Circumferential Flow Research Articles

A machine-learning approach to predicting the energy conversion performance of centrifugal pump impeller influenced by blade profile

Centrifugal pump is a kind of energy conversion machine for fluid delivering. It transfers the mechanical energy of impeller to the potential and kinetic energy of fluid. As a key factor in influencing the energy conversion performance of centrifugal pump, blade profile design is crucial. Traditional design concepts have ideal assumptions. To have a better design guidance, machine-learning based on neural network is used in this study. A typical centrifugal pump with simplified blade profile is numerically studied with experimental validation for a better discussion. Statistical results show that, for the high dimensional nonlinear relationship between blade angle and performance of centrifugal pump, neural network can adapt to this complex correlation better. The blade installation angle at leading-edge ( βLE′) and trailing-edge ( βTE′) and the wrap angle (Δ θ′) has significant correlation with the performance including pump head H, pump efficiency η, impeller head Himp, impeller efficiency ηimp and volute loss Δ Hvol. The influence level of blade angle follows the high-to-low order of Δ θ′, βLE′ and βTE′. Determination of blade profile can be done for improving the energy conversion efficiency. Optimal blade profiles have higher βLE′ and Δ θ′ with better flow-control ability. Compared with the blade parameters of the initial pump, the blade profile with the best centrifugal pump efficiency is the best βLE′ increased by 1.926°, Δ θ′ increased by 9.858°, Optimization of impeller efficiency βLE′ increased by 1.855°, Δ θ′ increased by 9.421°. Computational fluid dynamics indicate the elimination of vortex in impeller after optimal selection. Then, βTE′ and Δ θ′ are found influential in aggravating the circumferential flow component in this special circular-volute with generating higher loss. βTE′ has a positive correlation with impeller head which suits traditional theory. In general, the machine-learning using neural network is effective in determining blade profiles for enhancing the performance of centrifugal pump.

Annular seal destabilizing force reduction with circumferential flow suppression using multi-arch teeth

In turbomachines, the tangential force caused by the circumferential flow of the fluid inside annular seal is the origin of the fluid-induced vibration. To reduce the tangential force, this paper proposes the multi-arch seal to suppress the circumferential flow of fluid. Inside the multi-arch seal, several arch regions are formed along the circumferential direction. Flow separation, vortex, and reverse circumferential flow are generated to suppress the circumferential flow. Numerical results show that the multi-arch seal reduces largely the tangential force with a similar leakage flow rate compared with the labyrinth seal. Geometry parameter analysis shows that increasing arch number and reducing axial gap between two arch crowns reduce the tangential force, but have little influence on the leakage flow rate.

Evaluation of radioactive material leakage through the fuel cladding as result of diffusion processes during the long-term storage of spent nuclear fuel

Diffusion is regarded as one of mechanisms, which leads to leakages through the fuel cladding during the long-term storage of spent nuclear fuel. The schematization of the diffusion process through a circular cylindrical cladding of fuel elements, where axial and circumferential diffusion flows are neglected, is considered. Fundamental properties of leakages through a cylindrical cladding of fuel elements associated with the effect of sorption, desorption, and diffusion are investigated; it is shown that the diffusion through the cladding material is the main limiting factor for leakages, whereas sorption and the effect of desorption are limited due to the saturation property. A mathematical model how to assess the maximum possible leakage of radioactive materials through the cladding of fuel elements due to diffusion processes during the long-term storage of spent nuclear fuel is proposed.This model is presented in the form of a system of differential equations with initial and boundary conditions that make it possible to determine the concentration of radioactive materials inside the fuel cladding taking into account radioactive decay, the concentration of radioactive material in the fuel cladding material during diffusion, and the concentration of radioactive material in the volume outside the fuel cladding. The solution of differential equations, which represent a mathematical model of the leakage of radioactive materials through the cladding of a fuel element during the long-term dry storage of spent nuclear fuel, was performed using the straight line method. A qualitative analysis of the patterns of leakage of radioactive materials was carried out and the influence of the initial concentration and half-life of radioactive materials was established. A quantitative analysis of possible leakages of radioactive material through the cladding of a fuel element during the long-term storage of spent nuclear fuel has been carried out on the basis of computer modeling using specially developed original software.

