Citarum River Basin Research Articles

Study of Flood-Prone Areas in Bekasi Regency

Bekasi Regency is a potential area economically because there is the largest industrial area in Southeast Asia. However, Bekasi experiences the threat of flooding every year. The growth of the Bekasi Regency area has been affected by the growth of the Jakarta area, even becoming part of the JABODETABEK Metropolitan area (Jakarta-Bogor-Depok-Tangerang-Bekasi. This shows a potential location for economic growth in Bekasi Regency. Bekasi Regency is a West Java Province Region and is hydrologically included in the Regional Unit River (SWS) from the Citarum River Basin. The purpose of this study is to describe flood-prone areas in Bekasi Regency. The research method uses data collection methods by means of surveys and field observations. The data obtained are primary and secondary data, analyzed using ARCH GIS assistance to map flood-prone areas and their inundation and drainage channel conditions. The study findings will provide lessons on flood cases in Bekasi Regency. Flood cases that can provide knowledge related to cases of coastal areas and cases of areas that have high economic potential.

Strategi Kebijakan Lingkungan Program Citarum Harum Di Kabupaten Bandung

So great is the loss suffered due to the contamination of the Citarum River for decades. Starting from the damage in the Citarum Hulu watershed (DAS) to the pollution of industrial waste and domestic waste. Not to mention, flood disasters due to overflowing rivers and sedimentation that often occur in the Bandung Basin, especially Baleendah and Dayeuhkolot. The research method used in this study is descriptive analysis with the type of research being qualitative. The qualitative approach was chosen with the consideration that this method is expected to obtain real data and be able to examine research problems in depth so that the expected results can be obtained. The use of this qualitative research approach is felt to be very appropriate in the study of public administration. The results of the research is an appropriate step in controlling the damage and pollution of watersheds. One form of government policy strategy by issuing Presidential Decree no. 15 of 2018 concerning the Acceleration of Pollution Control and Damage to the Citarum River Basin. With the existence of the Citarum Harum Program policy, it is an environmental policy strategy by observing, controlling problematic environmental conditions and even having to immediately restore the image of the Citarum River which was once tarnished in the eyes of the world as the dirtiest river in the world. With a collaborative step that is able to cover the Siliwangi Kodam III Sector which is divided into 22 Task Forces along the banks of the Citarum River, this is a strategy in restoring the problems that occur in the Citarum River. This policy program will end in 2025, so there must be a follow-up to the next program as well as a success evaluation program so that it does not repeat itself like the previous policy programs which were considered less successful and cost a large amount.

The distributions of microplastics (MPs) in the Citarum River Basin, West Java, Indonesia

The distributions of microplastics (MPs) in the Citarum River Basin, West Java, Indonesia

Pembagian Kerja Berdasarkan Gender dalam Pengelolaan Agroforestri di Hulu DAS Citarum

This study discusses gender division of labor in agroforestry at Tarumajaya Village, upstream of Citarum Watershed. This study aims to describe the division of labor mechanism of agroforestry farmers based on the anthropology of gender perspective. The manifestation of gender can be seen from the mechanism of division labor on every kind of land-use system. Agroforestry is an intensive land-use system that combines crops, woods, and/or livestock in one intensive land to obtain economic-ecology harmonization. Agroforestry was introduced by the government through a top-down approach, by Peraturan Presiden No. 15/2018 about the Acceleration of Pollution Control and Damage to the Citarum River Basin, which is used to conserve the Citarum Watershed. Unfortunately, agroforestry had unfavorable condition due to the clash with crops habits and subsistence economic needs. This research applied ehnographic methods and the data were collected through literature study, observation, and in-depth interview. The data were analyzed using Gender Harvard Analytical Framework. This study found that the division of labor in agroforestry households is negotiable. Men and women have the opportunities to work together in the system. However, gender blind introduction of agroforestry only made women as cheap wage labor. They are being subordinated and alienated by the system. They don’t have equal access and control to the technology, information, and market. These problems occur because gender intersects with various factors such as culture and religion, demography, economy, formal law, social class, and politics. Therefore, agroforestry needs to take a gender approach to get optimum results.

