease with multisystemic, varied, atypical, and sometimes life-threatening presentations. It presents as varied clinical spectrum of dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), dengue shock syndrome (DSS) and expanded dengue syndrome (EDS) with atypical presentations, thus posing a diagnostic dilemma. Each year, thousands of dengue infections are reported and there are several outbreaks of dengue in several countries including Bangladesh and this imply the global importance of this infection. The objectives of this study was to determine the sociodemographic variables of patient suffering from DF during an epidemic outbreak. Methods: This hospital review analyzed the hospital records of DF cases of BIRDEM General Hospital, Dhaka from June 2019 to December 2019. Patients with suspected dengue fever attending at the outdoor/emergency or admitted indoor were taken as study subjects. Data were collected from hospital records. Study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board. All the relevant data regarding history and examination findings of the patients, the laboratory reports were collected. Statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 22, was used for data entry and statistical analysis. Results: Total 292 dengue patients were enrolled in this study. Mean age of all patient was 35.63±15.22 years (11-85 year) with male predominance (54.8%). Maximum patients were from urban residence (83.9%), non-smoker (73.6%), had active lifestyle (63.4%) and normal body mass index (68.5%). Overall, 65.1% patients had no comorbidity and 89.4% had no concurrent acute illness. Conclusion: Although the results of this study cannot be generalized to other cities of Bangladesh, our findings will allow public health agencies in Bangladesh to concentrate their efforts to battle against dengue. J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2023; 41: 63-68

An Overview of Post Covid-19 Healthcare Waste Management of Khulna City in Bangladesh

An Overview of Post Covid-19 Healthcare Waste Management of Khulna City in Bangladesh

Nutrition transition, double burden of malnutrition, and urbanization patterns in secondary cities of Bangladesh, Kenya and Rwanda

BackgroundBy 2050, approximately 68% of the global population will live in cities, but nutrition data on urban populations of low- and middle-income countries are scarce. Fast growing secondary cities, combining characteristics and hurdles of urban and rural settings, are hotspots for the double burden of malnutrition. The Nutrition in City Ecosystems (NICE) project focuses on 6 secondary cities in Bangladesh, Kenya and Rwanda, to improve health and nutrition, and reduce poverty. To assess the baseline situation and guide future interventions, food insecurity, dietary diversity, nutrition status, and food production and purchasing patterns were explored.MethodsIn a cross-sectional study design, data were collected from urban and peri-urban households of Dinajpur and Rangpur in Bangladesh, Bungoma and Busia in Kenya, and Rubavu and Rusizi in Rwanda. Approximately 1200 households, in neighborhoods prone to malnutrition, were involved from April to June 2021. We assessed Household Food Insecurity Access Score (HFIAS), both current and before COVID-19, Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS), Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W), anthropometric measurements, household and socioeconomic information, and questions related to food production and consumer behavior. Further we collected secondary data on low birthweight and anemia during pregnancy.ResultsAll cities experienced a substantial increase in food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Stunting rates in children under 5 years varied among the cities and ranged from 7.8% in Busia to 46.6% in Rubavu, while half of adult women were overweight (between 42.1% in Rusizi and 55.8% in Bungoma). Furthermore, many women did not consume an adequately diverse diet (MDD-W < 5 for 29.3% in Bangladesh, 47.5% in Kenya, and 67.0% in Rwanda), however many of the urban and peri-urban households were engaged in farming (58–78%).ConclusionsThe double burden of malnutrition is high in secondary cities and the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated levels of food insecurity. Demand for, and access to, an affordable healthy diverse diet that comprises local, nutritious, and agroecologically produced foods present a pathway for overcoming the complex challenges of malnutrition.

Knowledge and Self-Management Practice Among Diabetic Patients from the Urban Areas in Bangladesh

This study aims to determine the knowledge of self-management, prognosis, and the quality of daily life among adult patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in Bangladesh. Settings and Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2021 to August 2021 on diabetic patients from Dhaka City and Rangpur City in Bangladesh. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information from the respondents of this study. The data was collected via a phone interview by the researchers of this study. The data was analyzed using Python (Version 3.8), Pandas, ResearchPy (A Python package for research data analysis), and Microsoft Excel 2019. We found that 85% of the participants were aware of Bangladesh National Diabetes Management Guidelines and its recommendations, and males were better informed about diabetes and its management than females. Most participants (68.32%) experienced an onset of diabetic symptoms around 50-60 years of age, and 34.65% of participants were unaware of the type of diabetes they had. 91% were satisfied with the prognosis of their diabetes. However, the frequency of check-ups for hyperglycemia from serum was insufficient (less than once annually) despite the national guidelines’ recommendation for quarterly check-ups. Participants were more eager to check for diabetes-associated symptoms (more than 3 times a year among 80.53%) rather than checking the serum hyperglycemia. Female participants were lenient to take physical exercise to self-manage diabetes. The healthcare centers across Bangladesh need to make the information provided by Bangladesh National Diabetes Management Guidelines more reader-friendly for all socio-economic groups. Broader movements are needed to make patients feel more interested to learning, practicing, and following the guidelines.

