Cirrhinus Mrigala Research Articles

Studies of morphometric characteristics of Cirrhinus mrigala at Chashma Lake, Mianwali, Pakistan

Studies of morphometric characteristics of Cirrhinus mrigala at Chashma Lake, Mianwali, Pakistan

Impact of differential quantity of iron oxide nanoparticles incorporated feed on growth, biochemical and haematological characteristics of Mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala

Impact of differential quantity of iron oxide nanoparticles incorporated feed on growth, biochemical and haematological characteristics of Mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala

Impact of differential quantity of iron oxide nanoparticles incorporated feed on growth, biochemical and haematological characteristics of Mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala

The present study deals with the impact of differential quantity of iron oxide nanoparticles incorporated feed on the growth, biochemical and haematological characteristics of Mrigal. Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesised and characterized by using 5 UV-Vis spectroscopy(UV-Vis ) , Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDAX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) andVibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). Six experimental feeds were prepared by using a fish meal, groundnut oil cake, wheat flour, tapioca flour and differential quantities of iron oxide nanoparticles such as 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mg/100g. Feed utilization, biochemical and haematological characteristics of Mrigal were estimated after 21 days. UV-VIS Image spectra show that iron oxide nanoparticles were measured at a wavelength of “328 nm”. SEM image shows the morphological formation of iron oxide nanoparticles and was observed at the wavelength of 1μm.EDAX spectrum recorded on the iron oxide nanoparticles is shown as two peaks located between 0.2KeV and 6.4KeV. XRD results were obtained for the crystal nature of iron oxide nanoparticles and the average size is 20 nm. FT-IR spectrum of iron oxide nanoparticles was analyzed in the range from 4000-500 cm-1.VSM results revealed that saturation magnetization (MS) is 1.019 emu/gm present in iron oxide nanoparticles. The feed consumption, feed conversion efficiency, growth, and relative growth rate of Mrigal were higher in Ex. Feed III. The gross and net growth efficiency of Mrigal were higher in Ex. Feed I. All the blood parameters were gradually increased from Feed I to VI. The total protein, carbohydrate and lipids of Mrigal’s muscle, gill and liver of Mrigal is higher in Feed VI containing 50mg of iron oxide nanoparticles.

Degree-hours to spawning response, fertilization rate and hatching of Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala through induced breeding under hatchery environment.

Major carp is a group of fish species commonly cultured in Indian Subcontinent. Fish is the major source of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. With the robust increase in human population, the demand of food is also increasing. To overcome the food, demand many food sectors are working in line to cope with the protein requirements management of brood stock and successful breeding is also very important. Estimation of degree-hours for the spawning response, hatching of brood stock and their fertilization rate, hatching rate of fish eggs is one of the major aspects of hatchery management. Degree-hours is a standard unit that is used to measure the heat requirement for spawning and hatching while data is scarce for many species. The current study was designed to investigate the degree-hours to spawning and hatching for major carps i.e., Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigala (Cirrhinus mrigala) during May to August 2022 at Punjab Fish Seed Hatchery, Rawal Town Islamabad, Pakistan. Two triplets (one male and two females) of each species were selected for induced breeding. Ovaprim was administrated at the rate of 0.5ml/kg for female and 0.2ml/kg for male to stimulate ovulation and spermitation respectively. Both species showed ovulation rate (100%). Spawning was occurred after 9.35±0.4299 hours in Rohu and in Mrigala 10.18±0.4393 hours at average water temperature of 26.3±0.575. Degree-hours to spawning in Rohu and Mrigala were calculated as 248.6±9.35 and 264.6±5.625 respectively. Higher fertilization rate (87.23±2.029%) and hatching rate (84.88±1.7747%) were observed in Mrigala (Cirrhinus mrigala) as compared to Rohu (Labeo rohita) i.e. (85.75±1.856%) and (81.75±1.525%) respectively. Hatching activity proceeded rapidly in Rohu and completed in 741.025±14.532 degree-hours while, in Mrigala it occurred in 778.43±9.1972 degree-hours. This was a first documented report on effect of degree-hours on induced breeding of indigenous carps of Pakistan i.e., Rohu and Mrigala under controlled hatchery environment.