EFEKTIVITAS PENGGUNAAN MEDIA SOSIAL PADA UMKM DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI (DAS) CITARUM, KARAWANG

<p><em>This study aims to determine the correlation between the characteristics of followers and social media exposure on the effectiveness of promotion of MSME products carried out in the Citarum river basin, Karawang Regency through social media. The population in this study were the followers of MSME social media in 4 sub-districts in the Citarum Watershed, Karawang Regency. The sampling method used in this study is non-probability sampling and a sampling technique based on spontaneity, which means that anyone who accidentally meets their characteristics can be used as a sample (respondent). The results showed the Characteristics of Followers (X1) and Social Media Awareness (X2) had a sufficient and negative relationship, so the relationship between the two variables was that if the characteristics of followers were low, social media awareness was high and vice versa. Characteristics of Followers (X1) and Promotion Effectiveness (Y) have a strong and positive relationship. Chi square test is to see the relationship, so there is no relationship between Follower Characteristics and Promotion Effectiveness. The results of the spearman rank correlation analysis show that the correlation coefficient of Social Media Awareness (X2) and Promotion Effectiveness (Y) has a strong and positive relationship, so the relationship between the two variables is that if Social Media Awareness is high then the Promotion Effectiveness is high. Chi square testing is to see the relationship, so there is a relationship between Social Media Awareness and Promotion Effectiveness.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keyword</em></strong><em>: characteristics of followers,social media exposure, the effectiveness of promotion</em></p>

Pemberdayaan masyarakat DAS citarum dengan mendaur ulang sampah plastik menjadi barang ekonomis

Jelegong is a village in Citarum River Basin, which is located in the Rancaekek, Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia. In Jelegong Village, nfrastructure for garbage disposal are not yet available. Currently, residents treat garbage by piling garbage in the corner of the housing, throwing it into the river or burning it. Treatment of this waste is highly discouraged. By piling up garbage, it will cause unpleasant odors and will invite disease-carrying animals such as flies and mice. Throwing garbage into rivers will cause flooding, whereas if garbage is burned it will cause air pollution and damage the ozone layer that protects the earth. The waste problem must be managed properly. all layers of society, have a strategic role to make changes to the environment. Based on this, we, through community service activities, provide counseling and socialization about the 3 R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) accompanied by direct practice on how to process inorganic waste. The community is given guidance to be more friendly with waste by sorting waste into organic waste and inorganic waste. Furthermore, the community is given skills on how to process inorganic waste into useful goods that have high economic value. The community is very enthusiastic about this activity, marked by their incessant processing of collected waste. With this activity, it is hoped that the community will be more friendly to waste.

Assessment of the Impacts of Climate and LULC Changes on the Water Yield in the Citarum River Basin, West Java Province, Indonesia

Changes in climate and land use land cover (LULC) are important factors that affect water yield (WY). This study explores which factors have more significant impact on changes in WY, spatially and temporally, within the Citarum River Basin Unit (RBU), West Java Province, Indonesia with an area of ±11.317 km2. The climate in the area of Citarum RBU belongs to the Am climate type, which is characterized by the presence of one or more dry months. The objectives of the study were: (1) To estimate a water yield model using integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs (InVEST), and (2) to test the sensitivity of water yield (WY) to changes in climate variables (rainfall and evapotranspiration) and in LULC. The integration of remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS), and the integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs (InVEST) approach were used in this study. InVEST is a suite of models used to map and value the goods and services from nature that sustain and fulfill human life. The parameters used for determining the WY are LULC, precipitation, average annual potential evapotranspiration, soil depth, and plant available water content (PAWC). The results showed that the WY within the territory of Citarum RBU was 12.17 billion m3/year, with mean WY (MWY) of 935.26 mm/year. The results also show that the magnitude of MWY in Citarum RBU is lower than the results obtained in Lake Rawa Pening Catchment Areas, Semarang Regency and Salatiga City, Central Java (1.137 mm/year) and in the Patuha Mountain region, Bandung Regency, West Java (2.163 mm/year), which have the same climatic conditions. The WY volume decreased from 2006, to 2012, and 2018. Based on the results of the simulation, climatic parameters played a major role affecting WY compared to changes in LULC in the Citarum RBU. This model also shows that the effect of changes in rainfall (14.06–27.53%) is more dominant followed by the effect of evapotranspiration (10.97–23.86%) and LULC (10.29–12.96%). The InVEST model is very effective and robust for estimating WY in Citarum RBU, which was indicated by high coefficient of determination (R2) 0.9942 and the RSME value of 0.70.