Numerical Modeling on the Compliance and Load Capacity of a Two-Row Aerostatic Journal Bearing with Longitudinal Microgrooves in the Inter-Row Zone

Aerostatic bearings are attractive, with minimal friction losses, high durability, and environmental friendliness. However, such designs have a number of disadvantages, including low load-bearing capacity and high compliance due to high air compressibility and limited injection pressure. The article proposes a double-row aerostatic journal bearing with an external combined throttling system and longitudinal microgrooves in the inter-row zone. It is hypothesized that the use of microgrooves will reduce the circumferential flows of compressed air, as a result of which the compliance should decrease and the bearing capacity should increase. To test the hypothesis, we carried out the mathematical modeling, calculations, and theoretical study of stationary operation modes of the bearing for small shaft eccentricities in the vicinity of the central equilibrium position of the shaft and bearing capacity for arbitrary eccentricities. Formulas were obtained for the numerical evaluation of compliance for bearings with a smooth bushing surface and with longitudinal microgrooves. Iterative finite-difference methods for evaluating the fields of the squared pressure are proposed, on the basis of which the load capacity of the bearings is calculated. Experimental verification of the bearing’s theoretical characteristics was carried out, which showed satisfactory agreement between the compared data. The study of the compliance and load capacity of a microgroove bearing yielded impressive results. We show that the positive effect from the application of the improvement begins to manifest itself already at four microgrooves; the effect becomes significant at six microgrooves, and at twelve or more microgrooves, the circumferential flows in the bearing gap practically disappear; therefore, the bearing characteristics can be calculated on the basis of one-dimensional models of air lubrication longitudinal flow. Calculations have shown that for a length of L = 1, the maximum load capacity of a bearing with microgrooves is 1.5 times higher than that of a conventional bearing; for L ≥ 1.5, the bearing capacity increases twice or more. The result obtained allows us to recommend the proposed improvement for practical use in order to increase the load capacity of aerostatic journal bearings significantly.

Radial and axial water movement in adult trees recorded by stable isotope tracing

The capacity of trees to release water from storage compartments into the transpiration stream can mitigate damage to hydraulic functioning. However, the location of these 'transient' water sources and also the pathways of water movement other than vertical through tree stems still remain poorly understood. We conducted an experiment on two tree species in a common garden in eastern Australia that naturally grow in regions of high (Eucalyptus tereticornis, 'Red Gum') and low (Eucalyptus sideroxylon, 'Ironbark') annual precipitation rates. Deuterium-enriched water (1350% label strength) was directly introduced into the transpiration stream of three trees per species for four consecutive days. Subsequently, the trees were felled, woody tissue samples were collected from different heights and azimuthal positions of the stems, and stable isotope ratios were determined on the water extracted from all samples. The presence/absence of the tracer along the radial and vertical stem axes in combination with xylem hydraulic properties inferred from sapflow, leaf and stem water potentials, wood moisture contents and anatomical sapwood characteristics elucidated species-specific patterns of short-term stem water storage and movement. The distribution of water isotopes at natural abundance among woody tissues indicated systematic differences with highest values of sapwood water and lower values in inner bark and heartwood. Presence of tracer in water of the inner bark highlighted the importance of this tissue as capacitor. Although injected at the northern side of stems, tracer was also discovered at the southern side, providing empirical evidence for circumferential flow in sapwood, particularly of Ironbark. Greater vertical water transport in Red Gum compared with more radial and circumferential water transport in Ironbark were associated with species-specific sapwood anatomy. Our study highlights the value of combining information from stable isotope tracers and wood anatomy to investigate patterns of water transport and storage of tall trees in situ.

Local flame and flow properties of propagating premixed turbulent flames during light-round process in a MICCA-type annular combustor