Evaluation of Genotoxicity induced by Cobalt to Freshwater Fish, Cirrhina mrigala using Micronuclei Assay

Due to industrial advancement, a variety of toxic chemicals including metals are released into the aquatic environment which not only disturbs the physico-chemical properties of the water bodies but also influences the aquatic food chain to cause physiological and cytogenetic alternations in the aquatic animals. Metals have the ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that would cause the oxidative of nucleic acid. Micronucleus test has been commonly used for the estimation of biological impacts of water pollutants on genotoxic damage in fish. Therefore, the present research work was designed to check the genotoxic potential of cobalt for fish Cirrhinus mrigala by using a micronuclei assay. Fish were exposed to the various sub-lethal concentrations of cobalt metal such as 2/3rd, 1/3rd, 1/4th, and 1/5th of LC50 concentration for one month and sampling was done after 10 days intervals. Blood sample from the caudal vein of fish was collected to see the micronuclei and binucleated nuclei. Results showed that all test concentrations induced micronuclei and binucleated nuclei in peripheral erythrocytes of C. mrigala. Maximum nuclear abnormalities in peripheral erythrocytes of C. mrigala were observed in 2/3rd concentration followed by the orders: 1/3rd 1/4th 1/5th.Due to industrial advancement, a variety of toxic chemicals including metals are released into the aquatic environment which not only disturbs the physico-chemical properties of the water bodies but also influences the aquatic food chain to cause physiological and cytogenetic alternations in the aquatic animals. Metals have the ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that would cause the oxidative of nucleic acid. Micronucleus test has been commonly used for the estimation of biological impacts of water pollutants on genotoxic damage in fish. Therefore, the present research work was designed to check the genotoxic potential of cobalt for fish Cirrhinus mrigala by using a micronuclei assay. Fish were exposed to the various sub-lethal concentrations of cobalt metal such as 2/3rd, 1/3rd, 1/4th, and 1/5th of LC50 concentration for one month and sampling was done after 10 days intervals. Blood sample from the caudal vein of fish was collected to see the micronuclei and binucleated nuclei. Results showed that all test concentrations induced micronuclei and binucleated nuclei in peripheral erythrocytes of C. mrigala. Maximum nuclear abnormalities in peripheral erythrocytes of C. mrigala were observed in 2/3rd concentration followed by the orders: 1/3rd 1/4th 1/5th.

Genetic identification and phylogenetic relationships of fish species at Panjnad , Abbasia and Abu Dahbi canals (Punjab, Pakistan) based on mitochondrial COI sequences

Fish is an extremely nutritious food that is abundant in important minerals, vitamin D, protein, and omega-3 fatty acids. Now a day, mislabeling of fish products is a major problem in the fish industry that affects the market prices and causes fluctuations. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences is a technique that might be used to verify the identity of misidentified fish species. In this study five species (Cirrhinus mrigala, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, two Actinopterygii sp., and Mastacembelus armatus) were used for phylogenetic analysis using the COI gene was amplified using the PCR, average product size is 658 base pairs. A comparison of obtained sequences was implemented through National Center for Biotechnology Information database (NCBI) and the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). Most resemble sequences were downloaded for comparison with our sequencing results. By using MAGA X the rates of different transitional substitutions are 11.33 and transversional substitutions are 6.83. The estimated Transition/Transversion bias (R) is 0.83. The K2P model was used for the estimation of this substitution pattern. Because most freshwater fish species were in the same order or family, phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that they grouped together. Using the InterPro database, the activity and regulatory pathways of the Cytochrome C Oxidase 1 gene are identified to show their activity on the protein level, especially for some important physiological functions. Each species of fish could be identified based on their speciation and node position and distance from their parent nodes. Based on the closest phylogenetic relations, DNA sequence-based study was developed for the accurate identification of fish species.