Groundwater depth prediction using Shetran model in Citarum River basin

Drought is a natural disaster that lasts a long time and has an impact on various things that can seriously affect human life, economy, agricultural production, and also ecological environment. In Indonesia, floods and droughts become annual disasters that often occur and are difficult to avoid, even in big cities. Drought cannot be considered a trivial problem because its impact is very detrimental to every aspect of life. Drought can be seen from several indicators. The depth of groundwater can be an indicator of drought. The purpose of this study was to predict the depth of groundwater in the Citarum River Basin. This study uses a spatially distributed Shetran model. The Shetran model was developed by the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences at Newcastle upon Tyne University. The hydro-climatological data from satellite measurements during 2001 to 2017 were used in Shetran model. Input data in this study consisted of digital elevation models, TRMM rainfall data, evaporation data, soil properties, and land-use change land cover change data. The results showed that within 17 years the land use types in the Citarum watershed had undergone significant changes. This land use change affects the depth of groundwater in the Citarum watershed.

Quantification of Citarum watershed damage for flood control efficiency

Watersheds damage causes disturbance to the river system and floods. Watershed performance can be monitored regularly through parameters to avoid damage. The purpose of this study is to formulate a quantification of watershed damage based on the flood parameters. This research was conducted in the Citarum River Basin located in West Java Province, Indonesia. The method used is an analysis of the rainfall-runoff model on four Citarum tributaries, namely Citarik, Cisangkuy, Cilember, and Cimahi River. The unit hydrograph resulting from modeling is derived to load discharge using the convolution method. Effective rainfall is determined based on runoff coefficients derived from land-use maps. The discharge capacity of the river is determined by measuring the cross-section of the river near the branching location. Indicator of watershed damage is the ratio between load discharge (Qload) and river capacity discharge (Qcap). The watershed is categorized as damaged if Qload/Qcap > 1. The level of watershed damage is measured by the damage index ID = ?Q/Qcap. Damage categories are low, moderate, and severe. Based on the results of the study, Cimahi river area is not damaged. Citarik River and Cisangkuy River are categorized as low damaged and Cilember River is heavily damaged.

Feasibility Study of the Development of Grand Forest Park in Gunung Wayang, Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia

Gunung Wayang area is located inthe upstream part of the Citarum river basin. Forest preservation in the upper Citarum watershed is very important to maintain its sustainability. However, along with the increasing population and increasing demand for land, Gunung Wayang forest area faces increasing threats and disturbances from various deforestation activities, such as encroachment, illegal logging, and forest land conversion, which then worsening the condition of the Citarum watershed. One of the initiatives of the Government of Bandung Regency is the development of Grand Forest Park at Gunung Wayang. Therefore, this research aimed to identify, study, and analyze the feasibility of developing Grand Forest Park in this location. The method used was mixed-methods with a parallel convergent mixed approach. The results of the study indicate that there were several types of plants and animals with important conservation status. Grand Forest Park will increase many new economic opportunities and decrease deforestation activities. However, because nearly 70% of the people living around the area are farmers cultivating land in forest areas, therefore a comprehensive approach is needed to avoid conflicts related to land ownership.

AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDE USE IN THE UPPER CITARUM RIVER BASIN: BASIC DATA FOR MODEL-BASED RISK MANAGEMENT

Since the middle of the 20th century, pesticide use has been a primary foundation of global agricultural development. However, the massive usage of pesticides can have detrimental impacts on human health and the environment, particularly in the aquatic ecosystem. This study determined the use of pesticides in the agricultural area of the Upper Citarum River Basin (UCRB); a crucial water resource on Java Island. A survey of 174 farmers was conducted in eight districts along the basin by using the random walk and quota sampling method. The questionnaire was designed to acquire data about the amount and types of pesticides used by farmers. Pre-survey was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of the questionnaire draft. The respondents’ answers were inputted into an equation to estimate the pesticide use per year. The survey results showed that 31 different pesticides were used for 21 types of crops. Profenofos and Mancozeb were the two most used pesticides, among all. The highest annual average used per hectare was reported for Chlorothalonil on tomato (32.2 kg/ha/year), followed by Mancozeb on corn (28.6 kg/ha/year), and Chlorpyrifos on chili (26.1 kg/ha/year). Overall, the pesticide use estimation in the study area is relatively high, with an annual average of 24.6 kg/ha/year. A comparison between prescribed and actual use on rice (representing more than 64% of the total surveyed area) showed that most pesticides are used in line with the prescriptions, but about a quarter is used in larger amounts than recommended. This comparison also revealed that some farmers use pesticides for rice that are not recommended for rice farming. In conclusion, the data presented in this study can be used to estimate pesticide emissions for environmental risk assessment and to support water quality monitoring, especially since public accessibility of pesticide information is commonly limited in Indonesia and other low- and middle-income countries.

MITIGATING NATURAL DISASTER IN THE MIDST OF LIMITATIONS: HUMAN SECURITY ISSUES IN OVERCOMING THREAT OF FLOOD IN CITARUM RIVER BASIN, INDONESIA

Purpose: The article aims to analyze human security issues in the Citarum river basin, Indonesia, by taking the threat of flood in the Majalaya District as a case study. As the case has been increasing in recent years, wave the flood has become an inevitable source of fear for people living in the Citarum river basin in the rainy season. Environmental pollution due to massive industrialization, land function change, especially in the upstream area, and the absence of proper disaster mitigation from local government are problematized in this research.
 Methodology: Using the Human Security point of view, the article tries to show people’s perspectives in defining security and overcoming threats, especially relating to flood in the Citarum river basin. As for the method, the research uses a qualitative approach with a study case as an analytical strategy. We interviewed some informants who live in Majalaya District and found secondary data from the government’s and society’s documents and analyze it by using the Human Security approach.
 Principal Findings: This article shows how the society’s recognition and feeling on the environmental threat and organizes a limited community-based disaster mitigation system, which is called the ‘JagaBalai’ community, as an effort to build internal resilience and to overcome the risk and fear coming from the flood.
 Implications/Applications: The findings of this research contribute to the literature on Human Security concerns, especially those related to its elements of freedom of fear related to natural disasters or any other environmental issues.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: The current study fills the gap in the existing body of literature by analyzing the dynamics between an individual’s perspective and the state as a source of security in the Majalaya District, Indonesia, by using Human Security approach. This approach can be useful to describe the degree of disaster victims’ perceptions of fear and security and their relationship to government policies.

Environmental prioritization of pesticide in the Upper Citarum River Basin, Indonesia, using predicted and measured concentrations

A novel screening method was developed to prioritize aquatic and human health risks of pesticides based on usage data, runoff modelling and effect prediction. An important asset of this new method is that it does not require measured concentration data, which are often unavailable or difficult to obtain in low- and middle-income countries like Indonesia. The method was applied to prioritize 31 agricultural pesticides used in the Upper Citarum River Basin in West Java, Indonesia. Ranking of pesticides based on predicted concentrations generally showed good agreement with ranking based on concentrations measured by passive sampling. The individual pesticide intake through the consumption of river water was predicted to cause negligible human health risks, but substantial aquatic risks (i.e. PEC/PNEC >1) were predicted for profenofos (5.2.E+01), propineb (3.6.E+01), chlorpyrifos (2.6.E+01), carbofuran (1.7.E+01), imidacloprid (9.4.E+00), methomyl (7.6.E+00) and chlorantraniliprole (3.6.E+00). In order to protect the aquatic environment, water managers are advised to take measures to reduce the use and runoff of these pesticides in the UCRB. The screening assessment can be further refined by performing additional effect studies for some pesticides, pesticide mixtures and validation of the predicted water concentrations by targeted measurements.