In this paper, local flame and flow properties of propagating premixed turbulent propane/air flames were derived by two-dimensional time-resolved Mie scattering and PIV methodology in a MICCA-type annular combustor. The curvature of flame front, local flame speed and the evolution of leading points during the light-round process were analyzed in detail. All experiments were performed under a constant equivalence ratio of 0.67, with the bulk flow velocity set from 1.95 to 5.85 m/s in five cases to achieve different turbulent intensities. The instantaneous flame fronts and velocity fields of unburned gases were measured to investigate the flame-flow interactions corresponding to four regions of the annular combustor. The results indicate that the slight asymmetry of the propagation in two flame branches is mainly due to the competition between the local swirling injection and the overall circumferential flow along the inner or outer parts of the combustor. Based on the statistical analysis of the local radius of flame curvature, the whole flame front tends to be convex to the unburned mixture. As a characteristic length scale, the inner-cutoff scale εi of the flame front is about 2–3 times the flame thickness δL, which decreases with the increase of turbulent intensity. The value of fractal dimension increases with the increase of turbulence intensity, and its value is about 2.15–2.25 for all cases. Besides, in order to analyze the flame properties during the ignition process, the local flame speed wn was calculated using statistical method as well as the velocity of unburned mixture gas. Moreover, the experimental results (Ub=3.90 m/s) of the leading points’ trajectory were consistent with the large-eddy simulations at the height of h =25 mm, and the leading points of the flame fronts were generally concentrated near (about 5 mm away) the inner tube for both flame branches. The researches of ignition mechanisms in annular combustors have been carried out for almost ten years, but the quantitative measurements of flow and flame fronts are barely reported. Motivated by this, it will provide new insights into the ignition process in annular combustors from this work.

Использование теории подобия при проектировании турбин газотурбинных двигателей

At present, in the promising development of gas turbine engines compared to at least the fourth generation products, there have been significant changes in the approaches to the design of engine. First of all, it is an increase in maximum values of temperature, gas pressure and circumferential flow speeds, an increase in power of the turbine stage, as well as improvement of the turbine manufacturing technology. All these factors lead to the fact that when designing the flow parts of the gas turbine, it is necessary at the fixed design flow rate of the working medium in the engine, i.e. at the fixed diameters, lengths of the nozzle and rotor blades forming the outline of the inter-blade channels, to increase the blade chords with the corresponding reduction of the number of blades in the row. The increase in turbine stage power associated with the increase in temperature, pressure (density), and circumferential velocity increases the bending stresses leading to the need to increase chords at a fixed blade length. Significant reduction of number of blades in stages, simplifies technology of blades manufacturing. A substantial increase in the maximum gas temperature, in the perspective of more than 2000 K, also leads to the need to increase the blade chords, due to the need to place cooling cavities in the blades. As a result, contradictions arise with the use of similarity theory in the design of stages of turbines of different purpose, as some of the main requirements of similarity are violated — geometric similarity of blade channels of the flow part and then the use of the generally accepted number Re by the chord of blades loses meaning. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out detailed investigations of all flow parameters in four stages of turbines with detection of influence of change of rotor blade chords at equal length of blades. And justify the effect of change of rotor blade chords on physical processes in flow parts of turbines in engines of various purpose.

Modeling the effects of glaucoma surgery on intraocular pressure

Minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries (MIGS) offer an effective way to lower intraocular pressure without inducing extensive trauma to the anterior segment. In order to predict their efficacy, an analytical model of the conventional aqueous humor outflow pathway is developed using a resistor network. The model describes outflow through the normal eye and allows for the effects of geometric changes in the outflow pathway as IOP changes. By selectively removing these resistors, the model can be used to examine and predict the outcomes of several surgical procedures currently used to treat glaucoma. Treatments examined include traditional trabeculectomy, several ab interno methods for trabeculotomy and trabeculectomy, as well as recently developed trabecular stents that bypass the trabecular meshwork and dilate Schlemm canal. The model's predictions for the efficacy of these procedures generally matched well with the efficacy determined in experimental studies, although it tended to somewhat overestimate the efficacy of these procedures. Matching the model to experimental data indicated that a partial trabeculotomy substantially increases flow to collector channels within that region and approximately 1.5 clock hours past the ends of the trabeculotomized region. Similarly, trabecular bypass stents substantially increase flow to collector channels up to 1.5 clock hours past the open ends of the stent. The resistor model we have developed can be used to predict the efficacy of a variety of MIGS procedures. Circumferential flow in Schlemm canal extends the efficacy of MIGS, but this effect is limited to a few clock hours.