Detailed Analysis of Cirrhinus Mrigala Length-Weight Relationships and Condition Factors in Local Fish Markets of Quetta City

Detailed Analysis of Cirrhinus Mrigala Length-Weight Relationships and Condition Factors in Local Fish Markets of Quetta City

Detailed Analysis of Cirrhinus Mrigala Length-Weight Relationships and Condition Factors in Local Fish Markets of Quetta City

Detailed Analysis of Cirrhinus Mrigala Length-Weight Relationships and Condition Factors in Local Fish Markets of Quetta City

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND GC-MS ANALYSIS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS AND THEIR GROWTH PROMOTING EFFICIENCY IN Cirrhinus mrigala – A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Aquaculture has a significant impact on wholesome human food. These species contain a wide range of nutrients, such as proteins, lipids, and a number of minerals. The environment, immunity, and growth rate of the fish must be improved with mediating elements in order to achieve mass production while preserving the stability of aquaculture. The use of herbal treatments to strengthen immune response has been discussed in numerous studies. This study has focused on the effects of a few plants leaf extract, including neem(Azadirachta indica), thulasi (Ocimumsanctum) and thuthi (Abutilon indicum) on Cirrhinus mrigalagrowth rate. By performing a preliminary phytochemical screening and GC-MSanalysis, the entire leaf extract was described. The extract from the leaves of the three therapeutic plants contains more than 30 significant phytocomponents. A feeding trial was done to see how Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings responded to dietary leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Abutilon indicum, and combination extract. Given that herbs are a natural and risk-free strategy, adding such herbs to animal diets to enhance aquaculture appears helpful. A substantial increase in weight and growth rate was observed in all studies that examined growth rate metrics, such as specific growth rate and percent growth rate. This evidence supported the benefits of using specific herbs, particularly combined leaves extract, which has been shown to significantly promote growth in Cirrhinus mrigala.

Growth performance of different fish species during dry period in Chitwan, Nepal

In order to assess the growth and yield of different fish species during dry period, an experiment was conducted in the Aquaculture Farm of Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan from 1 April to 10 July, 2021. The experiment included three treatments: T1 (Carp polyculture), T2 (Common carp Cyprinus carpio monoculture) and T3 (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus monoculture), each with three replications. Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix 7%), Bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis 20%), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella 13%), Rohu (Labeo rohita 30%), Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala 10%) and Common carp (20%) were stocked at densities of 1,400, 4,000, 2,600, 4,000, 6,000 and 2,000 fish/ha, respectively. Stocking density of Common carp and Nile tilapia was 20,000 fish/ha. Fish were fed with sinking pellet (28% crude protein) at the rate of 3% of body weight. Gross and net fish yield was significantly higher in T3 (89.89±0.67 t/ha/yr,16±0.25 t/ha/ yr) than in T2 (4.88±0.38 t/ha/yr, 4.05±0.35 t/ha/yr) due to higher (p<0.05) survival in T3 (72.5±11.3 %) than in T2 (40.6±4.5 %). Gross margin was significantly higher in T3 (1,257,482±186,600 NRs./ha/yr) than in T2 (434,250±124,753 NRs./ha/yr). Based on higher survival, yield and gross margin, Nile tilapia monoculture is suitable for dry season.

Enzymatic changes in tissues of fish, Cirrhinus mrigala under lethal and sublethal exposure to cypermethrin (10% EC)

The effect of Cypermethrin (10% EC) formulations at sublethal and lethal concentrations on certain enzymes in tissue such as Aspartate Amino Transferase (AAT), Alanine Amino Transferase (ALAT), Acid Phosphatase (ACP)of the freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala during and after the cessation of the exposure were observed. Ten fishes were exposed to the lethal and sublethal concentrations for a period of 4 days were sacrificed and tissues such as gill, kidney, liver, brain and muscle were analysed for biochemical parameters and remaining five fish were maintained in a clean well water for a period of seven days without test substance being spilled in the water and its tissues were collected after reversal period for biochemical analysis. Marked changes were observed in the biochemical parameters of the fish exposed and after the cessation of the exposure. Hence the present study has been under taken to study the effect of Cypermethrin 10% EC formulation at sublethal and lethal concentrations to fish.

Template free synthesis of mesoporous carbon from fire cracker waste and designing of ZnO-Mesoporous carbon photocatalyst for dye (MO) degradation

The fire cracker waste materials are one of the reasons for environmental pollution and it’s very hazardous to human beings. Till today, not much attention has been given to its utility or recyclability. In the present work, we have first time reported the synthesis of mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (MCNPs) by using cost-free fire cracker waste having black columnar fluffy “snake-like” carbon using simple chemical activation and calcination method. The desired Zinc oxide–mesoporous carbon (ZMC) nanocomposites have been synthesized by precipitation and calcination method. Synthesized materials were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, UV–vis DRS, BET, PL, SEM, EDS and TEM. The above prepared nanocomposites were explored for their photocatalytic test under UV light irradiation. The photocatalytic degradation percentage of methyl orange (MO) dye using optimized Zinc oxide–mesoporous carbon-15 (ZMC15) nanocomposite reached 90 % after 120 min under UV light than the pristine ZnO. The cytotoxicity studies experimented on the gills of the freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala revealed that MO dye solution caused damage to gill architecture, whereas photodegraded dye solution was shown to be less toxic and did not modify the gill architecture structurally. These results demonstrated the importance of the desired material in concern with environmental issues.