Identifying urban green space deserts by considering different walking distance thresholds for healthy and socially equitable city planning in the Global South

A lingering question in the research on urban green space (UGS) availability in the Global South is which walking distance threshold should be used due to the absence of consensus on that in the literature and planning guidelines. This paper answers that question by developing an analytical framework for identifying UGS deserts – areas without adequate UGS availability level – considering various walking distance thresholds. We first demonstrate how geographic distributions of UGS deserts can change depending on different walking distance thresholds (e.g., 100, 300, 500 m) of choice. Unreliable and inaccurate detection of UGS deserts can hinder evidence-based land use planning for promoting healthy cities and result in erroneous social equity evaluation. To overcome this limitation, we introduce and examine robust UGS oases and deserts: geographic areas with and without the per capita green space (PCG) level recommended by a local government regardless of different walking distance thresholds used, respectively. With the identified robust UGS deserts and oases, we perform a social equity analysis to investigate inequality and whether there are systematic disadvantages for socioeconomically vulnerable populations to access UGS in Dhaka, a rapidly developing capital city in Bangladesh. The robust UGS deserts approach enables more reliable and informed decision-making to enhance UGS availability and its social equity, thereby facilitating an optimal development of urban policy for healthy cities. More practically, our robust UGS deserts method can be an effective alternative to detect UGS deserts when guidelines for walking distance thresholds are missing which is often the case in low- and middle-income countries.

Factors associated with child and maternal dietary diversity in the urban areas of Bangladesh.

Dietary diversity is an indicator of nutrition that has been found positively associated with diet quality, micronutrient adequacy, and improved maternal health and child growth. Due to the cultural responsibility of women in providing food at the household level, their status is very important to perform this role. Hence, this study has been conducted on the status of dietary diversity of the mother and child to understand how it relates to various factors of women in urban settings. Data were obtained from 1978 mother-child pairs living in different cities in Bangladesh. The foods taken by the women and children were categorized into 10 and 7 groups to measure women's dietary diversity (WDD) and children's dietary diversity (CDD), respectively. The study found that more than three-fourths of the mothers and half of the children had low dietary diversity. The household wealth holdings and access to resources by the women were found inadequate, while two-thirds of them had the lowest to medium level of nutritional knowledge. The binomial logistic regression model was used to measure the factors influencing WDD and CDD. The findings also indicated that children's dietary diversity was influenced by the mother's age, education, supportive attitude and behavior of husband, and access to and control over resources. While the household wealth index can enhance both child and mother's dietary variety, nutrition knowledge, dietary counseling, and access to and control over resources can improve maternal dietary diversity. This study recommends improving women's socioeconomic status by increasing their wealth and access to resources and enhancing their nutrition knowledge by providing food and nutrition counseling.

Unplanned urbanization and health risks of Dhaka City in Bangladesh: uncovering the associations between urban environment and public health.

Dhaka City, the capital of Bangladesh, has experienced rapid and unplanned urbanization over the past few decades. This process has brought significant challenges to public health as the urban environment has become a breeding ground for various health risks. Understanding the associations between unplanned urbanization, the urban environment, and public health in Dhaka City is crucial for developing effective interventions and policies. This review paper aims to uncover the associations between unplanned urbanization and health risks in Dhaka City, with a specific focus on the urban environment and its impact on public health. The objectives of this study are to examine the health challenges faced by the city's population, explore the specific urban environmental factors contributing to health risks, analyze the socioeconomic determinants of health in unplanned urban areas, evaluate existing policies and governance structures, identify research and data gaps, and provide recommendations for future interventions. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to gather relevant studies, articles, reports, and policy documents related to unplanned urbanization, the urban environment, and public health in Dhaka City. Various databases and online resources were searched, and the selected literature was critically analyzed to extract key findings and insights. The findings reveal that unplanned urbanization in Dhaka City has led to a range of public health risks, including air pollution, inadequate water and sanitation, poor waste management, overcrowding, slums, and substandard housing conditions. These environmental factors are strongly associated with respiratory diseases, waterborne illnesses, and other adverse health outcomes. Socioeconomic determinants such as poverty, income inequality, and limited access to healthcare further exacerbate the health risks faced by the urban population. Unplanned urbanization in Dhaka City has significant implications for public health. Addressing the associations between unplanned urbanization, the urban environment, and public health requires comprehensive policies and interventions. Improved urban planning, enhanced infrastructure, and better policy governance are essential for mitigating health risks. Furthermore, addressing socioeconomic disparities and ensuring equitable access to healthcare services are crucial components of effective interventions.