Reconstructing Compressor Non-Uniform Circumferential Flow Field From Spatially Undersampled Data—Part 1: Methodology and Sensitivity Analysis

Abstract The flow field in a compressor is circumferentially non-uniform due to the wakes from upstream stators, the potential field from both upstream and downstream stators, and blade row interactions. This non-uniform flow impacts stage performance as well as blade forced vibrations. Historically, experimental characterization of the circumferential flow variation is achieved by circumferentially traversing either a probe or the stator rows. This involves the design of complex traverse mechanisms and can be costly. To address this challenge, a novel method is proposed to reconstruct compressor non-uniform circumferential flow field using spatially under-sampled data points from a few probes at fixed circumferential locations. The paper is organized into two parts. In the present part of the paper, details of the multi-wavelet approximation for the reconstruction of circumferential flow and use of the particle swarm optimization algorithm for selection of probe positions are presented. Validation of the method is performed using the total pressure field in a multi-stage compressor representative of small core compressors in aero engines. The circumferential total pressure field is reconstructed from eight spatially distributed data points using a triple-wavelet approximation method. Results show good agreement between the reconstructed and the true total pressure fields. Also, a sensitivity analysis of the method is conducted to investigate the influence of probe spacing on the errors in the reconstructed signal.

Reconstructing Compressor Nonuniform Circumferential Flow Field From Spatially Undersampled Data—Part 2: Practical Application for Experiments

Abstract In the previous part of the paper, a novel method to reconstruct the compressor nonuniform circumferential flow field using spatially undersampled data points is developed. In this part of the paper, the method is applied to two compressor research articles to further demonstrate the potential of the novel method in resolving the important flow features associated with these circumferential nonuniformities. In the first experiment, the static pressure field at the leading edge of a vaned diffuser in a high-speed centrifugal compressor is reconstructed using pressure readings from nine static pressure taps placed on the hub of the diffuser. The magnitude and phase information for the first three dominant wavelets are characterized. Additionally, the method shows significant advantages over the traditional averaging methods for calculating repeatable mean values of the static pressure. While using the multi-wavelet approximation method, the errors in the mean static pressure with one dropout measurement are 70% less than the pitchwise-averaging method. In the second experiment, the full annulus total pressure field downstream of Stator 2 in a three-stage axial compressor is reconstructed from a small segment of data representing 20% coverage of the annulus. Results show very good agreement between the reconstructed total pressure profile and the experiment at a variety of spanwise locations from near hub to near shroud. The features associated with blade row interactions accounting for passage-to-passage variations are resolved in the reconstructed total pressure profile.

A Numerical Study on Blowing Characteristics of a Dynamic Free Oxygen Lance Converter for Hot Metal Dephosphorization Technology Using a Coupled VOF-SMM Method

Numerical simulations are performed to explore the basic blowing characteristics of a dynamic free lance converter applied to hot metal dephosphorization technology, in which the sliding mesh model (SMM) is used to regulate the rotation motion of the top lance and the volume of fluid (VOF) model is inducted to simulate flows of gaseous oxygen, liquid slag and metal. The fundamental phenomena such as the motion of phase interfaces, slag–metal emulsion and mixing, and shape and magnitude of the velocity field inside the slag–metal bath are predicted reasonably well, and effects of lance designs including the lance twist angle and rotation speed on the blowing characteristics are evaluated. The results show that the rotation motion of the lance improves the flows inside the molten bath and induces remarkable circumferential and swirl flows around the hot spot. Such flows change the splashing mode and accelerate the dispersion of the splashed metal inside the slag layer, consequently producing a quite uniform distribution of metal phase in emulsion and promoting slag–metal emulsion and mixing. The slag–metal emulsion is strengthened when increasing the lance twist angle, but achieves its minimum at the lance rotation speed of 1.0472 rad/s. The effects of the lance twist angle and rotation speed on flow fields inside the molten bath vary with the bath depth.

Impact of shoulder morphology on macrostructural forming and the texture development during probeless friction stir spot welding

The effect of tool morphology on the joint forming during probeless friction stir spot welding (P-FSSW) of an Al–Li alloy was evaluated with the assistance of experiments and numerical simulation. Compared to the flat tool, the surface temperature not only increased rapidly at the inner side of the shoulder periphery, but also locally appeared high value at the groove features using the tools with annular and involute profiles. In addition, the primary texture that developed during welding was determined to be a simple shear texture component of A/A¯, followed by B/B¯ and A1∗/A2∗, with the occurrence of continuous dynamic recrystallization. Based on the texture development, the circumferential material flow remained predominant due to the shear acting of the rotation shoulder. Meanwhile, the radial inward flow also existed to a certain extent, promoted by the involute feature, which was beneficial to improve the material circulation to obtain an enlarged welding area. Nevertheless, higher rotation speed for a long time should be avoided in P-FSSW as the surface material was prone to be excessively squeezed out to form flash due to the excavation effect.