Isolation, identification and characterisation of Aeromonas veronii from diseased Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala

Isolation, identification and characterisation of Aeromonas veronii from diseased Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala

Effect of normal saline diluted Wova-FH on breeding performance and larval rearing of Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham, 1822)

Effect of normal saline diluted Wova-FH on breeding performance and larval rearing of Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham, 1822)

Pre- and post-spawning condition descriptors for the Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala

Mrigal or Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton 1822) is one of the important aquaculture species in India. During 2017, mrigal contributed 5.7% to the aquaculture production of India. The present study was undertaken to describe the hatchery-level pre- and post-spawning condition, i.e. weight changes in the length-weight relationships (LWRs) and the weight-weight relationships (WWRs) associated with the two phases for the mrigal males and females used as broodstock from a commercial IMC hatchery. For the 18 pairs of individuals sampled, the TL (total length) ranged from 42–55 cm and 39–54 cm, and the BW (body weight) from 0.83–1.46 kg and 0.52–1.35 kg respectively for males and females. The GSI was recorded at 10.5% for males and 20.4% for females. The pre- and post-pawning weights differed significantly in both sexes based on paired t-test. Trends in the LWR and weight-weight slopes have been discussed in the article.

Effects of Feed Additives Garlic and Onion on Growth of Mrigal (Cirrhinus Mirgala) Fingerlings

The purpose of this study was to see how dietary garlic and onion powder effected on Cirrhinus mrigala. Feed additives such as garlic and onion are used. Cirrhinus mrigala was fed garlic and onion supplementary meals containing 2.5 percent of their body weight for a total of 60 days. The initial body weight and length of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings were respectively 18.48±0.139g and 10.17±0.123cm. When garlic and onion were fed together, the effect of garlic and onion on Cirrhinus mrigala growth performance was examined. Final weight was 29.37±0.071 and final length was 13.2±0.022cm, indicating that feed consumption was enhanced based on growth performance. The current findings showed that dietary garlic or onion powder, given alone or in combination, might increase mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) survival, growth, and feed consumption. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that feeding a food supplement (onion and garlic) to fish, either alone or in combination, enhanced their growth performance.

Potential biomarker of phenol toxicity in freshwater fish C. mrigala: Serum cortisol, enzyme acetylcholine esterase and survival organ gill

In this modern industrialized era of large-scale production of agrochemicals, various emerging contaminants form the main components of waste water and sludge in most of the developing countries of the world. In this concern, phenol- an inevitable and alarming chemical pollutant in aquatic ecosystem, gains a speedy access into the water bodies as an industrial by-product. Though the detrimental effects of phenol have been studied in various aspects of aquatic life, current study is an initiative to unravel the toxic effects of phenol at molecular level in Cirrhinus mrigala. Plasma cortisol level and acetylcholine esterase activity in fish was estimated by Chemiluminescent immunoassay technique and Ellman assay respectively. Scanning electron microscopic studies were carried out to unravel the gill histopathological alterations in exposed fish. It was observed that phenol (22.32 mg/l) inhibits 50 % of acetylcholine esterase activity in brain thereby affecting the locomotion of the targeted carp. Cortisol elevated during the 7th day in exposed fish, but declined progressively on the forthcoming 21st and 28th days. Manifestations in gill encompass curling, fusion, aberrations, sloughing of gill epithelium, wider inter filamentary space and mucus coating in the primary gill filament. It concludes that the discernable deviations produced in both biochemical parameters and key organ gill can be used as a biomarker and bio-indicator respectively for assessing the existence of emerging toxicants in aquatic ecosystem.