The hydrosocial cycle in rapidly urbanizing watersheds

Water is the essential resource of the 21st century where innovative water management strategies are needed to improve water security. This paper examines three case studies that exemplify the global water crisis, situated in rapidly urbanizing watersheds: Nairobi River Basin, Kenya; Citarum River Basin, Indonesia; and Addis Ababa River Basin, Ethiopia. Each of these watersheds are implementing large-scale water management strategies inclusive of local communities and regional governments to address water quality and waste management issues. The hydrosocial cycle (Linton, 2010) provides a framework to investigate the social, technical and physical aspects of water flows. Using the hydrosocial cycle as an organizing framework, these watersheds are examined to highlight how water security underpins water justice. The issues of gender and inequity are often overlooked in larger policy, development, and infrastructure discussions where technical requirements, restoration management, and engineering solutions obscure power inequities. Projects are compared to assess the implementation of the hydrosocial cycle through a discussion of social power and structure, technology and infrastructure, and the materiality of water in each location. This comparison reveals a dependence on large-scale technical projects with limited community engagement, and a need for science-based river restoration management. Recommendations are provided to improve and address holistic water management.

Potensi Debit Aliran Lokal Waduk Saguling Menggunakan Model Hujan Limpasan

Saguling reservoir is one of the three largest reservoirs in the Citarum River Basin. The water source of its reservoir originates from Upper Citarum river basin, with gauging station located in Citarum-Nanjung and local discharge from tributaries around the reservoir. The problem is there is no observation of local discharge from the tributaries, thus its potential is estimated. The purpose of this study is to analyze the potential of local discharge with the Hydrology Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) model. The HEC-HMS Rainfall-runoff method is used for calculating the potential of the local discharge that flows into Saguling resevrvoir. The parameters used in the model are deficit constant (loss parameter), linear reservoir (baseflow parameter), dan lag time (transform parameter). Rainfall-runoff model produced good calibration values for Citarum-Nanjung Gauging Station with R2 of 0.8 and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) value of 0.788. The verification result carried out in Saguling reservoir gives NSE of 0.8343 and R2 value of 0.83. The simulation shows that the potential discharge from local river contributes about 21.64% of the total discharge that enters into the reservoir with monthly dependable flow for power plants, Q80 and Q85 values at 8,23 m3/s and 5,69 m3/s, respectively. The average discharge of local rivers can generate electricity of 3.89 MW - 162 MW.Keywords: Local discharge, rainfall runoff, potential discharge, Saguling reservoir

Estimation of the Amount of Rice Crop Insurance Premium in the Citarum River Basin

Determination of crop insurance premiums in the Citarum River basin can be calculated by mathematical methods. One of the methods of calculation of the premium that is the normal curve methods with data on crop productivity is assumed to be Gaussian. In this thesis are discussed in crop insurance premium calculations Areas Citarum River basin West Bandung Regency with normal curve method with a significant level of coverage. These methods are used because data on crop productivity gained Gaussian. Normal curve method is used without using the assumption of coefficients of variation, and try for some level of coverage. Application materials used are rice crop productivity data in the Citarum River basin of West Bandung Regency in 2008-2014. This research resulted in the value of the rice crop insurance premiums for farmers in the area based on a certain level of coverage.