Flow Angularity and Swirl Flow Analysis on Transonic Compressor Rotor by 1-Dimensional Dynamic Turbine Engine Compressor Code and CFD Analysis

The performance and stability of a low-bypass turbofan transonic axial compressor with a nonuniform inlet flow is a significant concern in recent times. In both military and commercial aircraft, serpentine ducts produce significant inlet swirl distortion. Moreover, the nonuniform inlet flow frequently acts upon aircraft gas-turbine engines causing deteriorating effects on the aircraft engine. High circumferential swirl flows and inlet flow angularity decrease the aerodynamic performance and the stall margin and increase the rotor blade loading. The current paper is aimed at the investigation of the flow field in the tip clearance region of low-bypass turbofan transonic compressor rotor under nonuniform circumferential flow conditions through numerical simulation using Ansys CFX. The mathematical models based on 1D Mean Line Code and Dynamic Turbine Engine Compressor Code (DYNTECC) are used to analyze the nonuniform inlet swirl flow of the compressor rotor. The mathematical model is limited to compute the multistage compressor characteristics for the compression system and the combustor of a turbine engine. For the single-stage swirl flow analysis current paper focuses on the CFD based results. The results based on CFD show that co-swirl patterns slightly improve the stability range of the compressor; counter-swirl flows diminish it.

Transient behaviour of a rarefied gas around a sphere caused by impulsive rotation

Abstract

Development of a High Differential Pressure Piezoelectric Active Proportional Regulation Valve Using a Bending Transducer

In this article, a piezoelectric active proportional regulation valve with high differential pressure is proposed based on a bending transducer. The output flowrate of the valve can be accurately controlled by a bending transducer. The configuration design and driving principle of the valve are presented and analyzed. The static analyses are performed to determine the structural parameters of the valve and deduce its transient overflow gap. On this basis, the overall flowrate model of the valve is established using the theory of circumferential flow and extended Bernoulli equation. The effects of differential pressure and driving voltage on output flowrate are clarified. A prototype of the valve is manufactured and the experimental setup is also established to evaluate the performances of the valve. The results indicate that the proportional regulation of the valve can be achieved by changing the driving voltage; the valve displacement and response time under no liquid-loading condition are 16.16 μm and 340 μs at the voltage of 300 V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p-p</sub> ; the maximum output flowrate is 286.3 mL/min under the differential pressure of 344.75 kPa, and the leakage level is 0.11%; the maximum cut-off pressure of 275.8 kPa can be realized; the corresponding input power is 185 mW.

Numerical and Experimental Study of Flow Field between the Main Hull and Demi-Hull of a Trimaran

The interactions between the main hull and demi-hull of trimarans have been arousing increasing attention, and detailed circumferential flow fields greatly influence trimaran research. In this research, the unsteady wake flow field of a trimaran was obtained by Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations on the basis of the viscous flow principles with consideration of the heaving and pitching of the trimaran. Then, we designed an experimental method based on particle-image velocimetry (PIV) and obtained a detailed flow field between the main hull and demi-hull of the trimaran. A trimaran model with one demi-hull made of polycarbonate material with 90% light transmission rate and a refractive index 1.58 (close to that of water 1.33) was manufactured as the experiment sample. Using polycarbonate material, the laser-sheet light-source transmission and high-speed camera recording problems were effectively rectified. Moreover, a nonstandard calibration was added into the PIV flow field measurement system. Then, we established an inverse three-dimensional (3D) distortion coordinate system and obtained the corresponding coordinates by using optics calculations. Further, the PIV system spatial mapping was corrected, and the real flow field was obtained. The simulation results were highly consistent with the experimental data, which showed the methods established in this study provided a strong reference for obtaining the detailed flow field information between the main hull and demi-hull of trimarans.