CITIZENS' ATTITUDE AND PERCEPTION TOWARD ROOFTOP GARDENING IN CITY AREA

Bangladesh, well known for its abundant green resources, has experienced rapid population growth and uncontrolled infrastructural development in cities, resulting in a loss of urban green spaces and environmental problem. Rooftop gardening has been proposed as a sustainable and affordable solution to mitigate these problems and create green spaces of cities in Bangladesh. This study assesses the social acceptance of rooftop gardens among city dwellers in Bangladesh. A descriptive quantitative study was conducted using convenient sampling methods. A total of 475 participants, including half of them male and another half female, were surveyed through an online Google form questionnaire in eight divisional cities and district areas across Bangladesh. Data were analyzed using SPSS and MS Excel, including descriptive statistics such as percentage distribution and chi-square test and inferential statistics such as correlation coefficient. The study found that approximately three quarter of respondents had positive attitude scores towards rooftop gardening, while almost a third had negative attitude scores indicating unwillingness. In terms of behavioral perceptions, nearly three quarter of respondents had positive scores, while almost a third had negative scores. The study also found associations between attitude, behavior, and socio-demographic factors such as sex (p&lt;0.05). Furthermore, a positive linear association was observed between respondents' attitudes and behavioral perceptions towards rooftop gardening, as determined by the correlation coefficient. However, the study revealed that one third of respondents still had negative attitudes and just over a third had negative behavioral perceptions towards rooftop gardening. Therefore, effective policy measures and joint initiatives from the government and city municipalities are necessary to enhance the acceptance of rooftop gardens among the respondents.

Enhancing Effective Verbal Communication Between Radiologic Technologists and Patients: Assessing the Impact of Service Delivery in Hospitals of Dhaka City

Objective: Effective communication is crucial in the field of radiography as it holds significant importance in the practice. Radiologic technologists need to possess an understanding of both the physical and emotional requirements of patients. This understanding can be attained through proficient communication skills. Methodology: A qualitative research study was conducted in nearly fifteen private hospitals in Dhaka City in Bangladesh and 61 radiological technologists and 111 patients responds to this study. Result: The most important thing is, radiological technologist data showed there were 40 (65.6%) radiological technologists using protective shields for patients when taking radiographic exams and likewise Patients data showed there were 65 (58.6%) patients said that the radiological technologists were not using protective shields when taking radiographic exam. This is a contradictory issue of each other. It is due to a lack of awareness among professionals and patients and also due to a lack of supervision of the concerned authority. Conclusion: The study aimed to assess the extent of verbal communication occurring between radiological technologists and patients. It also sought to recognize the significance of patient care, ensuring patient safety, and determining priorities within diagnostic radiology departments.

Enhancing bovine tuberculosis screening at Dhaka city in Bangladesh: Integrating gamma interferon blood test as ancillary testing with tuberculin skin test

Tuberculin skin test (TST) is the standard method for screening of bovine tuberculosis (bTB). However, gamma interferon blood test has been introduced in the bTB control program as an ancillary testing with TST in many countries of the world. The objective of this study was to recommend this screening test as an ancillary testing with TST for field application in Bangladesh. In this study 577 cattle of different age, sex and breeds from twenty nine (29) cattle herds were examined to determine skin response against bTB through single intradermal comparative tuberculin test (SICTT) that comprised of positive (n = 81), inconclusive (n = 44) and negative (n = 452) animals. Of which 74 animals that included positive (n = 63), inconclusive (n = 8) and negative (n = 3) animals were taken under this study. Blood samples were collected in heparinized tube and stimulated overnight with bovine and avian purified protein derivatives (PPDs) for the secretion of gamma interferon, and measured via sandwich ELISA. Cohen’s kappa statistics was performed for the evaluation of agreement between the two tests. The agreement obtained between two tests was fair (Kappa agreement, K = 24.0%, 95% CI = 16.9−30.5%, P = 0.037). Of positive (n = 63), inconclusive (n = 8) and negative (n = 3) status of animals at SICTT, 82.54% (n = 52), 62.50% (n = 5), and 33.33% (n = 1) were found to be bTB positive respectively through this ancillary test. This test notably corroborates to TST result. A considerable number of inconclusive TB status animals were found to be positive through this gamma interferon assay. Therefore, this test could be used as an ancillary test with TST to maximize the proportion of bTB estimation in the infected cattle herd for early detection of zoonotic tuberculosis in Bangladesh before transmission at the animal-human interface.