Effect of the Nanjung tunnel construction against flood inundation in Dayeuhkolot

Floods that occur in the Upper Citarum River Basin are generally caused by flood discharge that exceeds the capacity of the Citarum River. Dayeuhkolot is one of the areas that is often flooded in the Upper Citarum River Basin. The Citarum River Authority has made efforts to handle floods in Upper Citarum by constructing the Nanjung Tunnel. When floods occur, Nanjung Tunnel will function to divide the water partially into the tunnel and through the Curug Jompong. SOBEK Model was utilized to find out the effect of the Nanjung Tunnel against flood inundation in Dayeuhkolot. This flood modelling also accommodates other efforts that have been made by BBWS Citarum such as the Cieunteung Pond and Cisangkuy Floodway. A 20-year return period was used for modelling. From the results of the modelling, it was found that difference in flood inundation area with and without the Nanjung Tunnel was 12.5 Ha or 3.5 %, with the duration of the overall inundation being reduced by 4.9 hours. Nanjung Tunnel does not have a great influence on the area of inundation, but it has an effect on reducing the duration of floods that occur in Dayeuhkolot.

Water security of river basins in West Java

West Jawa is a very important province in Indonesia. There are six river basins in West Jawa, namely: Ciliwung-Cisadane, Citarum, Cimanuk-Cisanggarung, Cisadea-Cibareno, Ciwulan-Cilaki, and Citanduy. The capital city of Jakarta is in the Ciliwung-Cisadane River basin, but the public water supply is supplied mostly from the Citarum River basin, which has three hydropower reservoirs and irrigates 240,000 hectares of rice field. Water security in West Jawa plays an important part in the sustainable development of the nation. This paper formulates and computes the water security for river basins in West Jawa. The method of constructing water security dimension is adapted from the Asian Water Development Outlook, having five dimensions of 1) household water security; 2) economic water security; 3) urban water security; 4) environmental water security; and 5) resilience to water-related disasters. At the river basin level, the water security indices are designed to be effective, simple, widely available, having no ambiguity, and directly related to the progress of infrastructure development. The water security results are presented as a radar diagram, and spatially in the thematic map. It is concluded that the overall water security score in West Java is “capable” (score of 3). The weakest security is Ciliwung-Cisadane and Citarum as “engaged” (score of 2). Both river basins are suffering from “hazardous” environmental water security.

Contrasting Climate Induced Variability of the Upper Citarum River Baseflow and Eventflow during Early 20th Century and Recent Decades

Recorded daily flow data of the upper Citarum River from 24 October 1918 through 23 October 1935 and from 24 October 1976 through 23 October 2015 from the Nanjung Station, located near the river’s outlet, is investigated for its baseflow and eventflow variabilities. Statistical analysis detects no trend in daily flow and baseflow during the study periods. However, baseflow variability during the latter period is higher than during the former period and is found to be related with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. By applying a novel approach of analysing decadal values of separated eventflow, an increasing value of the upper Citarum River basin runoff coefficient from 34 % to 41 % (up to a 20 % increase from the initial value) during a period between 1980 and 2009 (especially after 1990) is overlapping with massive land use and land cover changes during the period. Analysis on rainfall–baseflow variability shows that, after 1990, computed baseflow variability is increasingly more sensitive to rainfall variability.

Comparison of rainfall-runoff models for climate change projection – case study of Citarum River Basin, Indonesia

Climate change affects temperature, rainfall and hydrological properties in the river basins. Projected rainfalls for several climate change models are widely available nowadays. However, in water resources planning and management, river discharges data is unfortunately more important. The information on climate change impact on river discharges is very limited. Conversion from the projected rainfall to the runoff in the rivers is needed. This study analyzes the performance of rainfall-runoff models: 1) Empirical Model that defines the discharge as a function of rainfall, evaporation, and temperature, widely applied by climate scientist; and 2) simple lump conceptual model of NRECA. These two rainfall-runoff models are applied during the control period in the year of 2006 to 2015 of the rainfall projections from the seven CMIP5 Global Circulation Models with the worst scenario, RCP 8.5. The ground station river discharge data selected is Nanjung river gauging station at Citarum River, situated just upstream of Saguling Reservoir, the uppermost of the cascade of three reservoirs Saguling-Cirata-Jatiluhur, with the catchment area of 1, 675 square kilometers. The results show that the simple conceptual model NRECA significantly gives better fitted to the observation data than the Empirical Model, especially during the dry season.