Fluid Flow Mode of Nugget in Magnetically Assisted Resistance Spot Welding With Unequal Thickness Plates: Modeling and Experiments

Abstract The nugget offset is the main challenge in the resistance spot welding (RSW) of unequal thickness plates. Magnetically assisted resistance spot welding (MA-RSW) is a potential new process to reduce the nugget offset ratio. Aiming at analyzing the fluid flow mode of the MA-RSW with unequal thickness plates, a multi-physics finite element model, including distortion field, thermal field, electric field, magnetic field, and fluid field, was created. The experimental validation verified the accuracy of the model. The connection between magnetic fields and nugget shape was analyzed. The results show that the fluid flow modes in the MA-RSW are composed of two parts, namely, the circumferential flow in the horizontal section and the approximately mirror-symmetrical flow in the vertical section. The circumferential motion is intensified with increasing magnetic flux density, and thus, the liquid metals with higher magnetic flux density tend to expand toward the solid–liquid interface, leading to nugget growth in these areas. Finally, based on the numerical results, a process of minimizing the nugget offset is proposed. The experimental results indicate that the proposed process can improve the nugget offset in RSW of unequal thickness plates.

Study on the velocity characteristics of spiral flow in pipeline with different numbers of guide bars installed on the surface of the piped vehicle body.

The piped hydraulic transportation of tube-contained raw material is a new low-carbon and environmental protection technique for transporting materials. The velocity characteristics of the spiral flow in the pipe with different numbers of guide bars installed on the surface of the piped vehicle body during piped hydraulic transportation of tube-contained raw material were studied by the theoretical analysis and model test. In the test, the numbers of guide bars placed on the surface of the piped vehicle body was respectively 3, 4, 5, and 6, and the studied sections were the section of the piped vehicle body and its rear section, and the flow discharge was 40 m3/h. The results showed that as the number of guide bars increased, the axial velocity of the section of the piped vehicle body increased gradually, while the axial velocity of the rear section of the piped vehicle reduced first and then increased. The section circumferential and radial flow velocity of the piped vehicle body and its rear section both increased first and then reduced. When the number of guide bars installed on the surface of the piped vehicle body was 4, the section circumferential flow velocity of the piped vehicle body and its rear section reached the maximum value, and their distributions were relatively uniform. The results offer theoretical basis so that we can optimize the structure of the piped vehicle and further popularize the piped hydraulic transportation technique of tube-contained raw material.

Investigation of Flow Distortion Generated Forced Response of a Radial Turbine with Vaneless Volute

Abstract For a radial turbine with vaneless volute, the inflow of turbine rotor usually has a circumferential flow distortion due to the influence of the volute tongue. The rotating blades of the rotor are exposed to harmonic aerodynamic loads caused by the distortion, which may induce rotor resonance and lead to high cycle failures (HCF). To understand the forced response mechanism clearly, a numerical analysis was carried out based on a fluid structure interaction (FSI) method. The pressure functions were extracted from the results of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis by Fourier decomposition. The first three harmonic pressures were identified as the primary engine order (EO) excitations and imposed on the structural model for computational structural dynamics (CSD) simulation. The quantification and assessment of the rotor response were attained by mode superposition method. The simulation results are shown to be consistent with the predictions of Singh’s advanced frequency evaluation (SAFE) diagram.

Three-Dimensional Multi-phase Physics-Based Modeling Methodology to Study Engine Cylinder-kit Assembly Tribology and Design Considerations- Part I

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Understanding cylinder-kit tribology is pivotal to durability, emission management, reduced oil consumption, and efficiency of the internal combustion engine. This work addresses the understanding of the fundamental aspects of oil transport and combustion gas flow in the cylinder kit, using simulation tools and high-performance computing. A dynamic three-dimensional multi-phase, multi-component modeling methodology is demonstrated to study cylinder-kit assembly tribology during the four-stroke cycle of a piston engine. The percentage of oil and gas transported through different regions of the piston ring pack is predicted, and the mechanisms behind this transport are analyzed. The velocity field shows substantial circumferential flow in the piston ring pack, leading to blowback into the combustion chamber during the expansion stroke. Oil initialization and management of a continuous supply of oil throughout the cycle are observed to govern how much oil would be lost to the crankcase and combustion chamber. The calculated blow-by results agree with the results of a quasi-one-dimensional cylinder-kit analysis system of programs known as CASE (Cylinder-kit Analysis System for Engines). Implementing this three-dimensional methodology leads to a better understanding of cylinder-kit fluid flow physics. The findings presented in this work pave the way to further the ongoing development effort of optimum cylinder kit designs with controlled gas leakage, low oil consumption, and low cylinder kit friction.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;