Enhancement of growth, innate immunity, and disease resistance by probiotic Enterococcus faecium MC-5 against Aeromonas hydrophila in Indian major carp Cirrhinus mrigala

E. faecium MC-5 was isolated and characterized from the gut content of C. carpio and supplemented with a pellet diet at the ratio of 1.0 × 106, 1.0 × 109, and 1.0 × 1012 cfu g–1. Then it was fed to Cirrhinus mrigala for 42 days and the growth performances were evaluated. The growth performance of experimental groups was significantly (P < 0.05) increased than the control group. During 21 and 42 days of the feeding experiment, all the tested immunological parameters such as phagocytic, respiratory burst, lysozyme, acid phosphatase (ACP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), myeloperoxidase activities, and IgM level of experimental groups were significantly (P < 0.05) increased than a control group. After 21 and 42 days of feeding experiment, the fishes were challenged with A. hydrophila, and the relative percentage of survival of experimental groups (PT-I to PT-III) over the control group was recorded from 30.94 to 61.53 and 38.04–77.52 %, respectively. During the challenge experiment, A. hydrophila load was enumerated from dead fish at every 7-day interval. The A. hydrophila load in both the tissues of experimental groups decreased positively from the 7th to 14th day of challenge duration. Overall, the results suggested that the addition of E. faecium MC-5 enhanced the growth performance, immunological response, disease resistance to A. hydrophila, and antioxidant defense system in C. mrigala. Hence these results suggest that E. faecium MC-5 could be used as an advantageous probiotic supplement in aquaculture production.

Nuclear and Morphological Alterations in Erythrocytes, Antioxidant Enzymes, and Genetic Disparities Induced by Brackish Water in Mrigal Carp (Cirrhinus mrigala).

Salinization of aquatic ecosystem, abrupt climate change, and anthropogenic activities cause adverse impact on agricultural land/soil as well as the aquaculture industry. This experimental study was designed to evaluate different biomarkers of oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes, and genotoxic potential of diverse salinities of brackish water on freshwater fish. A total of 84 fresh water mrigal carp (Cirrhinus mrigala) were randomly segregated and maintained in four groups (T0, T1, T2, and T3) in a glass aquarium under similar laboratory conditions at various salinity levels (0, 3, 5, and 7 parts per thousand) to determine the pathological influence of brackish water. All the fish in groups T1, T2, and T3 were exposed to various salinity levels of brackish water for a period of 90 days while the fish of group T0 served as the control group. The experimental fish reared in different groups T1, T2, and T3 displayed various physical and behavioral ailments. The results revealed significantly augmented quantity of different oxidative stress indicators including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) in different visceral tissues (kidneys, liver, and gills) of exposed fish. Different antioxidant enzymes such as reduced glutathione (GSH), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) along with total proteins were remarkably reduced in the kidneys, gills, and liver tissues. Results showed significantly increased values of different nuclear abnormalities (erythrocyte with micronucleus, erythrocyte with condensed nucleus, and erythrocyte with lobed nucleus) and morphological changes (pear shaped erythrocyte, spindle-shaped erythrocytes, and spherocyte) in red blood cells of experimental fish. The results on genotoxic effects exhibited significantly increased DNA damage in isolated cells of liver, kidneys, and gills of exposed fish. The findings of our experimental research suggested that brackish water causes adverse toxicological impacts on different visceral tissues of fresh water fish at higher salinity level through disruption and disorder of physiological and biochemical markers.

Gut Content Analysis and Gastrosomatic Index of Cirrhinus mrigala from Local Fish Market Quetta City

Cirrhinus mrigala is a member of the cyprindae renowned for its delectable flavor. It has a unique market status in Quetta due to its high consumer demand and delicacy. Current study was conducted to determine the Gut Content Analysis and Gastrosomatic index of C. mrigala from local fish market of Quetta city Balochistan. About 280 fish samples were collected from local fish market of Quetta City during the month of June to December 2022. The gut contents were analyzed by using volumetric and occurrence method. The gut fullness was determined by gravimetric method. The index of preponderance of this fish suggested that the basic food items were Euglenophyta (41.08%), Chlorophyta (21.83%), Bacillariophyta (15.42%), Cynophyta (11.47%), Detritus (4.77%), Plant matter (3.71%) Mud (1.25%), Cladoceran (0.37%), Copepods (0.08%) and Rotifera (0.02%). In overall study it was concluded that Cirrhinus mrigala is phytoplanktonic fish in feeding habits.